2. What is IDT? According to Kent Gustafson and Rob Branch instructional design is a systematic process that is employed to develop education and training programs (Reiser and Dempsey, 2007).
3. Contributing Theories Greek philosophers : writings on learning and memory St. Thomas Aquinas: free will in terms of teaching John Locke: gaining knowledge through experience 17th century John Dewey: learning by doing 13th century 20th century
4. Behaviorism Influential theory in the development of IDT Defined as the measurement and study of human behaviors (Resier and Dempsey, 2007) IDT views this theory as more encompassing then stimulus-response (Resier and Dempsey, 2007) 1920’s
5. World War II: rapid advancement in the field Psychologist and educators developed training materials for soldiers. 1930-1945
6. American Institute for Research Developed numerous analysis, design, and evaluation procedures. Leading Researcher B. Miller author of Psychological Principles in System Development 1946
7. B. F. Skinner Author of The Science of Learning and the Art of Teaching Developed the characteristics of effective programmed materials. 1954
8. Objectives Taxonomy of Educational Objectives Benjamin Bloom developed learning outcomes in terms of objectives. Bloom’s Taxonomy depicts a hierarchy, showing the relationship between the outcomes. Bloom’s Taxonomy 1956
9. Sputnik The launch of Sputnik, a Soviet space satellite, lead to reforms in math and science education. Science and math instructional materials developed using US government funding. 1957
10. Early Instructional Design Models A model for systemically designing material was developed by incorporating Task Analysis, Objective Specification, & Criterion-Referenced Testing* 1960’s *Robert Glaser developed the term criterion-reference. His research allowed educators to assess for previous knowledge and develop materials that are learner specific.
11. Robert Gagne: Key Researcher Author of “Military Training and Principles of Learning” and The Conditions of Learning Contributions: Described various types of learning outcomes and events of instruction (Reiser and Dempsey, 2001) Structures of learning and analysis 1965
12. L. C. Silvern: Key Researcher Research assisted in field’s creation (Reiser and Dempsey) Model based on behaviorism Applied general system theory (GST) to solving instructional problems Research Interest: Aerospace and Defense 1965
13. Systems Approach Rapid growth and development in the creation of new models for systemically designing instruction. 1970’s
15. Human Performance Technology Movement Emphasizes On the job performance Business results Non-instructional solutions to problems 1990’s to 2000’s
16. Constructivism Current theory influencing instructional design technology Key Researchers Piaget Vygotsky Emphasizes Authentic learning Application of learning to daily life. Piaget 1990’s to 2000’s
17. References Dempsey, J.V., & Reiser, R. (2007).Trends and Issues in Instructional Design and Technology (2nd ed.).Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson. Leigh, D. (n.d.). A Brief History of Instructional Design. Retrieved September 5, 2011 from http://www.pignc-ispi.com/articles/education/brief%20history.htm Reiser, R. (2001). A History of Instructional Design and Technology: Part II: A History of Instructional Design. ETR&D, 49, 57-67.
18. References The History of Instructional Design. (n.d.). Retrieved August 31, 2011 from Preceden Web site: http://www.preceden.com/timelines/8906-history-of-instructional-design.
