The document discusses several topics related to geology and earth history. It describes petrology as the study of rocks, stratigraphy as the study of rock layers. It also discusses paleontology, which is the study of life from the past through fossils. The document outlines principles of relative and absolute dating that are used to date rocks and geological events. These principles include original horizontality, superposition, cross-cutting relationships, and inclusion. Radiometric dating is described as a method of absolute dating using radioactive isotope decay rates. Fossils are also summarized, including their classification into true form, mold, cast, and trace fossils.

1. EARTH: History and Geologic Time

2. PETROLOGY
A branch of geology that deals with
the origin, composition, structure and
classification of rocks

3. STRATIGRAPHY
The study of rock layers (strata) and
layering ( stratification)

4. Paleontology
Studies the life that existed prior to or
sometimes at the start of the Holocene
epoch.

5. Paleontology
Includes the study of fossils to
determine how they have evolved and
interacted with the environment.

6. RELATIVE AND ABSOLUTE DATING
Relative dating
Places events or rocks in their
chronological sequence or order of
occurrence without knowing their actual
age

7. RELATIVE AND ABSOLUTE DATING
BASIC PRINCIPLES
Principle of original horizontality
Sedimentary rocks are deposited as
horizontal or nearly horizontal layers.
Deformation indicates occurrence after
deposition.

8. RELATIVE AND ABSOLUTE DATING
BASIC PRINCIPLES
Principle of original horizontality

9. RELATIVE AND ABSOLUTE DATING
BASIC PRINCIPLES
Principle of original horizontality

10. RELATIVE AND ABSOLUTE DATING
BASIC PRINCIPLES
Principle of Superposition
The layer at the bottom of the sequence
is the oldest, and the successively higher
levels are successively younger.

11. RELATIVE AND ABSOLUTE DATING
BASIC PRINCIPLES
Principle of Cross – cutting relationship
Geologic features like faults and
intrusions are younger than the rocks
they cut across.

12. RELATIVE AND ABSOLUTE DATING
Principle of Cross-cutting relationship

13. RELATIVE AND ABSOLUTE DATING
BASIC PRINCIPLES
Principle of Inclusion
If rocks or rock fragments are included
within another rock layer, the rock
fragments must be older than the rock
layer they were embedded.

14. RELATIVE AND ABSOLUTE DATING
ABSOLUTE DATING
places actual ages of rocks
Based on decay rate of certain
radioactive isotopes within fossils, rocks
and artifacts

15. What conclusion can you derive from these
observations?
LAGUNA
Diskettes layer
Aluminum cans layer
Tin cans layer with license plate
dated 1950
Ceramic cups layer
Stone load layer
CAVITE
Diskettes layer
Aluminum cans layer with plastid ID
dated 1990
Tin cans layer
Stone load layer

16. Fossils: Evidence of Past Life
FOSSIL
A remnant or trace of organisms of a
past geologic age.

17. Fossils: Evidence of Past Life
Classification:
1. True form fossils
The entire animal or plant trapped and
preserved in ice, tar or other material.
Remains of mammoths frozen in the
arctic tundra of Siberia and Alaska

18. Fossils: Evidence of Past Life
True Form
Fossil

19. Fossils: Evidence of Past Life
True Form
Fossil

20. Fossils: Evidence of Past Life
True Form
Fossil

21. Fossils: Evidence of Past Life
Classification:
2. Mold Fossils
 Hollow impressions of a living thing in a
rock

22. Fossils: Evidence of Past Life
Mold Fossil

23. Fossils: Evidence of Past Life
Mold Fossil

24. Fossils: Evidence of Past Life
Mold Fossil

25. Mold Fossil
Brachipod mold
Fossils: Evidence of Past Life

26. Fossils: Evidence of Past Life
Classification:
3. Cast Fossils
created when mold fossils get
filled with minerals

27. Cast Fossil
Fossils: Evidence of Past Life

28. Cast Fossil
Fossils: Evidence of Past Life

29. Mold vs Cast
Fossil
Fossils: Evidence of Past Life

30. Fossils: Evidence of Past Life
Classification:
4. Trace fossils or ichino fossils
Impressions on rocks that showed
activity
Foot prints, eggs, droppings or nests of
animals

31. Trace Fossil
Fossils: Evidence of Past Life

32. Trace Fossil
Fossils: Evidence of Past Life

33. Fossils: Evidence of Past Life
Principle of fossil succession
Fossil organisms succeed one another in
a definite and determinable order

34. Fossils: Evidence of Past Life
Principle of fossil succession
Example:
Age of fusion
Age of reptiles
Age of mammals

35. Fossils: Evidence of Past Life
Index fossils
Fossils associated with a particular span
of geologic time