The English established colonies along the eastern coast of North America in the early 1600s. The Virginia Company founded Jamestown in 1607 as the first permanent English settlement, though it faced many hardships in its early years. John Smith's leadership helped the colony survive. Tobacco later became a lucrative cash crop. African slaves were introduced to the colony in 1619 and the plantation system became dependent on slave labor. The House of Burgesses established the first representative legislative body in the colonies. The New England colonies focused on fishing, whaling, and trade due to poor soil and short growing seasons.

1. The English Colonies

2. English Colonies
SSUSH2
The student will trace the ways that the economy and society of British
North America developed.
Section 3: Early British Colonies
MAIN IDEA Beginning in the early 1600s, the English established colonies
along the eastern shore of North America

3. Why English Settlers Came to America
Land
Freedom of Assembly
Freedom of Religion
New Beginning

4. Joint-Stock Company
England wanted colonies in America to rival Spain and France. Jealously,
wanted a share of the gold and opportunity to build permanent settlements.
But was too costly for individual travel.
English merchants sold stock to investors with the goal to make a profit or
share the risks associated with a bold investment. The objective was to
reward the investors with increased shares (profits) for their stock.

5. Virginia Company of London
An English firm that planned to make money by sponsoring people to
America to find gold and other valuable natural resources and then ship the
resources back to England. King gave them a charter [legal document
granting the king's permission].

6. Head Right System
This system promised 50 acres of land to those who would settle in the
colony.

7. Indentured Servants
Most Englishmen were poor and could not afford the journey to America.
Instead of paying for a boat ticket in cash, individuals often agreed to work
wage free for seven years for a company or individual in exchange for their
tickets to the New world.
Attracted many lower class people to New
World, but sometimes led to abusive situations
for indentured people. Indentured servants
often lived as slaves for a predetermined
amount of time and had few rights or liberties.

8. Sir Walter Raleigh
Roanoke “Lost Colony”
The English first attempt to settle the New world off the coast of North
Carolina. The expedition was led by Sir Walter Raleigh and John White
(Roanoke leader.) Roanoke will forever be known as the "Lost Colony,"
because it disappeared without a trace. Sir Walter Raleigh left to go back to
England to get more supplies and provisions. He promised to return within a
few months. Unfortunately, England was at war with Spain which delayed his
return for three years.
History Fun Fact:
Virginia Dare, born in 1587 on Roanoke Island, was the first child born of English
parents in the New World. She, like her parents, disappeared.

9. Roanoke “Lost Colony”
When he returned ... all the settlers were gone? Only one clue left behind
to tell of the settlement's disappearance. The letters “Cro” carved into a
nearby tree.
What happened? Did the letters mean the Croatoans, a local Indian tribe?
Perhaps they went to live with the Croatoans during a time of starvation, or
were they attacked and killed by the Croatoans? Were they the victim of
pirates, Spaniards, perhaps a hurricane? Nobody knows.
The Roanoke Colony became the first American history mystery?
Returning colonists searched in vain, but to no avail.
Welcome to
Roanoke…
Hahaha…

10. Jamestown:
First Permanent English Settlement in the Americas
Did You Know? The food supply of the Jamestown colonists appears to be limited. Archaeologists have excavated
animal bones from food supplies that dated prior to 1610. The excavation has revealed that the 104 settlers who
landed at Jamestown depended mainly on fish and turtles for food. Reports from John Smith indicate
that the sturgeon was plentiful in the James River. The colonists also ate rays, herons, oyster, and raccoons.

11. Jamestown
In 1607, colonists aboard the Susan Constant, Godspeed, and Discovery
arrived in Virginia and founded Jamestown, the first permanent English
settlement in the Americas. Jamestown settlement was named after King James
I
The land in Virginia was named
after Queen Elizabeth I. Despite
having many suitors, she never
had any children and was thus
referred to as the, “Virgin
Queen.”
Grrrr…That chick
must have fallen
out of the ugly tree
and hit every
branch on the way
down.
Do you believe in love
at first sight, or should
I walk by again?

12. The Jamestown Settlement was a classic example that if anything could go wrong it did. Too many gentlemen not accustomed to
manual labor wanted to look for gold instead of planting crops and building shelters.
Jamestown Marked By Tragedy
Colony was wracked by tragedy during its early years by mistakes:
Didn't follow advice:
•Jamestown’s location was wrong
Told to settle inland to provide protection from Spanish Pirates.
Settled in swampy area which resulted in the death of many
from malaria. (70% mortality rate)
•Treated the Indians poorly by fighting them whenever they could.
•Too many “Gentlemen,” not accustomed to manual labor who looked
for gold instead of planting crops.
Settled in Swampy Area
Looked for Gold Instead of Planting Crops
Treated the Indians Poorly

13. John Smith was principally responsible for the survival of Jamestown. His
bold proclamation, “He who shall not work, shall not eat,” brought a measure
of discipline to the dissolute colonists. His negotiations with the Indians
prevented starvation.
John Smith
Harsh weather, lack of water, living in a swampy wilderness,
settlers unwilling to work, and attacks from the Powhatan
Indians almost destroyed Jamestown. Only 400 settlers
survived "starving time" of 1610-1611.John Smith’s negotiations with the Indians prevented
starvation.
Smith trained the settlers to farm and work,
thus saving the colony from early devastation.
He publicly stated "He who shall not work,
shall not eat."
Disney’s Romanized
version of Captain
Smith. The real John
Smith was only 5’2”
and weighed about
130lbs. With a red
beard.

14. 1619 Brought Changes to Jamestown

15. Staple Crops
Crops that are in large demand and provide the bulk of a region's income.

16. John Rolfe and the Cultivation of Tobacco
There was no gold to be found in the Jamestown colony, but John Rolfe
successfully cross-bred native strains of tobacco with West Indian tobacco.
Tobacco quickly became a major cash crop and became the cornerstone of
Virginia's economy and an important source of wealth in Virginia.
Tobacco was used as money in
Jamestown.
“Colony Built on Smoke,” tobacco made Virginia the
wealthiest colony. Tobacco known as, “Stinkweed,” was
sent back to European markets and became a rave in
Europe.
John Rolfe successfully cross-bred native strains of tobacco with West
Indian tobacco. Tobacco saved the Jamestown settlement.

17. Plantation System
Economic system that relies on the production of cash crops by huge farms
owned by wealthy landowners.
It made the South very dependent on slavery.
Did You Know? Most
plantations in the
1600s were relatively
small estates. In a few
instances, plantations
were enormous and
resembled the great
estates of England.
Charles Carroll of
Maryland owned one
such plantation.
Carroll was reputedly
the wealthiest man in
the colonies. His
plantation covered
around 40,000 acres
and had 285 enslaved
people.

18. The First Arrival of African Slaves
In 1619 there were 20 Africans, by 1861 (Eve of the Civil War) there were 7 million Africans in the United States. For the first few
decades there was no racial prejudice in Virginia and most of the first slaves became free after serving a few years as indentured
servants. There was even a record of free Africans owning white indentured servants at Jamestown.
The first African slaves were introduced to the Virginia Colony in 1619 when a
Dutch trader bought 20 slaves to Jamestown. Jamestown settlers treated them
as indentured servants rather than chattel slaves.
Eventually, plantation owners came to rely on African slaves as a more
profitable and renewable source of labor. As a result, Virginia’s colonial
economy became highly dependent on slavery.

19. The Arrival of Women
In the beginning there were very few women at the Jamestown settlement.
(The ratio of woman to men was 1:4)
Women were sent to colonies to help the settlements grow in population. Men
could often purchase themselves a mail-order bride for as little as 120 lbs. of
tobacco.

20. House of Burgesses
The Virginia Company established a legislative assembly called the House of
Burgesses. The House of Burgesses was the first European-style legislative
body in the New World.
The representatives were both
appointed by the company’s
governor and elected by land-
owning males of Virginia. Laws
enacted were subject to approval by
the governor and the London board
of directors, but it was the first self-
government in the colonies.

21. Chief Powhatan
Chief who led a confederation of Native Americans in Virginia. After initially going to
war with the colonists he eventually negotiated an uneasy peace with them.
Hey… that’s
two for
me… and
one for
you…
These whites are
becoming more numerous
than the stars in the sky
and continue to steal our
land. Something must be
done.

22. Bacon’s Rebellion
In 1676, Nathaniel Bacon led a revolt of former indentured servants who
were opposed to aristocrats and wanted harsher action against the Native
Americans in retaliation for their attacks on outlying settlements. Bacon's
militia set fire to Jamestown and chased Governor Berkeley out of the city.
Bacon subsequently died of disease and eventually Berkeley returned and
crushed the rebellion.
Significance of Bacon's Rebellion:
Planters saw white indentured servants as too
difficult to control and significantly increased
importation of black slaves while reducing number
of indentured servants.
As James town prospered, colonists expanded
farms into plantations Natives attacked colonists
on the frontiers, and the governor (Berkley)
refused to punish the natives

23. The New England Colonies

24. New England Colonies
New England Colonies Included:
•Massachusetts
•New Hampshire
•Rhode Island
•Connecticut
Life in New England was dominated by church. The New England Colonies
were marked by poor, thin, rocky soils and relatively short growing seasons
made farming difficult. However, plentiful forests and proximity of the sea led
New Englanders to develop a thriving commercial trade based on fishing,
whaling, and ship-building industry.

25. Religious Dissent
Religious groups immigrated to the New England colonies in search of
religious freedom and to escape religious persecution.
In keeping with their focus on the home, the Pilgrims settlement of the New World usually
consisted of entire families, rather than young and single men who comprised earlier
settlements in Virginia.

26. Pilgrims
Pilgrims seeking both political and religious freedom founded the Plymouth
Colony in 1620.
Did You Know? The Pilgrims survived in large part because of the assistance of Squanto, a
Pawtuxet. Squanto had earlier been captured by an English explorer and taken to Europe. As a
result, he spoke English and was instrumental in helping the Pilgrims form an alliance with the
local Wampanoags.

27. Mayflower Compact (1620)
Signed by the Pilgrim men aboard the Mayflower; recognized the people as
the source of power (in theory) could often be very authoritative, dictating
to colonists what the rules of their society would be.

28. Puritans
The Puritans were a Protestant group that hoped to (purify) or to make the
Church of English more pure. Puritans were intolerant of other religions
causing them to be harassed in England for their strict and “pure biblical
teachings” rather than traditional Anglican teachings.
Seeking freedom from religious persecution they sailed to North America in
1630 and established a colony Massachusetts Bay.

29. Religion and Dissent in New England
Governor John Winthrop and other Puritan founders of the Massachusetts
Bay Colony created a theocracy, or a state ruled by God, with themselves in
Charge. By exercising strict control, they hoped to prevent the devil from
insinuating himself into the new colony.
John Winthrop (1588-1649) an English colonial administrator
who was the first governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony,
served seven terms between 1629 and 1649.
Winthrop and his chosen ministers strictly governed the
Massachusetts Bay Colony with their religious fervor.
PREDESTINATION: Those who will be
“saved” will not get there by doing any
deeds or performing any sacraments. God
already has decided who will be saved, and
who will be damned.
The Puritans believed that to be born on a
Sunday was interpreted as a sign of great
sin.

30. Opposition to Puritan Rule
As a result of their strict religious beliefs, the Puritan leadership was not
tolerant of religious beliefs that differed from their own. Frequently, those
who disagreed with Puritan ideology and practices were harshly punished
or banished from the colony.
The Puritan Bible
The Puritans sought to purify
the Church of England, thus
were banned and persecuted.
Strict Puritan faith dominated
their community.
There were severe consequences for those who failed to
attend, or, those who spoke out against the Puritan ways.

31. Puritan Punishments
"T" for thief was
branded on the
light-fingered
criminal's hand.
The ducking stool would
be swung out at the end
of beams over a river or
pond. Some dunked even
drown.
The “gossip's bridle," was
used to control, humiliate
and punish gossiping or
nagging wives by placing a
metal device placed over a
woman's head and a bit
that stuck in her mouth to
effectively prevent women
from talking.
Acting was once considered evil, and actors
in the first English play to be performed in
Puritan New England were arrested.
Stocks were used to
humiliate and
punish individuals
for a variety of
reasons; including,
debt, missing
church service,
gossiping, or even
dating. Ear nailing of a miscreant.
Puritans forbade singing and the
celebration of Christmas.

32. Roger Williams (Rhode Island)
Roger Williams fled the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1636, Williams headed
southwest where he settled at Narragansett Bay and established a Baptist
church. He acquired land from the Narragansett Indian Chiefs and named his
settlement Providence. As a result, Rhode Island would come to be known as a
colony more tolerant of different religious beliefs.
A re-enactor portrays Roger
Williams at a living history site.

33. Anne Hutchinson (Rhode Island)
Hutchinson challenged the Puritan views on salvation. She believed that all
one needed to be admitted into Heaven was faith and God’s saving grace
and that leading a holy life was not a guarantee of salvation.
She was arrested and brought to trial in 1638 for challenging the clergy and
asserting her belief.
The General Court quoted the Bible to make their
case against Hutchinson, and she responded that she
had come by her beliefs through direct revelations
from God. The Puritan ministers felt this was
blasphemy and banished her from the Bay Colony.
After her husband’s
death in 1643, she
moved to New York
where she and all but
one of her children were
killed by Indians.

34. Thomas Hooker (Connecticut)
Thomas Hooker was forced to leave the colony because he did not agree
with the Puritan leaders. He believed laws of the colony should be based
on what people wanted, not based on what the Puritan leadership wanted.
Thomas Hooker established the Connecticut colony in 1636.
Fundamental Orders of Connecticut
•Complete freedom of religion, even
for Jews and Catholics.
•No oaths required regarding one's
religious beliefs
•No compulsory attendance at
worship
•No taxes to support a state church.
•Opposed to special privilege of any
sort.

35. Half-Way Covenant
By the mid-1600s, not many people were applying to join the Puritan church.
Them Half-way Covenant allowed partial church membership in the church
for the children and grandchildren of full members regardless of any
Conversion experience.

36. Salem Witch Trials (1692)
Dark period in Puritan history in which several people in
Salem, Massachusetts were tried as witches and executed.
In 1692, the infamous Salem Witch Trials took place. The incident began when three girls, ill with symptoms including convulsions and
“fits”, accused several local residents of using witchcraft to cause the illness. The accusations spread and led to over 150 Massachusetts
colonists being accused of witchcraft. Of the 150 accused, 29 were convicted and 19 hanged. At least six more people died in prison.

37. Relations Between New Englanders and Native Americans
Initially local Native Americans were wary of the New England colonists, but
eventually a trade relationship developed. Native Americans actually taught
the Pilgrims of Plymouth how to raise corn that helped them survive the first
harsh winters.
However, as the colony began to expand, conflicts with Native Americans
increased. After unsuccessful attempts to drive the colonists out, many Native
Americans fled and sought new places to live.

38. King Philip’s War (1675-1676)
King Phillip’s War was an early and bloody conflict between English and
regional Native American tribal groups. The conflict originated as the Puritan
community spread out from Boston and took more and more Native American
land. Metacom (King Phillip), the regional leader of the Native Americans led
the rebellion.
Metacom (King Phillip)
Metacom’s (King Philip) wife
and son were sold into slavery
and Philip himself was
captured and beheaded and
his head was displayed for 20
years.
Many colonists died in the war,
but were eventually victorious.
As a result, large areas of
southern New England were
opened to English settlement.
Fifty two of ninety Puritan
towns were attacked and it is
estimated that nearly 20,000
people were killed in this
bloody war.

39. Middle Colonies
Middle Colonies Included:
 New York
• New Jersey
• Pennsylvania
• Delaware
Motives of economic opportunity and religious freedom helped populate the
Middle Colonies. Their harbor and river systems significantly shaped the
Middle Colonies development.
Diversity of the Middle Colonies
The Middle Colonies could be considered the first
“American Melting Pot.”

40. The Dutch and New Amsterdam
The Dutch established the first colony called New Amsterdam in what is now
New York in 1625. It became a key trading post at the mouth of the Hudson
River by trading with Native Americans for furs that could be sold in Europe.
The colony quickly became profitable and was noted for its diverse population
and its tolerance.

41. New Amsterdam Becomes New York
As a result of the English winning the Second Anglo-Dutch War in 1664,
the British seized control of the colony and King Charles II declared the
entire area under his rule. He renamed the New Amsterdam colony New
York, after his brother, the Duke of York.
Despite the English seizing New Amsterdam and renaming it New York, many
Dutch colonists remained in the new English colony and contributed greatly to its
continued prosperity.
The Duke of York

42. William Penn and the Founding of Pennsylvania
William Penn belonged to a religious group called the Quakers. Penn hoped
to make the colony a safe place for other Quakers. In 1681, William Penn
gained huge grant from the king in return for money owed to his father. He
received a vast tract of land in North America and started a new colony
named Pennsylvania.
William Penn, the founder of Pennsylvania
saw his colony as a “holy experiment,” that
offered religious freedom and guaranteed
every adult male 50 acres of land and the
right to vote..
Unlike most colonists,
William Penn sought to
deal fairly with Native
Americans.
Quakers offered silver
collars like the one
shown to local Native
Americans as a token
of peace.
Did You Know?
Quakers were members
of the religious group
known as the Society of
Friends. The group
grew into an important
force in England in
large part through the
preachings of George
Fox. The term Quaker
was originally meant as
an insult to Fox, who
had told a judge to
“tremble at the name of
the Lord.” In response,
the judge called Fox a
quaker.

43. Quakers
The Quakers, a religious group, were not well liked by the English monarchs
because they would not recognize class differences and practiced pacifism
(nonviolence) by refusing to perform military duty.
Many Quakers in England were imprisoned because of their religious
views.
Quakers practiced pacifism
or nonviolence by refusing
to perform military duty.
Quakers would not recognize
class differences and sought
gender equality.
Quaker Beliefs:
No tax-supported state church
Freedom of worship guaranteed to all residents
No provisions for military defense; against Quaker pacifist doctrine
Quakers strongly against slavery

44. Southern Colonies
Southern Colonies Included:
• Maryland
• Virginia
• North Carolina
• South Carolina
• Georgia
Colonists in the southern colonies created a rural society based on farming.
The main crops were tobacco, rice, and indigo. Most of the people worked
small farms. However, owners of large plantations dominated society and the
economy. Planters used enslaved Africans as workers.

45. The Colony of Carolina
The Carolina colony was created in 1670 by two aristocratic younger brothers
who inherited their father's fortune due to primogeniture laws.)
The Carolina colony became most democratic, independent and least
aristocratic of original 13 colonies where religious toleration existed.
North Carolina created officially in 1712 as a refuge
for poor whites and religious dissenters from
Carolina and Virginia.
Indians and Spanish soldiers attacked southern Carolina
settlements as they opposed British settlement.
Charles Town
(Charleston)
became the most
active seaport in the
South.

46. Georgia
Georgia was founded by James Oglethorpe in 1733 and became the last
English colony to be settled.
Georgia was founded as a haven for debtors as well as a buffer state against
Spanish and Indian incursions from the South.
A living history actor portraying
James Oglethorpe, the founder of
the Georgia colony.
When Georgia was governed by Oglethorpe he prohibited
slavery. However, he was overruled by a group of trustees
representing wealthy land owners and he returned to England.

47. Individualism and Social Mobility
Ability of someone to move from one social status to another through hard
work, etc. as it was not tied to current wealth, family name, or position in a
particular church.
Benjamin Franklin:
Great inventor, scientist, ambassador, writer, and U.S. founding
father that was also an example of Individualism and social
mobility in the colonies.

48. Snoop Dogg
Rumored to be worth at least 200 million dollars, this skinny rapper with his
own TV show started out a poor kid on the rough streets of Long Beach,
California.
He spent a lot of time after high school in and out of jail, entangled in drug
issues. He used music to turn his life
around.
Dogg, né Cordozar Calvin Broadus, Jr. created hip-hop tapes with the
stepbrother of Dr. Dre, who passed the tapes on to the good doctor. That was
Snoop’s lucky break. Since then, he’s been a master of branding himself. His
vocals are uber distinctive, as are his language and look.
Social Mobility (Example)

49. First Great Awakening
The Great Awakening was a religious movement that featured passionate
preaching from evangelists who believed that colonists needed to be called back
to sincere Christian commitment. It helped establish separation of church and
state as a valued colonial principle.
Did You Know? Religion was the principal force behind the creation of most institutions of higher learning in the
colonies. Of the six colleges in operation by 1763, four were founded by religious groups primarily for the training
of ministers. These included Harvard University, William and Mary College, and Yale University.
The Great Awakening led to the founding of the College of New Jersey in 1746. It later became known as
Princeton, after the town in which it is located. One of its first presidents was Jonathan Edwards, the famous
preacher of the Great Awakening.

50. Revivals
Services where traveling preachers would speak.

51. Mercantilism
Mercantilism was an economic system which created a strong relationship
between England and its North American colonies.
Under mercantilism, England would produce manufactured goods out of
raw materials sent over from the colonies. In turn, the colonies established
markets where manufactured goods from England could be sold.
This created a triangular trade that was beneficial to the colonies as well
as England.
Did You Know? Europeans believed in
the theory of mercantilism, the belief
that a nation’s power depended on its
wealth. Wealth was measured by the
amount of gold and silver a nation
owned. This desire for gold and silver
motivated English, Dutch, and French
pirates in the sixteenth century to raid
Spanish ships. These ships were often
loaded with gold and silver that the
Spanish plundered from Central and
South America.

52. Importing
Buying goods from other nations.

53. Exporting
Selling goods to other nations.

54. Balance of Trade
Theory common in the colonial period which taught that countries needed
to export more goods than they imported in order to gain wealth and
remain secure.

55. Salutary Neglect
Salutary neglect meant that England relaxed its enforcement of most
regulations in return for the continued economic loyalty of the colonies. As
long as raw materials continued flowing into the homeland and the colonists
continued to buy English-produced goods, Parliament did not supervise the
colonies closely.