This document provides a history of computer crime, beginning with traditional problems of anonymity and ineffective law enforcement. It discusses early cases of computer sabotage in the 19th century. Three major incidents in the 1980s shook complacency: the compromise of Milnet which stole military data, the Morris Worm which caused millions in damages, and the crash of AT&T's network. The document categorizes computer crimes as those using computers as a means, targeting computers, or being incidental to computers. It provides examples such as phreaking, web-cramming, spoofing, and cybersquatting.
Presentation made by Dr Tabrez Ahmad in Biju Pattanaik State Police Academy Bhubaneswar. To train DSP,s on Cyber Crime Investigation and Cyber Forensics.
Digital forensics is a branch of forensic science encompassing the recovery and investigation of material found in digital devices, often in relation to computer crime. A Pilot study on methodology and complexity of digital forensics and how digital forensics can be applied in a live environment without the loss or spoilage of valuable data and evidence.
What is digital evidence? , sources of digital evidence, types of digital evidence, the procedure for collecting digital evidence, records, digital vs physical evidence, controlling contamination.
Forensic science is a scientific method of gathering and examining information about the past which is then used in the court of law. Digital Forensics is the use of scientifically derived and proven methods toward the preservation, collection, validation, identification, analysis, interpretation, documentation, and presentation of digital evidence derived from digital devices for the purpose of facilitation or furthering the reconstruction of events found to be criminal, or helping to anticipate unauthorized actions shown to be disruptive to planned operations.
IOT is the new emerging technology with equal good and bads.This technology can be even misused by hackers and attackers . so there comes the concept of IOT Forensics to identify,collect and analyse the data on the IOT device
CYBER FORENSICS AND AUDITING
Topics Covered: Introduction to Cyber Forensics, Computer Equipment and associated storage, media Role of forensics Investigator, Forensics Investigation Process, Collecting Network based Evidence Writing, Computer Forensics Reports, Auditing, Plan an audit against a set of audit criteria, Information Security Management, System Management. Introduction to ISO 27001:2013
Presentation made by Dr Tabrez Ahmad in Biju Pattanaik State Police Academy Bhubaneswar. To train DSP,s on Cyber Crime Investigation and Cyber Forensics.
Digital forensics is a branch of forensic science encompassing the recovery and investigation of material found in digital devices, often in relation to computer crime. A Pilot study on methodology and complexity of digital forensics and how digital forensics can be applied in a live environment without the loss or spoilage of valuable data and evidence.
What is digital evidence? , sources of digital evidence, types of digital evidence, the procedure for collecting digital evidence, records, digital vs physical evidence, controlling contamination.
Forensic science is a scientific method of gathering and examining information about the past which is then used in the court of law. Digital Forensics is the use of scientifically derived and proven methods toward the preservation, collection, validation, identification, analysis, interpretation, documentation, and presentation of digital evidence derived from digital devices for the purpose of facilitation or furthering the reconstruction of events found to be criminal, or helping to anticipate unauthorized actions shown to be disruptive to planned operations.
IOT is the new emerging technology with equal good and bads.This technology can be even misused by hackers and attackers . so there comes the concept of IOT Forensics to identify,collect and analyse the data on the IOT device
CYBER FORENSICS AND AUDITING
Topics Covered: Introduction to Cyber Forensics, Computer Equipment and associated storage, media Role of forensics Investigator, Forensics Investigation Process, Collecting Network based Evidence Writing, Computer Forensics Reports, Auditing, Plan an audit against a set of audit criteria, Information Security Management, System Management. Introduction to ISO 27001:2013
This chapter describes how to conduct a digital forensics investigation. It shows the possible relation between information Security Triad and the investigation Triad. the chapter presents how to conduct an interview during investigations, and the disposition to take for adequate recording. The bit-by-bit stream copy process is mentioned. Disposition to take when finalizing the investigation is also discussed.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
CW RADAR, FMCW RADAR, FMCW ALTIMETER, AND THEIR PARAMETERSveerababupersonal22
It consists of cw radar and fmcw radar ,range measurement,if amplifier and fmcw altimeterThe CW radar operates using continuous wave transmission, while the FMCW radar employs frequency-modulated continuous wave technology. Range measurement is a crucial aspect of radar systems, providing information about the distance to a target. The IF amplifier plays a key role in signal processing, amplifying intermediate frequency signals for further analysis. The FMCW altimeter utilizes frequency-modulated continuous wave technology to accurately measure altitude above a reference point.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
HEAP SORT ILLUSTRATED WITH HEAPIFY, BUILD HEAP FOR DYNAMIC ARRAYS.
Heap sort is a comparison-based sorting technique based on Binary Heap data structure. It is similar to the selection sort where we first find the minimum element and place the minimum element at the beginning. Repeat the same process for the remaining elements.
NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN CONDENSING HEAT EXCHANGERS...ssuser7dcef0
Power plants release a large amount of water vapor into the
atmosphere through the stack. The flue gas can be a potential
source for obtaining much needed cooling water for a power
plant. If a power plant could recover and reuse a portion of this
moisture, it could reduce its total cooling water intake
requirement. One of the most practical way to recover water
from flue gas is to use a condensing heat exchanger. The power
plant could also recover latent heat due to condensation as well
as sensible heat due to lowering the flue gas exit temperature.
Additionally, harmful acids released from the stack can be
reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation. reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation.
Condensation of vapors in flue gas is a complicated
phenomenon since heat and mass transfer of water vapor and
various acids simultaneously occur in the presence of noncondensable
gases such as nitrogen and oxygen. Design of a
condenser depends on the knowledge and understanding of the
heat and mass transfer processes. A computer program for
numerical simulations of water (H2O) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
condensation in a flue gas condensing heat exchanger was
developed using MATLAB. Governing equations based on
mass and energy balances for the system were derived to
predict variables such as flue gas exit temperature, cooling
water outlet temperature, mole fraction and condensation rates
of water and sulfuric acid vapors. The equations were solved
using an iterative solution technique with calculations of heat
and mass transfer coefficients and physical properties.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
1. History of Computer Crime
Prepared by:
Kushagra Ganeriwal(130010111009)
Sweetu Ratnani(130010111048)
Guided by:
Prof.Kiran Macwan (CP Dept.)
2. Introduction & Traditional Problems
• Criminals have proven to be remarkably innovative.
• The question of vicinage has not been resolved by the court. Thus,
both investigative units and prosecutorial teams have not been
effective.
• Anonymizer sites – those sites which are designed to mask the
identity of a user
3. Recognizing & Defining Computer Crime
• First computer crime
• really unknown – as no written or formal communications were en vogue at
the time
• certainly had to be the theft or destruction of an abacus
• First documented case:
• early 19th Century – the sabotage of a computer system developed by textile
manufacturer, Joseph Jacquard.
• This machine, designed to introduce automated tasks, was attacked by
individuals fearful of losing employment to computers.
4. Three Incidents
• Prior to the 1980s, computer crime was considered a non-issue.
• However, three incidents shook American complacency to its core.
1) Compromising of Milnet
2) The Morris Worm
3) Crash of AT&T
5. Compromising of Milnet (1986)
• Berkley – maintained sensitive military info as part of Arpanet
• Soviet employed German hacker hacks and steals sensitive
information
• Discovered by a bean counter
who investigated the loss of less than one dollar!
• Immediately after discovery, Internet security
and data protection became a top priority
6. The Morris Worm (1988)
• Robert Morris – Cornell University student – son of a government
agent
• Created a worm to impress his friends, but did not recognize the
potentiality for destruction
• Attempted to warn victims – instructing them on how to remove the
worm prior to massive destruction
• Too late – caused millions of dollars in damage and crippled 10% of all
computers connected to the Internet
• First person convicted under the new Computer Fraud and Abuse Act
7. AT&T Crash(1989)
• AT&T crashes due to their own failures
• Blame shifted to Legion of Doom
• LEGION OF DOOM
• Named after fictional circle of super-villians
• Shamelessly promote themselves, brag of their exploits, and decry the use of
force by government
8. Categorizing Computer Crime – while exhaustive,
the categories are not mutually exclusive
• Means or Instrument
• Target
• Incidental
9. Computer as a means
• Phreaking and Telecom Crime
• Web-cramming
• ISP Jacking
• Internet Scams
• Non-phreaking, neo-traditional crime
10. Phreaking
• the manipulation of telecommunications carriers to gain knowledge of telecommunications,
and/or theft of applicable services – OR – any activity that incorporates the illegal use or
manipulation of access codes, access tones, PBX’s, or switches
• initially perpetrated by individuals drawn to the challenge of cracking systems, especially those
which claimed to be impenetrable, like DOD
• Became a counterculture – in which conferences and bulletin boards were developed as
platforms for braggarts (www.defcon.org) (www.Phrack.org)
• Would build global telecommunications systems using other’s resources
• Law enforcement was helpless to react due to an increase in predatory crime and inadequate
resources
11. Types of Phreaking
• Theft of access codes
• Manipulation of switches
• Manipulation of PBX’s
(Private Branch Exchanges)
12. Web-cramming
• Accomplished when criminals develop new Web pages for small businesses and
non-profit groups for “little” or “no expense”. While advertising their service as
free, these criminals actually engage in unauthorized phone charges on their
victims’ accounts.
• Most common approach involves the use of “rebate checks.”
• These checks, when cashed, transferred the consumer’s ISP, placing monthly
service charges on their telephone bill.
• This activity is possible because telephone companies contract to provide billing
and collection services for other companies that sell telecommunications-related
services.
13. ISP-Jacking
• Involves disconnecting individuals users from their selected Internet Service
providers and redirecting them to illegitimate servers
• In these cases, users are lured into downloading software which surreptitiously
disconnects their chosen Internet service providers, silences their modem, and
reconnects them to a remote server..
• 1999 – RCMP uncovered a complicated scam in which Canadian users were
rerouted through Moldova (a republic in the Soviet Union) and other
international locations to Dallas, Texas resulting in thousands of dollars in long
distance charges.
• The success of these scams is largely attributed to the fact that no identifying or
credit card information is requested – remember – charges are charged to the
victim’s telephone bill.
14. Nigerian Advance Fee Scam
• 6 steps to 4-1-9 scams
• are identified and targeted through sources ranging from trade journals, professional directories,
newspapers, etc.
• individual or company receives e-mail from a “government or agency official” (such as a senior
civil servant in one of the Nigerian ministries, like the Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation)
• e-mail informs recipient that this government or agency is willing to transfer millions of dollars in
“over invoiced contracts”, if:
• recipient provides blank copies of letterhead, banking account information, and telephone/fax
information (these letters, in turn, are used to seduce other victims – these are often used to
obtain a travel visa from the American embassy
• as the scam involves cultivating the trust of the recipient, more official documentation is received
from the “government or agency” (i.e., authentication letters with official looking stamps,
government seals, or logos which support the claims)
• once trust is obtained, up-front fees are requested for taxes, government bribes, attorney fees, or
the like (Grennan, Britz, Rush & Barker, 2000).
15. Non-phreaking, neo-traditional crime (i.e.
non-Internet crime)
• Not all technologically advanced crime involves the use of the
Internet or electronic communications!
Printing technologies, software capabilities, digital cameras, and the
like have increased the sophistication of non-Internet criminal activity.
Traditional methods of counterfeiting currency, defrauding financial
institutions, viewing child pornography, and the like, have all been
supplanted by more advanced approaches.
16. IP Spoofing
• IP Spoofing – successfully mimic a victim’s computer identity
• May also be used to redirect Internet traffic
• Domain name hijacking is accomplished by spoofing messages to
domain name registrars like Network Solutions.
• Has been used against Nike
17. Cybersquatting
• Cybersquatting - the practice of infringing on trademarked property via electronic means
• Purchase of domain names consistent with established companies or businesses. (i.e.
www.toysrus.com , etc.)
• Purchase of domain names which represent common misspellings or typographical errors of same
(i.e. www.toysareus.com
• Outlawed by the Anti-Cybersquatting Consumer Protection Act of 1997 – has been characterized
as the epitome of techno-capitalism by some, but branded criminal by government authorities
• Effectively used against John Zuccarini who purchased thousands of domain names which
represented common misspellings of popular businesses and mousetrapped accidental visitors
(opening ad boxes which require users to click on, and therefore look at, the ads to make them go
away).