The document discusses the evolution of human settlements from ancient times to the development of cities. It describes how during the Old Stone Age (Paleolithic), 40,000-100,000 years ago, early humans lived in cave sanctuaries and created cave paintings expressing their beliefs. During the New Stone Age (Neolithic), around 10,000-3,000 years ago, settled communities developed and agriculture emerged as the climate changed and humans developed new relationships with nature. It then examines the rise of megalithic monuments like menhirs, dolmens, and tombs in places like France and Ireland around 3,000 BC as expressions of ritual and religion.

1. The beginning
natural order vs artifact
natural vs anthropic
what is really natural?

3. Old Stone Age or Paleolithic
40 000 – 100 000 years ago
cave sanctuaries
magic beliefs
paintings expresses a kind of naturalism free from intellectual limits
with paintings the artist-hunter holds animal's destiny

4. Lascaux cave, plan. About 10 000-20 000 years ago.

10. New Stone Age or Neolithic
around 10 000-3 000 years ago
Climate changes
new relationship between humans and nature
settled down communities
agriculture
improved brain capacities of the homo sapiens more than climate changes
created new social relations and forms of abstract-symbolic art
domestic versus sacred
humans look at the Cosmos for practical and religious reasons

11. HOUSES

12. HOUSES

13. HOUSES

14. MONUMENTS
Menhir

15. Dolmen around 3000 BC
TOMBS

16. Essé, France, around 3000 BC
TOMBS

17. Newgrange, Ireland, around 3000 BC
TOMBS

18. Temple at Ggantija (Tower of Giants)
and
Stonehenge
built in different phases
their references: the cave and the sky
both sanctuaries express the idea of a building type,
why? Because were found in the same region structures with
similar features.
Definition of building type:
it is a an architectural form that is invented for a specific
purpose, it achieves a shared validity, in terms of space and
ritual, through its repeated use.

19. SANCTUARIES
TEMPLES

20. SANCTUARIES
TEMPLES

22. SANCTUARIES
TEMPLES

23. Stonehenge III Stonehenge IV 1500 BC circa
Stonehenge I 2700 BC circa Stonehenge II
SANCTUARIES
TEMPLESHeel stone
56 holes
Trench/canal
(100 mt of
diameter circa)
Solstice axis
Bluestones
(circle 8mt wide)
Sarsen circle
and horseshoe
Y and Z holes
Bluestones
within the Sarsen
circle
North
South
Station stone
Station stone
Solstice axis

24. SANCTUARIES
TEMPLES

25. The urban revolution
invention of writing -- written records about cities and their myths were found
from III millennium BC
Civitas vs barbarous
cities are the core of a new idea of civilization
words and cities distinguish populations
General features of cities

26. Early examples in
the Middle East:
Khirokitia and Çatalhöyük

28. FIRST CITIES

31. Çatalhöyük 5 000- 4 000 BC

32. Çatalhöyük 5 000- 4 000 BC