The document discusses the tensions and conflicts that have defined Spanish history between old and new, tradition and progress, and conservative and liberal viewpoints. It outlines several defining periods and events that have shaped Spain including its conflict with the Moors, the Hapsburg rule from 1506-1700, the 19th century social and political structures, and major 20th century events like the loss of its empire. It also examines ideas around Spanish national identity and how culture has been used as a form of struggle over autonomy, unity and identity within historic Spanish regions.