Three Phase Fault Analysis With Auto Reset On Temporary Fault And Permanent TripEdgefxkits & Solutions
This PPT explains about Three phase fault analysis. This is achieved by using star to delta conversions.
Edgefxkits.com has a wide range of electronic projects ideas that are primarily helpful for ECE, EEE and EIE students and the ideas can be applied for real life purposes as well.
http://www.edgefxkits.com/
Visit our page to get more ideas on popular electronic projects developed by professionals.
Edgefx provides free verified electronic projects kits around the world with abstracts, circuit diagrams, and free electronic software. We provide guidance manual for Do It Yourself Kits (DIY) with the modules at best price along with free shipping.
This document presents information on symmetrical and asymmetrical short circuit calculations. It begins by introducing the goals of appreciating Ohmic and MVA methods for symmetrical faults and symmetrical components for asymmetrical faults. It then discusses symmetrical three-phase faults which affect phases equally and can be analyzed using a single phase. Asymmetrical faults include various line-to-line and line-to-ground faults which are analyzed using symmetrical components and sequence networks. The document provides background on symmetrical components and defines positive and negative sequence components.
Circuit Breakers Interrupting Capacity and Short-Time Current Rating michaeljmack
This document discusses circuit breaker ratings, including interrupting capacity and short-time current ratings. Interrupting capacity is the maximum fault current a breaker can safely interrupt, while short-time ratings define a breaker's ability to withstand high currents for a time interval. The document also describes different types of low-voltage circuit breakers and their trip mechanisms.
Summer traning on Power Transformer ConstructionStudent
The document summarizes an industrial training seminar on transformer construction held at BHEL Bhopal from May 29th to June 25th, 2014. It was presented by Mandeep Singh, an electrical engineering final year student from B.I.E.T Jhansi, under the guidance of Shri Shailendra Kumar Somi from BHEL Bhopal. The seminar covered topics such as transformer core building, winding, coil assembly, power assembly, case fitting, insulation, testing, and dispatch. It provided details on the manufacturing process and testing standards for power transformers.
This document provides an overview of fault calculations, including:
- Fault types such as single phase to ground, line to line, and three phase faults
- Calculation of symmetrical components using positive, negative, and zero sequence networks
- Representation of system components like transformers using symmetrical components
- Examples of calculating fault currents for different fault scenarios using per-unit systems and symmetrical components
- Discussion of how fault currents vary over time and with transformer reactances
Unit 03 Construction & Operation of Watt meter & Energy meterPremanandDesai
An induction watt-hour meter measures electrical energy consumption by using two electromagnets to induce eddy currents in an aluminum disk and rotate it. The disk's rotation is proportional to energy used and is registered to indicate kilowatt-hours. It works by using a series coil carrying load current and a shunt coil carrying voltage-proportional current to generate a rotating magnetic field. This field interacts with eddy currents in the disk to provide a driving torque while a brake magnet provides a braking torque proportional to disk speed. Errors can occur due phase shifts or other issues, but the meter can be adjusted to ensure accurate readings.
This document provides an overview of a training session on protection fundamentals presented by Craig Wester and John Levine of GE Multilin. The training covers protection tools, demonstration relays, future training classes, and protection fundamentals. The fundamentals section discusses desirable protection attributes, selection of protective relays, primary equipment components, and various types of protection including overcurrent, differential, voltage, frequency, power, and distance protection. Information required for applying protection is also listed.
Este documento presenta una introducción a los sistemas de alimentación ininterrumpible (SAI) y sus diferentes configuraciones, incluyendo SAI individuales, SAI en paralelo y SAI redundantes. Explica brevemente las estructuras de SAI sin derivación, con derivación y con carga de batería separada. Además, revisa las estrategias existentes para la puesta en paralelo de convertidores CA-CD y establece los objetivos y actividades a desarrollar en la tesis, los cuales incluyen el análisis y
Three Phase Fault Analysis With Auto Reset On Temporary Fault And Permanent TripEdgefxkits & Solutions
This PPT explains about Three phase fault analysis. This is achieved by using star to delta conversions.
Edgefxkits.com has a wide range of electronic projects ideas that are primarily helpful for ECE, EEE and EIE students and the ideas can be applied for real life purposes as well.
http://www.edgefxkits.com/
Visit our page to get more ideas on popular electronic projects developed by professionals.
Edgefx provides free verified electronic projects kits around the world with abstracts, circuit diagrams, and free electronic software. We provide guidance manual for Do It Yourself Kits (DIY) with the modules at best price along with free shipping.
This document presents information on symmetrical and asymmetrical short circuit calculations. It begins by introducing the goals of appreciating Ohmic and MVA methods for symmetrical faults and symmetrical components for asymmetrical faults. It then discusses symmetrical three-phase faults which affect phases equally and can be analyzed using a single phase. Asymmetrical faults include various line-to-line and line-to-ground faults which are analyzed using symmetrical components and sequence networks. The document provides background on symmetrical components and defines positive and negative sequence components.
Circuit Breakers Interrupting Capacity and Short-Time Current Rating michaeljmack
This document discusses circuit breaker ratings, including interrupting capacity and short-time current ratings. Interrupting capacity is the maximum fault current a breaker can safely interrupt, while short-time ratings define a breaker's ability to withstand high currents for a time interval. The document also describes different types of low-voltage circuit breakers and their trip mechanisms.
Summer traning on Power Transformer ConstructionStudent
The document summarizes an industrial training seminar on transformer construction held at BHEL Bhopal from May 29th to June 25th, 2014. It was presented by Mandeep Singh, an electrical engineering final year student from B.I.E.T Jhansi, under the guidance of Shri Shailendra Kumar Somi from BHEL Bhopal. The seminar covered topics such as transformer core building, winding, coil assembly, power assembly, case fitting, insulation, testing, and dispatch. It provided details on the manufacturing process and testing standards for power transformers.
This document provides an overview of fault calculations, including:
- Fault types such as single phase to ground, line to line, and three phase faults
- Calculation of symmetrical components using positive, negative, and zero sequence networks
- Representation of system components like transformers using symmetrical components
- Examples of calculating fault currents for different fault scenarios using per-unit systems and symmetrical components
- Discussion of how fault currents vary over time and with transformer reactances
Unit 03 Construction & Operation of Watt meter & Energy meterPremanandDesai
An induction watt-hour meter measures electrical energy consumption by using two electromagnets to induce eddy currents in an aluminum disk and rotate it. The disk's rotation is proportional to energy used and is registered to indicate kilowatt-hours. It works by using a series coil carrying load current and a shunt coil carrying voltage-proportional current to generate a rotating magnetic field. This field interacts with eddy currents in the disk to provide a driving torque while a brake magnet provides a braking torque proportional to disk speed. Errors can occur due phase shifts or other issues, but the meter can be adjusted to ensure accurate readings.
This document provides an overview of a training session on protection fundamentals presented by Craig Wester and John Levine of GE Multilin. The training covers protection tools, demonstration relays, future training classes, and protection fundamentals. The fundamentals section discusses desirable protection attributes, selection of protective relays, primary equipment components, and various types of protection including overcurrent, differential, voltage, frequency, power, and distance protection. Information required for applying protection is also listed.
Este documento presenta una introducción a los sistemas de alimentación ininterrumpible (SAI) y sus diferentes configuraciones, incluyendo SAI individuales, SAI en paralelo y SAI redundantes. Explica brevemente las estructuras de SAI sin derivación, con derivación y con carga de batería separada. Además, revisa las estrategias existentes para la puesta en paralelo de convertidores CA-CD y establece los objetivos y actividades a desarrollar en la tesis, los cuales incluyen el análisis y
A transformer transfers power between two circuits through electromagnetic induction. It operates on the principle of mutual induction between two coils linked by a magnetic core. The induced EMF in the secondary winding is proportional to the flux density in the core, the core's cross-sectional area, frequency, and number of turns in the winding. A transformer consists of two coils wound around a laminated iron core, which allows alternating current in the primary winding to induce a varying magnetic field and thereby an alternating voltage in the secondary winding. Heat generated in the transformer is dissipated to the surrounding air through the insulating oil that circulates through the transformer and radiator fins.
Este documento proporciona información sobre las fuentes de alimentación utilizadas en televisores genéricos chinos. Describe el funcionamiento de las fuentes conmutadas discretas, que utilizan tres transistores en lugar de un circuito integrado para controlar la conmutación. Explica el proceso de encendido y apagado de los transistores de potencia para transferir energía al transformador y generar los voltajes secundarios. También incluye planos de circuitos para diferentes marcas como QAP, JWIN y APEX.
A Prototype model of Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) Based Nine Level Cascaded Multilevel Inverter is to be designed and Implemented to produce AC output voltage of desired magnitude and frequency.
This document discusses various speed control methods for DC motors. It summarizes that the speed of a DC motor is directly proportional to the back EMF and inversely proportional to flux. For shunt motors, speed can be controlled through flux control by adding resistance to the field winding, armature control by adding resistance in series to the armature, and voltage control by varying the supply voltage. For series motors, speed is controlled through flux control methods like field and armature diversion, tapped fields, and paralleled fields as well as adding resistance in series with the armature. Series-parallel control is also described for variable speed applications.
Vacuum circuit breaker selection of circuit breakersshubham_bharadia
This document discusses vacuum circuit breakers and the selection of circuit breakers. It describes the construction of vacuum circuit breakers including their moving contacts, fixed contacts, and arc shields. It explains the principle of operation where an arc is produced and quickly extinguished in vacuum. It discusses the advantages of vacuum circuit breakers such as being compact, reliable, and having a long life. The document also outlines factors to consider when selecting a circuit breaker such as voltage, frequency, interrupting capacity, and continuous current rating. Finally, it provides a table comparing different circuit breaker types and their applicable voltages and breaking capacities.
The document presents information on a PWM rectifier. It discusses that a PWM rectifier is an AC to DC power converter using controlled semiconductor switches. It has features like bi-directional power flow, nearly sinusoidal input current, unity power factor regulation, and low harmonic distortion. The document includes a circuit diagram of a PWM rectifier and mentions it can be a current or voltage type. Advantages are listed as reduced harmonics and controlled output voltage. Future applications are in traction and as an active filter. The future scope is reduced input harmonics and improved power factor for PWM rectifiers.
This document provides information about unijunction transistors (UJTs) and programmable unijunction transistors (PUTs). It discusses the construction, working principles, characteristics, and applications of both UJTs and PUTs. Some key points include:
- UJTs and PUTs are three-terminal semiconductor devices that act as electrically controlled switches. UJTs have one PN junction while PUTs have a four-layer PNPN structure.
- The characteristic curve of UJTs and PUTs shows different regions including cutoff, negative resistance, and saturation based on the applied voltage. PUTs allow the peak voltage to be programmed using external resistors.
- Common applications of UJ
The transmission overhead line is one of the vital elements in the power system for transmitting the electrical energy. In the transmission, the disturbances are often occurred. In the conventional algorithm, alpha and beta (mode) currents generated by Clarke’s transformation are utilized to convert the signal of Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) to obtain the Wavelet Transform Coefficient (WTC) and the Wavelet Coefficient Energy (WCE). This study introduces a new algorithm, called Modified Clarke for fault detection and classification using DWT and Back-Propagation Neural Network (BPNN) based on Clarke’s transformation on transmission overhead line by adding gamma current in the system. Daubechies4 (Db4) is used as a mother wavelet to decompose the high frequency components of the signal error. Simulation is performed using PSCAD / EMTDC transmission system modeling and carried out at different locations along the transmission line with different types of fault, fault resistances, fault locations and fault of the initial angle on a given power system model. The simulated fault types are in the study are the Single Line to Ground, the Line To Line, the Double Line to Ground and the Three Phases. There are four statistic methods utilized in the present study to determine the accuracy of detection and classification of faults. The result shows that the best and the worst structures of BPNN occurred on the configuration of 12-24-48-4 and 12-12-6-4, respectively. For instance, the error using Mean Square Error Method. The Error Of Clarke’s, Without Clarke’s and Modified Clarke’s are 0.05862, 0.05513 and 0.03721 which are the best, respectively, whereas, the worst are 0.06387, 0.0753 and 0.052, respectively. This indicates that the Modified Clarke’s result is in the lowest error. The method is successfully implement can be utilized in the detection and classification of fault in transmission line by utilities and power regulation in power system planning and operation.
This document discusses five types of transformer testing: open circuit testing, short circuit testing, load testing of single phase transformers, Sumpner's testing, and polarity testing. Open circuit testing determines losses with one winding open. Short circuit testing determines copper losses at full load. Load testing determines efficiency and regulation characteristics. Sumpner's testing uses two identical transformers to determine iron and copper losses. Polarity testing determines if the transformer windings produce voltages that are additive or subtractive.
HV electrical networks can be earthed in different ways, each with advantages and disadvantages. This document analyzes the constraints imposed by overvoltages, network characteristics, and equipment requirements to determine the suitable earthing method. Different earthing options are described such as direct earthing, earthing through a reactor, and earthing through a resistor. Fault currents are calculated using a simplified method to determine protection settings and ensure selectivity.
Power grid synchronization failure detection and recoveryeSAT Journals
Abstract As the power grid failure problems continue to persist in the country, need arises to make it more efficient and effective. This is a
demonstration devised to provide such kind of a system that could detect the failure in synchronous working of the power grid in
case any external supply source that is supplying to the grid is encountering any kind of abnormalities may be in current levels,
voltage levels, temperature and oil level. There are various generation units that usually supply power to the grids such as
thermal plants, solar plants, hydro-electric plants etc. All the generation units that connect to the grid have to obey the rules or
standards laid down for the operation of a grid. These rules involve maintaining of voltage variation, current variation, oil-level
variation and temperature variation within these specified limits. If there are any kind of abnormalities or deviations from the
acceptable limits laid down by the grid, it then gets crucial that the particular feeding source should get automatically
disconnected from the entire grid temporarily, this process is widely termed islanding. This would prevent large scale occurrences
of events of black outs. Hence it would be beneficial and wise if we could have a system that would be so efficient that it could
issue intimations about the potential variations in the arrangements and in addition provide the exact distance of the fault
location on a feeder line from the base grid and keep the particular source temporarily on a standby basis while this process takes
place. Variation of the system voltage should be around +-5% as per central electricity authority of India Regulations, 2010. This
paper is an approach on devising out a system that helps the grid resolve problems related to black out situations hence making it
a smart grid.
Keywords: - current variation, voltage variation, temperature variation, oil level detection, islanding, smart grid,
active method, passive method.
OPEN CIRCUIT AND SHORT CIRCUIT TEST OF SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER|DAY7| BASIC E...Prasant Kumar
#Open_circuit_short_circuit_test of single phase transformer
#OC_SC_TEST OF TRANSFORMER
#Core loss and copper loss test of single phase transformer.
After going through this session you will be able to answer the following questions.
• Which parameters are obtained from O.C test?
• Which parameters are obtained from S.C test?
• What percentage of rated voltage is needed to be applied to carry out O.C test?
• What percentage of rated voltage is needed to be applied to carry out S.C test?
• From which side of a large transformer, would you like to carry out O.C test?
• From which side of a large transformer, would you like to carry out S.C test?
Aim of conduction transformer Open Circuit & Short Circuit test
To predict its performance without actual loading.
Determination of equivalent circuit parameters
To determine parameters of a transformer like voltage regulation and efficiency
Open circuit test is carried out to determine core loss and shunt parameters.
Open circuit test is carried out at rated voltage and rated frequency . During this test, rated flux is produced in the core .
To carry out open circuit test rated voltage at rated frequency is applied to LV side of the transformer and HV side is left opened as shown in the circuit diagram.
HV side is left opened because it is easier to arrange rated voltage supply on LV side because no load current which is quite small about 2 to 5% of the rated current.
Metering instrument connected at LV side are economical & always safer to work.
The voltmeter, ammeter and the wattmeter readings are taken and suppose they are Voc , Io and Poc respectively.
Strictly speaking the wattmeter will record the core loss as well as the LV winding copper loss. But the winding copper loss is very small compared to the core loss as the flux in the core is rated.
This document describes procedures for testing power transformers at AREVA's factory in Gebze, Turkey. It outlines both routine and type tests performed on transformers to check electrical characteristics and dielectric strength according to customer specifications and industry standards. Routine tests include measuring voltage ratios, winding resistances, losses, dielectric strength, and tap changer operation. Type tests evaluate temperature rise, impedances, insulation levels, sound, and impulse withstand capabilities. Test equipment used is also listed. The document provides details on measurement methods and circuits for key tests like voltage ratios, winding resistances, and vector relationships.
Troubleshooting, Maintenance and Protection of AC Electrical Motors and DrivesLiving Online
It is estimated that electrical drives and other rotating equipment consume about 50% of the total electrical energy consumed in the world today. The cost of maintaining electrical motors can be a significant amount in the budget item of manufacturing and mining industries. This workshop gives you a thorough understanding of electrical motor’s working, maintenance and failure modes and gives you the tools to maintain and troubleshoot electrical motors.
You will gain a fundamental understanding of the installation, operation and troubleshooting of electric motors. Typical applications of electric motors in mining, manufacturing, materials handling, process control are covered in detail. You will learn the basic steps in specifying, installing, wiring and commissioning motors. The concluding section of the workshop gives you the fundamental tools in troubleshooting motors confidently and effectively.
MORE INFORMATION: http://www.idc-online.com/content/troubleshooting-maintenance-protection-ac-electrical-motors-and-drives-13
This document discusses various aspects of power system stability including definitions, types of stability, and the impacts of integrating renewable energy. It defines power system stability as the ability to maintain a state of operating equilibrium after disturbances. The main types of stability covered are rotor angle stability, frequency stability, and voltage stability. Rotor angle stability includes transient and small-signal stability. Frequency stability depends on factors like system inertia and spinning reserves. Voltage stability relates to maintaining steady voltages. The document notes challenges that renewable energy integration can present for stability and potential mitigation approaches.
Este documento describe un proyecto para construir una fuente de poder regulable de 12 VCD a 0 VCD utilizando un regulador LM317. Explica los componentes necesarios como un puente de diodos, condensadores y un potenciómetro. Proporciona un diagrama del circuito y un procedimiento paso a paso para la construcción e incluye conclusiones sobre lo que se aprendió al completar el proyecto.
DigSILENT PF - 06. nivel iii editando componentes, y corriendo un casoHimmelstern
Este documento proporciona instrucciones sobre cómo usar el software DIgSILENT PowerFactory para modelar y simular un sistema de potencia. Explica cómo editar los parámetros de los componentes como barras, transformadores y máquinas, y cómo ejecutar un análisis de flujo de potencia.
This document discusses different types of directional over current relays. It explains that directional over current relays operate when fault current flows in a particular direction and will not operate if power flows in the opposite direction. It provides details on 30 and 90 degree connections for directional relays and describes the construction and operation of non-directional over current relays and shaded pole type directional over current relays.
This document summarizes a project to size equipment and design the earthing and protection systems for the Pakistan Refinery Limited grid station. It includes calculations to size the earthing mesh, power and auxiliary transformers, current and voltage transformers, capacitor bank, cables, circuit breakers, and battery bank. Short circuit analysis was performed using ETAP software. The objectives were to ensure reliable and economic operation of the grid station within KESC specifications. Problems encountered included meeting grounding requirements and transformer sizing, which were solved by adding more grounding rods and selecting a step-lap core design respectively.
A transformer transfers power between two circuits through electromagnetic induction. It operates on the principle of mutual induction between two coils linked by a magnetic core. The induced EMF in the secondary winding is proportional to the flux density in the core, the core's cross-sectional area, frequency, and number of turns in the winding. A transformer consists of two coils wound around a laminated iron core, which allows alternating current in the primary winding to induce a varying magnetic field and thereby an alternating voltage in the secondary winding. Heat generated in the transformer is dissipated to the surrounding air through the insulating oil that circulates through the transformer and radiator fins.
Este documento proporciona información sobre las fuentes de alimentación utilizadas en televisores genéricos chinos. Describe el funcionamiento de las fuentes conmutadas discretas, que utilizan tres transistores en lugar de un circuito integrado para controlar la conmutación. Explica el proceso de encendido y apagado de los transistores de potencia para transferir energía al transformador y generar los voltajes secundarios. También incluye planos de circuitos para diferentes marcas como QAP, JWIN y APEX.
A Prototype model of Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) Based Nine Level Cascaded Multilevel Inverter is to be designed and Implemented to produce AC output voltage of desired magnitude and frequency.
This document discusses various speed control methods for DC motors. It summarizes that the speed of a DC motor is directly proportional to the back EMF and inversely proportional to flux. For shunt motors, speed can be controlled through flux control by adding resistance to the field winding, armature control by adding resistance in series to the armature, and voltage control by varying the supply voltage. For series motors, speed is controlled through flux control methods like field and armature diversion, tapped fields, and paralleled fields as well as adding resistance in series with the armature. Series-parallel control is also described for variable speed applications.
Vacuum circuit breaker selection of circuit breakersshubham_bharadia
This document discusses vacuum circuit breakers and the selection of circuit breakers. It describes the construction of vacuum circuit breakers including their moving contacts, fixed contacts, and arc shields. It explains the principle of operation where an arc is produced and quickly extinguished in vacuum. It discusses the advantages of vacuum circuit breakers such as being compact, reliable, and having a long life. The document also outlines factors to consider when selecting a circuit breaker such as voltage, frequency, interrupting capacity, and continuous current rating. Finally, it provides a table comparing different circuit breaker types and their applicable voltages and breaking capacities.
The document presents information on a PWM rectifier. It discusses that a PWM rectifier is an AC to DC power converter using controlled semiconductor switches. It has features like bi-directional power flow, nearly sinusoidal input current, unity power factor regulation, and low harmonic distortion. The document includes a circuit diagram of a PWM rectifier and mentions it can be a current or voltage type. Advantages are listed as reduced harmonics and controlled output voltage. Future applications are in traction and as an active filter. The future scope is reduced input harmonics and improved power factor for PWM rectifiers.
This document provides information about unijunction transistors (UJTs) and programmable unijunction transistors (PUTs). It discusses the construction, working principles, characteristics, and applications of both UJTs and PUTs. Some key points include:
- UJTs and PUTs are three-terminal semiconductor devices that act as electrically controlled switches. UJTs have one PN junction while PUTs have a four-layer PNPN structure.
- The characteristic curve of UJTs and PUTs shows different regions including cutoff, negative resistance, and saturation based on the applied voltage. PUTs allow the peak voltage to be programmed using external resistors.
- Common applications of UJ
The transmission overhead line is one of the vital elements in the power system for transmitting the electrical energy. In the transmission, the disturbances are often occurred. In the conventional algorithm, alpha and beta (mode) currents generated by Clarke’s transformation are utilized to convert the signal of Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) to obtain the Wavelet Transform Coefficient (WTC) and the Wavelet Coefficient Energy (WCE). This study introduces a new algorithm, called Modified Clarke for fault detection and classification using DWT and Back-Propagation Neural Network (BPNN) based on Clarke’s transformation on transmission overhead line by adding gamma current in the system. Daubechies4 (Db4) is used as a mother wavelet to decompose the high frequency components of the signal error. Simulation is performed using PSCAD / EMTDC transmission system modeling and carried out at different locations along the transmission line with different types of fault, fault resistances, fault locations and fault of the initial angle on a given power system model. The simulated fault types are in the study are the Single Line to Ground, the Line To Line, the Double Line to Ground and the Three Phases. There are four statistic methods utilized in the present study to determine the accuracy of detection and classification of faults. The result shows that the best and the worst structures of BPNN occurred on the configuration of 12-24-48-4 and 12-12-6-4, respectively. For instance, the error using Mean Square Error Method. The Error Of Clarke’s, Without Clarke’s and Modified Clarke’s are 0.05862, 0.05513 and 0.03721 which are the best, respectively, whereas, the worst are 0.06387, 0.0753 and 0.052, respectively. This indicates that the Modified Clarke’s result is in the lowest error. The method is successfully implement can be utilized in the detection and classification of fault in transmission line by utilities and power regulation in power system planning and operation.
This document discusses five types of transformer testing: open circuit testing, short circuit testing, load testing of single phase transformers, Sumpner's testing, and polarity testing. Open circuit testing determines losses with one winding open. Short circuit testing determines copper losses at full load. Load testing determines efficiency and regulation characteristics. Sumpner's testing uses two identical transformers to determine iron and copper losses. Polarity testing determines if the transformer windings produce voltages that are additive or subtractive.
HV electrical networks can be earthed in different ways, each with advantages and disadvantages. This document analyzes the constraints imposed by overvoltages, network characteristics, and equipment requirements to determine the suitable earthing method. Different earthing options are described such as direct earthing, earthing through a reactor, and earthing through a resistor. Fault currents are calculated using a simplified method to determine protection settings and ensure selectivity.
Power grid synchronization failure detection and recoveryeSAT Journals
Abstract As the power grid failure problems continue to persist in the country, need arises to make it more efficient and effective. This is a
demonstration devised to provide such kind of a system that could detect the failure in synchronous working of the power grid in
case any external supply source that is supplying to the grid is encountering any kind of abnormalities may be in current levels,
voltage levels, temperature and oil level. There are various generation units that usually supply power to the grids such as
thermal plants, solar plants, hydro-electric plants etc. All the generation units that connect to the grid have to obey the rules or
standards laid down for the operation of a grid. These rules involve maintaining of voltage variation, current variation, oil-level
variation and temperature variation within these specified limits. If there are any kind of abnormalities or deviations from the
acceptable limits laid down by the grid, it then gets crucial that the particular feeding source should get automatically
disconnected from the entire grid temporarily, this process is widely termed islanding. This would prevent large scale occurrences
of events of black outs. Hence it would be beneficial and wise if we could have a system that would be so efficient that it could
issue intimations about the potential variations in the arrangements and in addition provide the exact distance of the fault
location on a feeder line from the base grid and keep the particular source temporarily on a standby basis while this process takes
place. Variation of the system voltage should be around +-5% as per central electricity authority of India Regulations, 2010. This
paper is an approach on devising out a system that helps the grid resolve problems related to black out situations hence making it
a smart grid.
Keywords: - current variation, voltage variation, temperature variation, oil level detection, islanding, smart grid,
active method, passive method.
OPEN CIRCUIT AND SHORT CIRCUIT TEST OF SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER|DAY7| BASIC E...Prasant Kumar
#Open_circuit_short_circuit_test of single phase transformer
#OC_SC_TEST OF TRANSFORMER
#Core loss and copper loss test of single phase transformer.
After going through this session you will be able to answer the following questions.
• Which parameters are obtained from O.C test?
• Which parameters are obtained from S.C test?
• What percentage of rated voltage is needed to be applied to carry out O.C test?
• What percentage of rated voltage is needed to be applied to carry out S.C test?
• From which side of a large transformer, would you like to carry out O.C test?
• From which side of a large transformer, would you like to carry out S.C test?
Aim of conduction transformer Open Circuit & Short Circuit test
To predict its performance without actual loading.
Determination of equivalent circuit parameters
To determine parameters of a transformer like voltage regulation and efficiency
Open circuit test is carried out to determine core loss and shunt parameters.
Open circuit test is carried out at rated voltage and rated frequency . During this test, rated flux is produced in the core .
To carry out open circuit test rated voltage at rated frequency is applied to LV side of the transformer and HV side is left opened as shown in the circuit diagram.
HV side is left opened because it is easier to arrange rated voltage supply on LV side because no load current which is quite small about 2 to 5% of the rated current.
Metering instrument connected at LV side are economical & always safer to work.
The voltmeter, ammeter and the wattmeter readings are taken and suppose they are Voc , Io and Poc respectively.
Strictly speaking the wattmeter will record the core loss as well as the LV winding copper loss. But the winding copper loss is very small compared to the core loss as the flux in the core is rated.
This document describes procedures for testing power transformers at AREVA's factory in Gebze, Turkey. It outlines both routine and type tests performed on transformers to check electrical characteristics and dielectric strength according to customer specifications and industry standards. Routine tests include measuring voltage ratios, winding resistances, losses, dielectric strength, and tap changer operation. Type tests evaluate temperature rise, impedances, insulation levels, sound, and impulse withstand capabilities. Test equipment used is also listed. The document provides details on measurement methods and circuits for key tests like voltage ratios, winding resistances, and vector relationships.
Troubleshooting, Maintenance and Protection of AC Electrical Motors and DrivesLiving Online
It is estimated that electrical drives and other rotating equipment consume about 50% of the total electrical energy consumed in the world today. The cost of maintaining electrical motors can be a significant amount in the budget item of manufacturing and mining industries. This workshop gives you a thorough understanding of electrical motor’s working, maintenance and failure modes and gives you the tools to maintain and troubleshoot electrical motors.
You will gain a fundamental understanding of the installation, operation and troubleshooting of electric motors. Typical applications of electric motors in mining, manufacturing, materials handling, process control are covered in detail. You will learn the basic steps in specifying, installing, wiring and commissioning motors. The concluding section of the workshop gives you the fundamental tools in troubleshooting motors confidently and effectively.
MORE INFORMATION: http://www.idc-online.com/content/troubleshooting-maintenance-protection-ac-electrical-motors-and-drives-13
This document discusses various aspects of power system stability including definitions, types of stability, and the impacts of integrating renewable energy. It defines power system stability as the ability to maintain a state of operating equilibrium after disturbances. The main types of stability covered are rotor angle stability, frequency stability, and voltage stability. Rotor angle stability includes transient and small-signal stability. Frequency stability depends on factors like system inertia and spinning reserves. Voltage stability relates to maintaining steady voltages. The document notes challenges that renewable energy integration can present for stability and potential mitigation approaches.
Este documento describe un proyecto para construir una fuente de poder regulable de 12 VCD a 0 VCD utilizando un regulador LM317. Explica los componentes necesarios como un puente de diodos, condensadores y un potenciómetro. Proporciona un diagrama del circuito y un procedimiento paso a paso para la construcción e incluye conclusiones sobre lo que se aprendió al completar el proyecto.
DigSILENT PF - 06. nivel iii editando componentes, y corriendo un casoHimmelstern
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HMcK IEEE1584:2018 - What it Means
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IEEE 1584:2002 vs IEEE 1584:2018
Guide to Performing Arc Flash Hazard Calculations
What’s Different & What Will Be The Impact on a Typical Arc Flash Management Protocol
Brad Gradwell
Managing Director/Executive Engineer
Brad.Gradwell@HudsonMckay.com.au
0419515223
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Copyright & Disclaimers
This paper contains content from IEEE P1585/D6 July 2018. IEEE draft and approved standards are copyrighted by IEEE under U.S. and international copyright laws.
A copy of IEEE P1585/D6 July 2018 is available at: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8403238/
IEEE does not warrant or represent the accuracy or content of the material contained in its standards, and expressly disclaims all warranties (express, implied and statutory) not
included in this or any other document relating to the standard, including, but not limited to, the warranties of:
• merchantability;
• fitness for a particular purpose;
• non-infringement; and
• quality, accuracy, effectiveness, currency, or completeness of material.
In addition, IEEE disclaims any and all conditions relating to: results; and workmanlike effort. IEEE standards documents are supplied “AS IS” and “WITH ALL FAULTS. Use of an IEEE
standard is wholly voluntary. The existence of an IEEE standard does not imply that there are no other ways to produce, test, measure, purchase, market, or provide other goods and
services related to the scope of the IEEE standard. Furthermore, the viewpoint expressed at the time a standard is approved and issued is subject to change brought about through
developments in the state of the art and comments received from users of the standard.
Hudson McKay has used its best endeavours to procure, analyse and provide information in this document which is accurate and reliable based on information available to Hudson
McKay or third parties at the time of document creation. Notwithstanding these best endeavours Hudson McKay is not liable for any inaccuracy or incompleteness of the information
obtained, or provided any third party. Any use of this document must consider that it may include qualified assumptions and provides a ‘point in time’ based assessment and may
require to be updated. That is, these assumptions and/or the information relied upon to produce this document may become outdated as new information or more accurate data
becomes available.
All background material, copyright, confidential information, patents, design rights and all other intellectual property rights of whatsoever nature contained herein are and shall
remain the sole and exclusive property of Hudson McKay Group Pty Ltd and its related entities. All third party intellectual property rights shall remain vested in their respective
owners. The Hudson McKay Group names and Hudson McKay Group logos are trademarks or registered trademarks of Hudson McKay Group Pty Ltd. All other trademarks are the
property of their respective owners.
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Stokes & Sweeting – IEEE1584-2002 Criticism
• A significant portion of the arc energy is stored in the plasma cloud;
• Ejected arc scenarios can contain up to 300-330% more incident
energy;
• High arc voltages in low voltage systems reduce Iarc ≈ 30%-70% x 3Ø
fault current;
• Digital relays can reset on low voltage systems due to time
delay in the restrike on lower fault levels.
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Wilkins, Allison & Lang – Ejected Arc in a Box
Fault Current
Limiting Fuse
• Vertical Electrode at Back of Box,
IEEE1584:2002 Iarc Model
Confirmed;
• Horizontal Electrodes at Back of Box,
Iarc particularly when Isc;
• Horizontal Electrodes lead to more
violent but less stable arcing;
• Horizontal Electrodes at D=48”
(1219mm) IE = 3-3.3 times.
<4ms
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Wilkins, Allison & Lang – Vertical on Barrier
T = 6ms
T = 12ms
• In 205 tests of VCBB Iarc ≈ 20%;
• High Current Arcs (Isc ≈ 45kA) are violent and
chaotic;
• At 480V IE ≈ 1.5 x IEEE1584:2002;
• At 600V IE ≈ 1.9 x IEEE1584:2002;
• The plasma is concentrated, hotter, Cu and
more toxic.
• Shorter arc lengths produce self-sustaining
arcs.
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IEEE 1584:2002 – Key Short Falls
• Electrode Orientation;
• Personal exposed to ejected arc are exposed to the plasma jet rather than radiated heat calculated by the
IEEE1584 -2002.
• Electrode orientations found within electrical switchgear produce 260-330% more incident energy due to
“ejected arc”/”contained arc” mechanism.
• In the case of the horizontal case the arcing current is significantly lower than the bolted fault current.
• Arc Voltage Influence;
• The voltage across an arc is approximately 10Vcm. The arc voltage is less than the nominal operating
voltage, Voc. Therefore in low voltage systems arcing currents can be 30-70% lower than the maximum
bolted fault current, Is/c
• Arc Conditions
• At low voltages less than 480V, during the initiation phase of the fault, it is possible that all three phases
of arc current may remain near zero for several cycles until the insulation fails again, restrike, which could
cause a reset on electronic protection modules.
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IEEE 1584:2018 – Empirical Model Integrity
• IEEE1584:2002 (300 tests);
• IEEE1584:2018 (1860 tests);
• 932 tests between 0.208 to 0.6 kV
• 325 tests at 2.7 kV
• 202 tests at 4 kV and over
• 400 tests between 12 to 15 kV
• Extensive reference made to research conducted and published by IEEE authors
(100+ Peer Reviewed Papers);
• Extensive Empirical Model Evaluation and Statistical Validation;
• This model produces results that are more accurate than those of its
predecessor for configurations that are common to both.
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IEEE1584:2018 Technical Group Conclusions
1. Arc time has a linear effect on incident energy.
2. Distance from the arc to the calorimeters has an inverse exponential affect.
3. The inclusion of system grounding had the effect of improving the R-square of the incident
energy equation by 1% [R-square is a measure of the equation fit to the data].
4. System X/R ratio, frequency, electrode material and other variables that were considered were
found to have little or no effect on arc current and incident energy, and so they are neglected.
5. Arc current depends primarily on available short-circuit current. Bus gap (the distance between
conductors at the point of fault), system voltage, and grounding type are smaller factors.
6. Incident energy depends primarily on calculated arc current, arcing duration and working
distance. Bus gap is a small factor.
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IEEE 1584:2018 – The AF Hazard Model
Human Hazard Model600V < Model 600V > Model < 15kV
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Summary of Changes
ELECTRODE Iarc IE
VCB ≈IEEE1584:2002 ≈IEEE1584:2002
VCBB IEEE1584:2002 20-50% x IEEE:2002
HCB 85% x IEEE:2002 100% x IEEE:2002
VOA ≈IEEE1584:2002 ≈IEEE1584:2002
HOA IEEE:2002 100-400% x IEEE:2002
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IEEE 1584:2018 – AF Risk Management
Impact
1. Collection and Storage of Data (Verification)
a) Protective Devices and OCR Curves
b) Impedances
c) Electrode ConfigurationArc Behaviour
d) Photos of Equipment
e) Cubicle Dimensions
f) Work Practices
2. AFH Calculation Model
a) IEC909ANSIComprehensive Fault Current Standard
b) IEEE1584:2018 ≤ 15kV
c) ENA NENS09 ≥ 11kV or Lee Equation or Other Body of Knowledge
3. Protection Coordination Study – Accuracy
4. PPE Adequacy Assessment on a Task Basis, General Usage Policy
5. Safety Integrity Level of your applied AF Risk Mitigation (SIL?)