The document discusses the evolution of computer architecture and microprocessors over time. It begins with early computers like ENIAC and describes the first stored program computer, the IAS. It then covers the development of commercial computers through different generations based on vacuum tubes, transistors, and integrated circuits. The document also discusses the evolution of Intel microprocessors from the 4004 to the Pentium 4 and future directions.
Computer System Architecture Lecture Note 2: HistoryBudditha Hettige
The document discusses the history and development of computer system architectures from the earliest mechanical computers through six generations defined by their underlying technologies. It covers the evolution from early mechanical and vacuum tube-based computers of the 1940s-1950s, to transistor-based systems of the 1950s-1960s, integrated circuits of the 1960s-1970s, microprocessors of the 1970s-1980s, and advances in parallel processing and artificial intelligence that define the potential of fifth-generation systems. Key systems discussed for each generation include the ENIAC, UNIVAC, IBM 7090, IBM 360, Intel 4004, and modern multi-core microprocessors.
Computer System Architecture Lecture Note 4: intel microprocessorsBudditha Hettige
The document discusses the history and evolution of Intel microprocessors from 1971 to present. It describes each generation of Intel processors including the 4004, 8008, 8080, 8086, 80286, 80386, 80486, Pentium, Core, and i-series. For each processor, it provides details like clock speed, number of transistors, instruction sets, cache sizes, and new technologies introduced. The document aims to chronicle the major developments and improvements in Intel microprocessors over time that have made computers more powerful and advanced.
A presentation on Evaluation of MicroprocessorShah Imtiyaj
This presentation summarizes the historical background of several major microprocessor companies, including Intel, IBM, AMD, and MIPS Technology. It discusses the evolution of microprocessors from early 4-bit processors like the Intel 4004 to more advanced 8-bit and 64-bit processors. For each company, it outlines some of the most notable microprocessor models released over the years, along with key details about their specifications and impact. The presentation concludes that the microprocessor has transformed computing and undergone rapid advancement from its initial conception to today's high-powered multiprocessor systems.
Celeron is a line of lower-cost Intel CPUs targeted at budget PCs. Celeron CPUs have lower performance than similarly priced Intel brands due to having less cache memory or disabled features. The performance impact varies from significant to minor. Celeron was introduced in 1998 based on Pentium II and the latest design is based on Core 2 Duo. Celeron CPUs are suitable for everyday computing and were created in response to Intel losing the low-end market to other manufacturers. Features of Celeron CPUs include integrated L2 cache and support for instructions like SSE2 and MMX.
This document provides an introduction to PC-based instrumentation and control. It discusses the advantages of using a PC as an intelligent controller, including flexibility, low cost, familiar technology, and support for standard bus systems and communications protocols. Typical applications mentioned include data acquisition, automatic testing, production monitoring and control, and process control.
this presentation is a great to deliver in classrooms, stage or also can be used to deliver lecture on "Evolution of processor".
it is also very helpful to learn about microprocessor, directly we can say its a self pack containing all about microprocessor.
this ppt contains evolution not only on the basis of generations but also on the basis of their invention.
must gothrough it
This document traces the evolution of Intel microprocessors from 1971 to present. It discusses each generation from the 4004 (4-bit) to the latest Intel i7 processors. Key details provided on each generation include the year of introduction, processing capabilities, memory capacity, and technological improvements over previous versions. The document shows how Intel microprocessors have progressed from 4-bit to 32-bit and 64-bit capabilities, with increasing speeds, memory capacity, and additional features with each new generation.
The document traces the evolution of microprocessors from the early 4-bit Intel 4004 in 1971 to the 64-bit MIPS R4000 in 1991. It describes the key innovations of each generation including increased bit width, transistor count, and performance. The first generation from 1971-1978 had processors with less than 50k transistors and under 50k instructions per second. The second generation from 1979-1985 saw the introduction of 32-bit processors with over 50k transistors. The third generation from 1985-1989 included reduced instruction set computers with over 100k transistors. The fourth generation from 1990 onward introduced 64-bit architectures with over 1 million transistors and performance leadership.
Computer System Architecture Lecture Note 2: HistoryBudditha Hettige
The document discusses the history and development of computer system architectures from the earliest mechanical computers through six generations defined by their underlying technologies. It covers the evolution from early mechanical and vacuum tube-based computers of the 1940s-1950s, to transistor-based systems of the 1950s-1960s, integrated circuits of the 1960s-1970s, microprocessors of the 1970s-1980s, and advances in parallel processing and artificial intelligence that define the potential of fifth-generation systems. Key systems discussed for each generation include the ENIAC, UNIVAC, IBM 7090, IBM 360, Intel 4004, and modern multi-core microprocessors.
Computer System Architecture Lecture Note 4: intel microprocessorsBudditha Hettige
The document discusses the history and evolution of Intel microprocessors from 1971 to present. It describes each generation of Intel processors including the 4004, 8008, 8080, 8086, 80286, 80386, 80486, Pentium, Core, and i-series. For each processor, it provides details like clock speed, number of transistors, instruction sets, cache sizes, and new technologies introduced. The document aims to chronicle the major developments and improvements in Intel microprocessors over time that have made computers more powerful and advanced.
A presentation on Evaluation of MicroprocessorShah Imtiyaj
This presentation summarizes the historical background of several major microprocessor companies, including Intel, IBM, AMD, and MIPS Technology. It discusses the evolution of microprocessors from early 4-bit processors like the Intel 4004 to more advanced 8-bit and 64-bit processors. For each company, it outlines some of the most notable microprocessor models released over the years, along with key details about their specifications and impact. The presentation concludes that the microprocessor has transformed computing and undergone rapid advancement from its initial conception to today's high-powered multiprocessor systems.
Celeron is a line of lower-cost Intel CPUs targeted at budget PCs. Celeron CPUs have lower performance than similarly priced Intel brands due to having less cache memory or disabled features. The performance impact varies from significant to minor. Celeron was introduced in 1998 based on Pentium II and the latest design is based on Core 2 Duo. Celeron CPUs are suitable for everyday computing and were created in response to Intel losing the low-end market to other manufacturers. Features of Celeron CPUs include integrated L2 cache and support for instructions like SSE2 and MMX.
This document provides an introduction to PC-based instrumentation and control. It discusses the advantages of using a PC as an intelligent controller, including flexibility, low cost, familiar technology, and support for standard bus systems and communications protocols. Typical applications mentioned include data acquisition, automatic testing, production monitoring and control, and process control.
this presentation is a great to deliver in classrooms, stage or also can be used to deliver lecture on "Evolution of processor".
it is also very helpful to learn about microprocessor, directly we can say its a self pack containing all about microprocessor.
this ppt contains evolution not only on the basis of generations but also on the basis of their invention.
must gothrough it
This document traces the evolution of Intel microprocessors from 1971 to present. It discusses each generation from the 4004 (4-bit) to the latest Intel i7 processors. Key details provided on each generation include the year of introduction, processing capabilities, memory capacity, and technological improvements over previous versions. The document shows how Intel microprocessors have progressed from 4-bit to 32-bit and 64-bit capabilities, with increasing speeds, memory capacity, and additional features with each new generation.
The document traces the evolution of microprocessors from the early 4-bit Intel 4004 in 1971 to the 64-bit MIPS R4000 in 1991. It describes the key innovations of each generation including increased bit width, transistor count, and performance. The first generation from 1971-1978 had processors with less than 50k transistors and under 50k instructions per second. The second generation from 1979-1985 saw the introduction of 32-bit processors with over 50k transistors. The third generation from 1985-1989 included reduced instruction set computers with over 100k transistors. The fourth generation from 1990 onward introduced 64-bit architectures with over 1 million transistors and performance leadership.
This presentation was made for the subject of computer architecture and organisation for the understanding of evolution of microprocessors and their configurations
Here are the key components of a motherboard:
- CPU - The central processing unit, usually located in a CPU socket. Processes instructions and performs calculations.
- RAM slots - Slots to insert RAM modules to provide short-term storage for programs and data being actively worked on.
- Expansion slots - Slots that accept add-on cards like graphics cards, sound cards, network cards, etc. Common types include PCI, PCIe, AGP.
- BIOS chip - Basic Input/Output System firmware that controls bootup and provides an interface to hardware.
- Chipset - Integrated circuits that connect the CPU and RAM to peripherals and expansion slots. Northbridge and southbridge
Description, history, logic, memory and stucture of microprocessors. Future trends. Processor's performance and productivity.
NaUKMA. National University of Kiev-Mohyla Academy.
Computer System Architecture Lecture Note 5: microprocessor technologyBudditha Hettige
This document discusses various processor modes, instructions, and features used in computer systems. It describes the real mode, protected mode, and 64-bit modes that processors can run in. It outlines the evolution of x86 processor instructions from the 80386 to modern processors. It also explains various processor features like MMX, SSE, hyper-threading, virtualization, and more. It discusses techniques for fixing bugs in processors through microcode updates.
The document summarizes the evolution of microprocessors across five generations from 1971 to present. It describes the key developments including the first microprocessor introduced by Intel in 1971 called the 4004. Subsequent generations saw the development of 8-bit, 16-bit and 32-bit microprocessors using newer technologies that improved speed and density. The fifth generation is dominated by Intel processors like Pentium and multi-core CPUs that can exceed speeds of 1GHz.
The document provides a brief history of Intel processors from 1971 to 2000. It summarizes each processor model, highlighting key specs and their impact. The 4004 was Intel's first microprocessor, powering calculators. The 8008 was twice as powerful. The 8080 was used in the Altair, inspiring the PC revolution. The 8088 powered the IBM PC. Later chips like the 286, 386, and 486 added more power and capabilities. The Pentium brought multimedia and became a household name. Advances continued with models like the Celeron, Xeon, and Pentium 4, bringing more performance for applications like video and internet use.
This presentation summarizes the evolution of microprocessors from mechanical to electrical to microprocessor ages. It discusses early mechanical calculators like the abacus. The first electronic computers included the Z3 in 1941 and ENIAC in 1946. Major early microprocessors included the Intel 4004 in 1971, the first microchip. Later microprocessors like the Intel 8085, 8086, 80386, 80486 and Pentium increased processing power and memory capacity. The presentation provides details on the specifications and impact of these processors in driving technology forward.
USB 3.0, also known as SuperSpeed USB, brings significant enhancements to the USB standard including a maximum transfer rate of 5Gbps, which is about 10 times faster than the previous USB 2.0 standard. It provides backward compatibility with existing USB devices while also including new features such as increased power delivery and cable specifications to support the higher data transfer speeds. The specification defines new connector types and maintains compatibility with existing USB connectors.
The microprocessor has evolved significantly since the Intel 4004 was introduced in 1971. Early microprocessors had 4-bit architectures with limited memory addressing. Throughout the 1970s, 8-bit microprocessors became prominent with expanded addressing. In the 1980s, 16-bit and 32-bit processors allowed for greater memory and improved performance. Modern multicore 64-bit processors can have dozens of cores and address petabytes of memory.
The document outlines the evolution of microprocessors over 5 generations from 1971 to present. It discusses the major developments including the introduction of the first microprocessor by Intel in 1971. Subsequent generations brought improvements like 8-bit processors in the second generation, 16-bit processors in the third, and 32-bit processors in the fourth generation. The fifth generation emphasized 64-bit processors and improvements in speed and on-chip functionality.
This document provides an overview of the evolution of computer architecture from early computers like ENIAC to modern systems. It discusses key developments like the stored-program concept pioneered on the IAS computer, the transition to transistors in the 2nd generation, and the rise of integrated circuits. The text also covers the development of commercial computers from UNIVAC to IBM's influential System/360 family. Overall, the document traces the technological progress and design concepts that have shaped computer architecture history.
This document traces the evolution of Intel microprocessors from the 4004 in 1971 to the Pentium 4 in 2001. It describes each processor model, highlighting their key characteristics like transistor count, clock speed, and architectural improvements. Over 30 years there was a 104x increase in transistor count and clock frequency, showing the exponential growth in computing power and scaling of Intel's microprocessor technology.
PC Hardware & Booting
This document discusses the boot process of a PC from power-on to loading the operating system. It covers:
1) The different address types in a PC like memory addresses, I/O addresses, and memory-mapped I/O addresses.
2) The evolution of x86 CPUs from 8088 to 80386 to modern 64-bit processors.
3) The boot process from power-on reset to BIOS initialization, loading the master boot record, running the bootloader, and finally loading the operating system.
4) Multiprocessor booting where one CPU is designated as the boot processor that triggers other application processors.
The document discusses the history and types of microprocessors. It notes that the microprocessor was born out of reducing the word size of CPUs to fit logic circuits onto a single integrated circuit. It then discusses notable 8-bit, 16-bit, and 32-bit microprocessor designs from companies like Intel, Motorola, and Texas Instruments. The document also covers topics like RISC processors, multi-core processors, special-purpose microprocessors, and common microprocessor architectures.
The document summarizes the five generations of microprocessor development from 1971 to the present. It discusses the major microprocessors from each generation, including their specifications and technologies. The first generation in the 1970s included 4-bit and 8-bit processors from Intel and other companies. The second generation saw the rise of 8-bit processors. The third generation was dominated by 16-bit processors. The fourth generation introduced 32-bit processors, and the fifth generation included 64-bit processors and dual/quad-core CPUs with improved speeds and functionality. Key Intel processors from each generation are described in detail across multiple slides.
The document traces the history and specifications of Intel microprocessors from 1969 to 2011. It begins with the Intel 4004, the world's first microprocessor from 1969, and details the introduction of subsequent chips including the 8008, 8080, 8086, 286, 386, 486, Pentium, Core i3, Core i5, and Core i7 lines. Key specifications like clock speed, number of transistors, register size, and data bus are provided for each generation as processing capabilities increased significantly over the decades.
This document traces the evolution of microprocessors from 4-bit to 64-bit models over several decades. It discusses early microprocessors developed by Intel and other companies, including the 4004 (4-bit, 1971), the 8008 and 8080 (8-bit, 1972 and 1974), the 8086 and 8088 (16-bit, 1978 and 1979), the 80386 (32-bit, 1985), and the introduction of 64-bit processors in the 2000s. Each new generation brought increased processing power, through higher bit sizes, clock speeds, transistor counts and features like caches and multicore designs.
This document provides a historical overview of Intel microprocessors from 1971 to 2002. It describes the evolution of microprocessors from 4-bit to 32-bit designs with increasing memory capacity and performance improvements over time. Key microprocessors discussed include the 4004, 8008, 8080, 8085, 8086/8088, 80186, 80286, 80386, 80486, Pentium, Pentium Pro, Pentium II, Pentium III, and Pentium IV. The document also provides background on the von Neumann machine concept and components of a basic computer system including memory, I/O, the ALU, control unit, registers, and bus.
This document provides an introduction to embedded systems and microcontrollers. It defines an embedded system as a computer system designed for specific control functions within a larger system. Embedded systems typically use microcontrollers as the central processing unit. The document discusses the differences between microprocessors and microcontrollers, with microcontrollers having integrated memory and peripherals. It provides examples of common microcontroller architectures like the 8051, AVR, PIC and others. Finally, it describes the Atmel AVR microcontroller in more detail, including the pin configurations of the Atmega 8 and Atmega 16 chips.
This document outlines the course for a Microprocessor and Microcontroller class. It includes the objectives, which are to provide an overview of microcontroller architecture, addressing modes, instruction sets, subroutines, interrupts, and software/hardware interfacing. The course outline then details the various topics that will be covered, such as internal architecture of microprocessors and microcontrollers, instruction sets, addressing modes, interrupts and timers. It lists exam dates and required textbooks.
The document discusses the history and evolution of microprocessors from early 4-bit designs like the Intel 4004 to modern 32-bit and 64-bit processors. It describes several important processors including the Intel 8008, 8080, 8085, 8086/8088, 80286, 80386, 80486, Pentium, and Pentium Pro. These processors enabled increasing memory addressing, speeds, functionality and applications over time. The document also introduces concepts like RISC architecture and cache memory.
This presentation was made for the subject of computer architecture and organisation for the understanding of evolution of microprocessors and their configurations
Here are the key components of a motherboard:
- CPU - The central processing unit, usually located in a CPU socket. Processes instructions and performs calculations.
- RAM slots - Slots to insert RAM modules to provide short-term storage for programs and data being actively worked on.
- Expansion slots - Slots that accept add-on cards like graphics cards, sound cards, network cards, etc. Common types include PCI, PCIe, AGP.
- BIOS chip - Basic Input/Output System firmware that controls bootup and provides an interface to hardware.
- Chipset - Integrated circuits that connect the CPU and RAM to peripherals and expansion slots. Northbridge and southbridge
Description, history, logic, memory and stucture of microprocessors. Future trends. Processor's performance and productivity.
NaUKMA. National University of Kiev-Mohyla Academy.
Computer System Architecture Lecture Note 5: microprocessor technologyBudditha Hettige
This document discusses various processor modes, instructions, and features used in computer systems. It describes the real mode, protected mode, and 64-bit modes that processors can run in. It outlines the evolution of x86 processor instructions from the 80386 to modern processors. It also explains various processor features like MMX, SSE, hyper-threading, virtualization, and more. It discusses techniques for fixing bugs in processors through microcode updates.
The document summarizes the evolution of microprocessors across five generations from 1971 to present. It describes the key developments including the first microprocessor introduced by Intel in 1971 called the 4004. Subsequent generations saw the development of 8-bit, 16-bit and 32-bit microprocessors using newer technologies that improved speed and density. The fifth generation is dominated by Intel processors like Pentium and multi-core CPUs that can exceed speeds of 1GHz.
The document provides a brief history of Intel processors from 1971 to 2000. It summarizes each processor model, highlighting key specs and their impact. The 4004 was Intel's first microprocessor, powering calculators. The 8008 was twice as powerful. The 8080 was used in the Altair, inspiring the PC revolution. The 8088 powered the IBM PC. Later chips like the 286, 386, and 486 added more power and capabilities. The Pentium brought multimedia and became a household name. Advances continued with models like the Celeron, Xeon, and Pentium 4, bringing more performance for applications like video and internet use.
This presentation summarizes the evolution of microprocessors from mechanical to electrical to microprocessor ages. It discusses early mechanical calculators like the abacus. The first electronic computers included the Z3 in 1941 and ENIAC in 1946. Major early microprocessors included the Intel 4004 in 1971, the first microchip. Later microprocessors like the Intel 8085, 8086, 80386, 80486 and Pentium increased processing power and memory capacity. The presentation provides details on the specifications and impact of these processors in driving technology forward.
USB 3.0, also known as SuperSpeed USB, brings significant enhancements to the USB standard including a maximum transfer rate of 5Gbps, which is about 10 times faster than the previous USB 2.0 standard. It provides backward compatibility with existing USB devices while also including new features such as increased power delivery and cable specifications to support the higher data transfer speeds. The specification defines new connector types and maintains compatibility with existing USB connectors.
The microprocessor has evolved significantly since the Intel 4004 was introduced in 1971. Early microprocessors had 4-bit architectures with limited memory addressing. Throughout the 1970s, 8-bit microprocessors became prominent with expanded addressing. In the 1980s, 16-bit and 32-bit processors allowed for greater memory and improved performance. Modern multicore 64-bit processors can have dozens of cores and address petabytes of memory.
The document outlines the evolution of microprocessors over 5 generations from 1971 to present. It discusses the major developments including the introduction of the first microprocessor by Intel in 1971. Subsequent generations brought improvements like 8-bit processors in the second generation, 16-bit processors in the third, and 32-bit processors in the fourth generation. The fifth generation emphasized 64-bit processors and improvements in speed and on-chip functionality.
This document provides an overview of the evolution of computer architecture from early computers like ENIAC to modern systems. It discusses key developments like the stored-program concept pioneered on the IAS computer, the transition to transistors in the 2nd generation, and the rise of integrated circuits. The text also covers the development of commercial computers from UNIVAC to IBM's influential System/360 family. Overall, the document traces the technological progress and design concepts that have shaped computer architecture history.
This document traces the evolution of Intel microprocessors from the 4004 in 1971 to the Pentium 4 in 2001. It describes each processor model, highlighting their key characteristics like transistor count, clock speed, and architectural improvements. Over 30 years there was a 104x increase in transistor count and clock frequency, showing the exponential growth in computing power and scaling of Intel's microprocessor technology.
PC Hardware & Booting
This document discusses the boot process of a PC from power-on to loading the operating system. It covers:
1) The different address types in a PC like memory addresses, I/O addresses, and memory-mapped I/O addresses.
2) The evolution of x86 CPUs from 8088 to 80386 to modern 64-bit processors.
3) The boot process from power-on reset to BIOS initialization, loading the master boot record, running the bootloader, and finally loading the operating system.
4) Multiprocessor booting where one CPU is designated as the boot processor that triggers other application processors.
The document discusses the history and types of microprocessors. It notes that the microprocessor was born out of reducing the word size of CPUs to fit logic circuits onto a single integrated circuit. It then discusses notable 8-bit, 16-bit, and 32-bit microprocessor designs from companies like Intel, Motorola, and Texas Instruments. The document also covers topics like RISC processors, multi-core processors, special-purpose microprocessors, and common microprocessor architectures.
The document summarizes the five generations of microprocessor development from 1971 to the present. It discusses the major microprocessors from each generation, including their specifications and technologies. The first generation in the 1970s included 4-bit and 8-bit processors from Intel and other companies. The second generation saw the rise of 8-bit processors. The third generation was dominated by 16-bit processors. The fourth generation introduced 32-bit processors, and the fifth generation included 64-bit processors and dual/quad-core CPUs with improved speeds and functionality. Key Intel processors from each generation are described in detail across multiple slides.
The document traces the history and specifications of Intel microprocessors from 1969 to 2011. It begins with the Intel 4004, the world's first microprocessor from 1969, and details the introduction of subsequent chips including the 8008, 8080, 8086, 286, 386, 486, Pentium, Core i3, Core i5, and Core i7 lines. Key specifications like clock speed, number of transistors, register size, and data bus are provided for each generation as processing capabilities increased significantly over the decades.
This document traces the evolution of microprocessors from 4-bit to 64-bit models over several decades. It discusses early microprocessors developed by Intel and other companies, including the 4004 (4-bit, 1971), the 8008 and 8080 (8-bit, 1972 and 1974), the 8086 and 8088 (16-bit, 1978 and 1979), the 80386 (32-bit, 1985), and the introduction of 64-bit processors in the 2000s. Each new generation brought increased processing power, through higher bit sizes, clock speeds, transistor counts and features like caches and multicore designs.
This document provides a historical overview of Intel microprocessors from 1971 to 2002. It describes the evolution of microprocessors from 4-bit to 32-bit designs with increasing memory capacity and performance improvements over time. Key microprocessors discussed include the 4004, 8008, 8080, 8085, 8086/8088, 80186, 80286, 80386, 80486, Pentium, Pentium Pro, Pentium II, Pentium III, and Pentium IV. The document also provides background on the von Neumann machine concept and components of a basic computer system including memory, I/O, the ALU, control unit, registers, and bus.
This document provides an introduction to embedded systems and microcontrollers. It defines an embedded system as a computer system designed for specific control functions within a larger system. Embedded systems typically use microcontrollers as the central processing unit. The document discusses the differences between microprocessors and microcontrollers, with microcontrollers having integrated memory and peripherals. It provides examples of common microcontroller architectures like the 8051, AVR, PIC and others. Finally, it describes the Atmel AVR microcontroller in more detail, including the pin configurations of the Atmega 8 and Atmega 16 chips.
This document outlines the course for a Microprocessor and Microcontroller class. It includes the objectives, which are to provide an overview of microcontroller architecture, addressing modes, instruction sets, subroutines, interrupts, and software/hardware interfacing. The course outline then details the various topics that will be covered, such as internal architecture of microprocessors and microcontrollers, instruction sets, addressing modes, interrupts and timers. It lists exam dates and required textbooks.
The document discusses the history and evolution of microprocessors from early 4-bit designs like the Intel 4004 to modern 32-bit and 64-bit processors. It describes several important processors including the Intel 8008, 8080, 8085, 8086/8088, 80286, 80386, 80486, Pentium, and Pentium Pro. These processors enabled increasing memory addressing, speeds, functionality and applications over time. The document also introduces concepts like RISC architecture and cache memory.
The document discusses the history of microprocessors from 1971 to present. It begins with the Intel 4004, the first commercially available microprocessor with 2300 transistors. Important subsequent microprocessors discussed include the Intel 8008, 8080, 8085, Pentium, and Core 2. The document explains the basic components of a microprocessor including the ALU, register array, and control unit. It describes how a microprocessor works by fetching, decoding, and executing instructions from memory.
The document discusses microcontrollers and the 8051 microcontroller. It provides an overview of embedded systems and microcontrollers, describing microcontrollers as single-chip computers containing a CPU, RAM, ROM, and I/O ports. It then details the components and architecture of the 8051 microcontroller, including its CPU, memory, timers, serial port, and I/O ports. Selection criteria for choosing a microcontroller for an application are also summarized.
The document discusses the evolution of microprocessors from the Intel 4004 to the Intel Pentium IV. It begins with the first microprocessor, the Intel 4004 from 1971, and progresses through early 4-bit and 8-bit processors like the 8008, 8080, and 8085. It then covers the introduction of 16-bit processors like the 8086 and 32-bit processors such as the 80386, 80486, and various Pentium models. The document also includes block diagrams and descriptions of the architecture and features of the 8085 microprocessor.
The document discusses the evolution of microprocessors from the Intel 4004 to the Intel Pentium IV. It begins with the first microprocessor, the Intel 4004 from 1971, and progresses through early 4-bit and 8-bit microprocessors like the 8008, 8080, and 8085. It then covers the introduction of 16-bit microprocessors like the 8086 and 32-bit processors such as the 80386, 80486, and various Pentium models. The document also includes block diagrams and descriptions of the architecture and features of the 8085 microprocessor.
The document discusses microprocessors and microcontrollers. It defines a microprocessor as the central processing unit (CPU) of a microcomputer that is contained on a single silicon chip. A microcontroller is similarly integrated but also includes memory and input/output ports, making it self-contained to control a specific system. The document provides details on the components and architecture of microprocessors, including registers, buses, memory, and I/O devices. It also summarizes the characteristics of the Intel 8085 microprocessor.
This document provides an overview of the microprocessor, including its components, architecture, and features. It discusses the main components of a microprocessor like the ALU, register array, and control unit. It then describes the architecture and features of the 8085 microprocessor, including its registers, arithmetic logic unit, program counter, stack pointer, and pin diagram. It provides details on the address bus, data bus, control signals, and interrupts of the 8085 microprocessor.
The document provides an overview of the Intel 8096 microcontroller. It discusses that the 8096 is a 16-bit microcontroller belonging to the MCS-96 family, capable of high-speed calculations. It then details the 8096's specifications, including its 16-bit CPU architecture, 6 addressing modes, 64KB address space, and 256-byte register file. The document also outlines the 8096's memory architecture, which separates instruction and data pathways, as well as its I/O ports, timers, serial port, and 100 instruction set. Finally, it briefly mentions other Intel microcontroller versions such as the 8048, 8051, 80186, and 80386 EX.
This document discusses embedded computing and microcontrollers. It provides information on characteristics of embedded systems like meeting deadlines and real-time constraints. It explains why microprocessors are useful for implementing digital systems efficiently. Microprocessors can be customized for different price points and markets. The document also discusses challenges in embedded computing like power consumption and testing. It provides specifications of computer components like the processor, memory, and ports. Finally, it describes several families of microcontrollers like the Intel 4004, 8051, and ARM profiles.
The document discusses the evolution of computers from mechanical calculators to modern devices. It covers the development of early computers using vacuum tubes and transistors, as well as the advent of integrated circuits, microprocessors, and microcontrollers. Computers are also classified according to attributes like price and performance, as well as by usage in embedded systems, personal computers, workstations, servers, mainframes, and supercomputers.
This document outlines the course contents for a VLSI Design course. The course covers six units: (1) an introduction to VLSI design including Moore's Law and design challenges, (2) VLSI circuit design processes and technologies, (3) analysis of CMOS logic circuits, (4) advanced CMOS logic circuit techniques, (5) memories, and (6) testing and testability. The goal of the course is to provide students with knowledge of very large scale integration circuits, which are essential components in modern electronic devices.
This presentation discussed the Pentium Processor Family as requirement of the Micro-controller Course in Technological University of the Philippines. It covers the history of Pentium family of processors, list of Intel processors, features of the processors, architecture, modes, pipeline and trends.
The document discusses the evolution of computer hardware from the 1940s to present day. It begins with early computers like ENIAC which were vacuum tube based and programmed manually. The stored program concept developed by von Neumann allowed programs and data to be stored in memory and greatly influenced later computer design. Transistors replaced vacuum tubes leading to smaller, cheaper computers. The development of integrated circuits and Moore's Law led to exponential increases in transistor counts and computer performance over generations. Techniques like pipelining, caching, parallelism and multiple cores have helped improve processor performance as physical limits are reached. Memory speeds have not kept up, requiring hierarchical memory designs. The x86 architecture evolved from 8-bit to 64-bit while maintaining backwards
This document discusses the evolution of computer hardware from ENIAC to modern multi-core processors. It covers early computers like ENIAC, the development of the stored program concept by von Neumann, the transistor revolution, integrated circuits, and Moore's Law. It also discusses improvements in processor design like pipelining, caches, parallelism. Modern computers use multiple processor cores on a chip to continue improving performance within power and physical limits.
The document compares computers of the past and present. It discusses how computers have evolved from early mechanical calculating devices to modern electronic computers. In the past, computers were only used for calculations but now they are used for a wide variety of tasks. The document then summarizes the history of computers from the abacus and Napier's bones to early electronic computers like the ENIAC. It also discusses the classification of computers from supercomputers to microcomputers and provides examples from each category along with their specifications.
Various processor architectures are described in this presentation. It could be useful for people working for h/w selection and processor identification.
The presentation provides an introduction to the emulation world, in particular to the mythical Commodore 64 and its peripherals, like disk drive, printer, cartridges. To truly emulate the software written for this 8-bit home computer it is mandatory to be much accurate as possible and reproduce every single aspect of the real machine, starting from the chips that compose the hardware architecture. Beside the emulation topics the presentation faces some Scala performance issues that come up when you have to optimize low level operations. At the end I'll show you a demo where we'll see the emulator running a game and a demo-scene, one of the hardest software to emulate.
Difference between microcontrollers an microprocessors ( University of Mauri...Nathan Sunil Mangar
Microprocessors and microcontrollers both perform computing tasks but have key differences. Microprocessors are used for tasks requiring significant computing power like desktops and supercomputers, while microcontrollers are used in devices needing limited computing like robots and IoT. They have different internal architectures and microcontrollers are cheaper and more compact but have less memory and processing ability. System on Chips (SoCs) integrate processor and peripherals into a single chip to reduce power usage and size for devices like smartphones. The presentation provided history on the development of microprocessors and microcontrollers as well as diagrams and examples to illustrate the differences between them.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
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Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
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LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
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4. ARCHITECTURE & ORGANIZATION
• Two jargons that are often confusing
• Computer organization: refers to the
operational units and their interconnections that realize
the architectural specifications (!)
• Control signals, Interface, Memory technology.
• Computer Architecture refers to those
attributes of a system visible to a programmer, or put
another way, those attributes that have a direct impact
on the logical execution of a program (!)
• Instruction set, no. of bits used for data representation,
I/O mechanisms
5. 1. 1. INTRODUCTION - CONTINUED
• Architecture concerns more about the basic instruction
design, that may lead to better performance of the system
• Organization, is the implementation of computer system, in
terms of its interconnection of functional units : CPU, memory,
bus and I/O devices.
• Example : IBM/S-370 family architecture. There are plenty of
IBM products having the same architecture (S-370) but
different organization, depending on its price/performance
measures. Cost and performance differs the organizations
• So, organization of a computer is the implementation of its
architecture, but tailored to fit the intended price and
performance measures.
6. STRUCTURE & FUNCTION
• Structure is the way in which component
relate to each other
• Function is the operation of individual
components as part of the structure
7. 1. 2. INTRODUCTION - STRUCTURE AND
FUNCTION
• Computer system may be seen from different angles. One
may see it from the structures, or the others may look it from
its functions.
• From the structure point of view, we may see a system as an
interrelated components, while from its function we may
learn the operational details of each components.
• It is up to us to see, we may start from the bottom up (learn
the operational details of each component) and then we study
how are they interrelated; or the other way around or top
down approach.
• The book we are using, use the top-down approach.
8. 1. 2. INTRODUCTION - STRUCTURE AND
FUNCTION
• Function of a computer :
Data processing
Data storage
Data Movement
Control
• Primary Function is data processing
• Second most important function is data storage
• Another important function is “control”
• And sometimes it can function to move data (transfer)
10. 1.2. INTRODUCTION - STRUCTURE OF
COMPUTER
• Four main structure are :
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
Main Memory : Stores data temporarily
I/O (Input Output) : Moves Data between computer and
external environment
System Interconnection : Provides communication
among CPU, Memory and I/O
• CPU consists of :
Control Unit, ALU (x,:,+,-), Registers (internal
Storage), CPU bus/interconnections
11. 1.3. INTRODUCTION - OUTLINE OF THE BOOK
• Computer Evolution and Performance
• Computer Interconnection Structures
• Cache Memory
• Internal Memory
• External Memory
• Input/Output
• Instruction Sets
• CPU structure & Functions
• Pipelined, RISC
• Superscalar, Parallel Processor
• etc.
13. BRIEF HISTORY
• From ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer)
John Mauchly and John P Eckert, University of Pennsylvania
(1943 - 1946)
• For war purposes
• Weighted 30 tons, consumes 140 kwatts of electric power,
15.000 square feet of space, only 5000 addition per second
• Not a digital computer, it was a decimal computer (analog)
• John von Neuman proposed : EDVAC (Electronic Discrete
Variable Computer) - first stored program computer -1945
16. 2. 1.EVOLUTION AND PERFORMANCE -
HISTORY
• 1946 Von Neuman and his gang proposed IAS (Institute for
Advanced Studies)
• The design included :
• main memory
• ALU
• Control Unit
• I/O
• First Stored Program, able to perform :
+, -, x, :
• The “father” of all modern computer/processor
20. 2. 1. EVOLUTION AND PERFORMANCE -
HISTORY
IAS components are :
• MBR (memory buffer register), MAR (memory address
register), IR (instruction register), IBR (instruction buffer
register), PC (program counter), AC (accumulator and MQ
(multiplier quotient), memory (1000 locations)
• 20 bit instruction : 8 bit opcode, 12 bit address (addressing one
of 1000 memory locations - 0 to 999)
• 39 bit data (with sign bit - 1 bit)
• Operations : data transfer between registers and ALU,
unconditional branch, conditional branch, arithmetic, address
modify
21. HISTORY OF COMMERCIAL
COMPUTERS
• First Generation : 1950 Mauchly & Eckert developed UNIVAC I,
used by Census Beureau
• Then appeared UNIVAC II, and later grew to UNIVAC 1100 series
(1103, 1104,1105,1106,1108) - vacuum tubes and later transistor
• Second Generation : Transistors, IBM 7094 (although there are
NCR, RCA and others tried to develop their versions -
commercially not successful)
• Third Generation : Integrated Circuit (IC) - SSI. IBM S/360 was the
successful example
• Later generations (possibly fourth and fifth) : LSI and VLSI
technology
23. EVOLUTION - SYSTEM 360 FAMILY
Model Model Model Model Model
Characteristic 30 40 50 65 75
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Max memory size (Bytes) 64K 256K 256K 512K 512K
Memory data-rate(MB/s) 0.5 0.8 2.0 8.0 16.0
Processor cycle time ( s) 1.0 0.625 0.5 0.25 0.2
Relative Speed 1 3.5 10 21 50
Max Number data channel 3 3 4 6 6
Max chan. data-rate(KB/s) 250 400 800 1250 1250
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
• Family architecture menyebabkan adanya istilah : upward dan downward
compatible
24. EVOLUTION - LATER GENERATIONS
• Semiconductor memories : 1K,4K,16K,64K,256K,1M,4M,16
Mbits on a single chip
• Microprocessors appeared :
Intel 4004 (1971), Intel 8008 (72), Intel 8080 (8 bit-74), 8086
(16bit-81), 80386 (32bit-85) onward.
• At almost the same time : Motorola, 6800(8bit), 68000 (16bit),
68010(16bit), 68020 (32bit), 68030/40 (32bit)
• Then Motorola’s product disappeared commercially
• Intel products dominated the market, since the appearance of
IBM PC
25. EVOLUTION OF MICROPROCESSORS
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Feature 8008 8080 8086 80386 80486
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Year introduced 1972 1974 1978 1985 1989
# of instructions 66 111 133 154 235
Address bus width 8 16 20 32 32
Data bus width 8 8 16 32 32
# of registers 8 8 16 8 8
Memory addressability 16KB 64KB 1 MB 4 GB 4 GB
Bus Bandwidth (MB/s) - 0.75 5 32 32
Reg-Reg add time ( s) - 1.3 0.3 0.125 0.06
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
26. 8086 (1978)
• 20-bit address bus : 1M byte(1024Kbytes) memory
• instruction : over 20,000 variation
• 4004 : 45, 8085 : 246
• A separate BIU and EU
• Fetch and Execute instruction simultaneously
• 16-bit Internal processor registers
• with the ability to access the high and low 8 bits separately if
desired
• hardware multiply and divide built in
• support for an external math coprocessor
• perform floating-point math operations as much as 100 times
faster than the processor alone via software emulation
27.
28.
29. 8088
• 8086(1978) : 16-bit data bus
• requirement of two separate 8-bit memory banks to
supply its 16-bit data bus
• quite expensive memory chip at the time
• 8088(1979) : external 8-bit data bus
• IBM announced the PC : 1981.8
• 8088, 16K memory(expandable 64K), 4.77MHz(clock speed)
• PC standard
30. 80186/80188
• High-Integration CPUs
• schematic diagram for IBM’s original PC
• 8088 microprocessor
• several additional chips are required
• 80186 = 8086 + several additional chips
• added 9 new instructions
• clock generator
• programmable timer
• programmable interrupt controller
• circuitry to select the I/O devices
31.
32. 80286 (1982)
• some instruction executed : 250ns(4.0MIPS) at 8MHz
• 24-bit address bus : 16M byte memory
• added 16 new instructions
• Real Mode: 1st powered on
• functions exactly like an 8086
• uses only its 20 least significant address lines(1M)
• Protected :
• A “Fatal Flaw” ?
• once switched to Protected mode, should not be able to switch
back to Real mode
• 286 chips are operated in Real mode and thus function only as
fast 8086s
• IBM AT(advanced technology) Computer :1984
33.
34. 80386
• flexible 32-bit Microprocessor(1986) : data bus, registers
• very large address space : 32-bit address bus(4G byte physical)
• 64 terabyte virtual
• 4G maximum segment size
• integrated memory management unit
• virtual memory support, optional on-chip paging
• 4 levels of protection
• added 16 new instructions
• Real Mode, Protected mode
• Virtual 8086 mode : in a protected and paged system
• 386SX : 16-bit external data bus, 24-bit address bus
• 386EX : 16-bit external data bus, 26-bit address bus
• 1995, called embedded PC
35.
36. 80486
• Intel released 80486 in 1989
• maintaining compatibility : standard(8086,286,386)
• polished & refined 386 : twice as fast as 386
• redesigned using RISC concept :
• frequently used instruction : a single clock cycle
• new 5-stage execution pipeline
• highly integrated
• 8K memory cache
• floating-point processor(equivalent of the external 387)
• added 6 new instructions : for used by OS
37.
38. 80486
• 486SX :
• for low-end applications that do not require a coprocessor or
internal cache
• clock speed limited 33MHz
• 486DX2 & DX4 :
• internal clock rate is twice or 3 times external clock rate
• 486DX4 100 : internal 100MHz, external 33MHz
• Overdrive Processor:
• 486DX2 or DX4 chips with overdrive socket pin-outs
• to upgrade low-speed 486DX, SX with 486DX2, DX4
39. PENTIUM
• increasing the complexity of the IC: to scale the chip down
• if every line could be shrunk in half, same circuit could be built in
one-forth the area
• Superscaler : support 2 instruction pipelines(5 stage)
• ALU, address generation circuit, data cache interface
• actually execute two different instruction simultaneously
• Pentium(1993) : originally labeled P5(80586)
• 60, 66MHz(110MIPS)
• 8K code cache, 8K data cache
• coprocessor : redesign(8-stage instruction pipeline )
• external data bus : 64 bit(higher data transfer rates )
• added 6 new instructions : for used by OS
40.
41.
42.
43. PENTIUM PRO
• codenamed P6 : 1995
• basic clock frequency : 150, 166MHz
• two chips in one : two separate silicon die
• processor(large chip), 256K level two cache
• Superscaler processor of degree three(12 stage)
• internal cache :
• level one(L1) : 8K instruction and data cache
• level two(L2) : 256K(or 512K)
• 36-bit address bus : 64G byte memory
• has been optimized to efficiently execute 32-bit code
• bundled with Windows NT : server market
44. PENTIUMⅡAND PENTIUMⅡXEON
MICROPROCESSOR
• PentiumⅡmicroprocessor released in 1997
• PentiumⅡ module : small circuit board
• Pentium pro with MMX : no internal L2 cache
• 512K L2 cache(operated at speed of 133MHz)
• main reason :
• L2 cache found main board of Pentium : 60, 66MHz
• not fast enough to justify a new microprocessor
• Pentium pro : not well yield
• 266~333MHz with 100MHz bus speed : in 1998
• bottleneck : external bus speed 66MHz
• use of 8ns SDRAM :
45. PENTIUMⅡAND PENTIUMⅡXEON
MICROPROCESSOR
• new version of PentiumⅡcalled Xeon : mid-1998
• for high-end workstation and server applications
• main difference from PentiumⅡ :
• L1 cache size : 32K bytes
• L2 cache size : 512K, 1M, 2M
• change in Intel’s strategy :
• professional version and home/business version of
PentiumⅡ microprocessor
46. PENTIUM Ⅲ MICROPROCESSOR
• 1. used faster core than PentiumⅡ
• is still P6 or Pentium pro processor
• 2. Two version :
• bus speed : 100MHz
• 1. slot 1 version mounted on a plastic cartridge
• 512K cache : one-half the clock speed
• 2. socket 370 version called flip-chip : looks like the older
Pentium package → Intel claim cost less
• 256K cache : clock speed
• 3. clock frequency : 1 GHz
47. PENTIUM 4 MICROPROCESSOR
• release in late 2000 : used Intel P6 architecture
• main difference :
• 1. clock speed : 1.3, 1.4, 1.5 GHz
• 2. support to use RAMBUS memory technology
• DDR(double-data-rate) SDRAM : both edge
• 3. interconnection : from aluminum to copper
• copper : is better conductor → increase clock frequency
• bus speed : from current max. of 133MHz to 200MHz or
higher
48. THE FUTURE OF MICROPROCESSORS
• no one can really make accurate prediction :
• success of Intel family should continue for quite a few years
• what may occur is : will occur
• a change to RISC technology,
• but more likely a change to a new technology being developed
jointly by Intel and Hewlett-Packard
• new technology :
• even will embody CISC instruction set of 80X86 family ,
• so that software for system will survive
• basic premise behind this technology : many
• will communicate directly with each other, allowing parallel
processing without any change to instruction set or program