Borane V R*
Department of Zoology Jijamata Arts, Science and Commerce College, Nandurbar, Maharashtra, India
ABSTRACT- The present investigation was carried out to the effect of Dimethoate on histopathological changes in liver
of freshwater fish, Garra mullya using standard methods. Fish was exposed to sub lethal concentration of Dimethoate
(0.0238ppm of 96hrs) for 7, 14, and 21days. Administration of pesticide to determine lesion of liver as indicators of tissue
damage. Histopathological changes in liver ranged from vacuolization, necrosis, fibrosis of perivascular region and
disposition of yellow brown grains at different time of exposure. Liver histology exhibited various abnormalities,
including hyperplasia, nuclear pyknosis, fatty necrosis and degeneration of hepatocytes leading to tumor and syncytium
formation, which are the indicative of carcinogenesis. In chronic treatment of dimethoate exposure may pose serious
threat to fish health and affect their population.
Key-words- Dimethoate, Histopathology, Liver, Garra mullya
DOI:10.21276/ijlssr.2016.2.4.20
ABSTRACT- The present investigation was carried out to the effect of dimethoate on histopathological changes in
kidney of freshwater fish, Garra mullya. Fishes was exposed to sub lethal concentration of dimethoate (0.0238ppm of
96hrs.) for 7, 14, 21 days. Fishes exposed to dimethoate were characterized by loosening of haemopoietic tissue,
uriniferous tubules have lost their original appearance, vacuolated cytoplasm, degeneration in the epithelial cells of renal
tubule, narrowing of the tubular lumen and damaged glomeruli. The lesions in the vital organ might have resulted in
physiological and metabolical dysregulations. In chronic treatment of dimethoate exposure may pose serious threat to fish
health and affect their population. Key-words- Dimethoate, Histopathology, Kidney, Garra mullya
Hepatoprotective and antioxidant effects of Azolla microphylla based gold nan...Nanomedicine Journal (NMJ)
Abstract
Objective(s):
Our present study sought to evaluate hepatoprotective and antioxidant effects of methanol extract of Azolla microphylla phytochemically synthesized gold nanoparticles (GNaP) in acetaminophen (APAP) - induced hepatotoxicity of fresh water common carp fish.
Materials and Methods:
GNaP were prepared by green synthesis method using methanol extract of Azolla microphylla. Twenty four fishes weighing 146 ± 2.5 g were used in this experiment and these were divided into four experimental groups, each comprising 6 fishes. Group 1 served as control. Group 2 fishes were exposed to APAP (500 mg/kg) for 24 h. Groups 3 and 4 fishes were exposed to APAP (500 mg/kg) + GNaP (2.5 mg/kg) and GNaP (2.5 mg/kg) for 24 h, respectively. The hepatoprotective and antioxidant potentials were assessed by measuring liver damage, biochemical parameters, ions status, and histological alterations.
Results:
APAP exposed fish showed significant elevated levels of metabolic enzymes (LDH, G6PDH and MDH), hepatotoxic markers (GPT, GOT and ALP), reduced hepatic glycogen, lipids, protein, albumin, globulin, increased levels of bilirubin, creatinine, and oxidative stress markers (TBRAS, LHP and protein carbonyl), altered the tissue enzymes (SOD, CAT, GSH-Px and GST) non-enzyme (GSH), cellular sulfhydryl (T-SH, P-SH and NP-SH) levels, reduced hepatic ions (Ca2+, Na+ and K+), and abnormal liver histology. It was observe that GNaP has reversal effects on the levels of above mentioned parameters in APAP hepatotoxicity.
Conclusion:
Azolla microphylla phytochemically synthesized GNaP protects liver against oxidative damage and tissue damaging enzyme activities and could be used as an effective protector against acetaminophen-induced hepatic damage in fresh water common carp fish.
Protective Effect of Garlic Extract (Allium sativum L.) on the Liver Tissue o...BRNSS Publication Hub
Arsenic in its inorganic form is toxic and can cause severe health effects including cancers. In several
in vitro experiments, arsenic exposure has shown multiple effects at the molecular level. However, the
proper understanding of the role of arsenic in the cause of these diseases is still limited. In this work, we
demonstrated the toxicity effect of sodium arsenite in the liver tissues of freshwater fish Channa punctatus
and observed the histopathological as well as surface ultrastructural changes on it. A simultaneous study
was performed to observe the protective effect of garlic extract (Allium sativum L.) on the liver tissue of
arsenic-induced C. punctatus. The liver tissue of the control group showed a normal histoarchitecture.
The arsenic-exposed liver tissue revealed hepatic lesions in the form of cloudy swelling of hepatocytes,
vacuolar degeneration, karyolysis, dilation of sinusoids, and nuclear hypertrophy. Lesser hepatic
alternation was observed in the liver tissue of arsenic-exposed C. punctatus concurrently treated with
garlic extract. The protective effect of garlic was shown in the normalization of hepatocytes in the
arsenic-induced liver tissue.
Biochemical Alternation In Fresh Water Fishe Labeo Rohita Exposed To The Sodi...iosrjce
Fishes are regarded as an important high grade protein containing food staple of Indian people.
Ever increasing water pollution level, especially sodium fluoride (NaF), in inland freshwater reservoir has
made significant biochemical changes in the life cycle of fishes. In view of this, the investigations on effects of
acute and chronic sodium fluoride toxicity to fish Labeo rohita have been carried out. The changes in glycogen,
protein and lipid content of selected tissues like muscle, liver, gill and kidney were examined. The study
revealed a highest loss of glycogen, protein and lipid percentage in all tissues as compared to control.
Histopathological effects of nanosilver (Ag-NPs) in liver after dermal exposu...Nanomedicine Journal (NMJ)
Objective(s):
With the advent of nanotechnology, significant progress has been made in the area of nanoscale materials such as nanosilver (Ag-Nps). These nanoparticles have a wide range of applications and been used for antimicrobial purposes for more than a century. However, little
attention has been paid to the toxicity of nanosilver wound dressing. This study was designed to investigate the possible histopathological toxicity of Ag-NPs in liver of mice during wound healing.
Materials and Methods:
A group of 50 female BALB/c mice of about 8 weeks were randomly divided into two groups: Ag-NPs and control groups (n=25). After creating similar wound on the backs of all animals, the wound bed was treated in Ag-NPs group, with a volume of 50 microliters of the nanosilver solution (10ppm) ,and in control group, with the same amount of distilled water. The experiment lasted for 14 days. Histopathaological samplings of liver were conducted on days 2, 7 and 14 of the experiment.
Results:
Histopathological studies demonstrated time-dependent changes in mice liver treated with Ag-NPs compared to control group. Some changes include dilation in central venous, hyperemia, cell swelling, increase of Kupffer and inflammatory cells.
Conclusion:
This study suggests that use of nanosilver for wound healing may cause a mild toxicity, as indicated by time-dependent toxic responses in liver tissue. However, this issue will have to be considered more extensively in further studies
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
DOI:10.21276/ijlssr.2016.2.4.20
ABSTRACT- The present investigation was carried out to the effect of dimethoate on histopathological changes in
kidney of freshwater fish, Garra mullya. Fishes was exposed to sub lethal concentration of dimethoate (0.0238ppm of
96hrs.) for 7, 14, 21 days. Fishes exposed to dimethoate were characterized by loosening of haemopoietic tissue,
uriniferous tubules have lost their original appearance, vacuolated cytoplasm, degeneration in the epithelial cells of renal
tubule, narrowing of the tubular lumen and damaged glomeruli. The lesions in the vital organ might have resulted in
physiological and metabolical dysregulations. In chronic treatment of dimethoate exposure may pose serious threat to fish
health and affect their population. Key-words- Dimethoate, Histopathology, Kidney, Garra mullya
Hepatoprotective and antioxidant effects of Azolla microphylla based gold nan...Nanomedicine Journal (NMJ)
Abstract
Objective(s):
Our present study sought to evaluate hepatoprotective and antioxidant effects of methanol extract of Azolla microphylla phytochemically synthesized gold nanoparticles (GNaP) in acetaminophen (APAP) - induced hepatotoxicity of fresh water common carp fish.
Materials and Methods:
GNaP were prepared by green synthesis method using methanol extract of Azolla microphylla. Twenty four fishes weighing 146 ± 2.5 g were used in this experiment and these were divided into four experimental groups, each comprising 6 fishes. Group 1 served as control. Group 2 fishes were exposed to APAP (500 mg/kg) for 24 h. Groups 3 and 4 fishes were exposed to APAP (500 mg/kg) + GNaP (2.5 mg/kg) and GNaP (2.5 mg/kg) for 24 h, respectively. The hepatoprotective and antioxidant potentials were assessed by measuring liver damage, biochemical parameters, ions status, and histological alterations.
Results:
APAP exposed fish showed significant elevated levels of metabolic enzymes (LDH, G6PDH and MDH), hepatotoxic markers (GPT, GOT and ALP), reduced hepatic glycogen, lipids, protein, albumin, globulin, increased levels of bilirubin, creatinine, and oxidative stress markers (TBRAS, LHP and protein carbonyl), altered the tissue enzymes (SOD, CAT, GSH-Px and GST) non-enzyme (GSH), cellular sulfhydryl (T-SH, P-SH and NP-SH) levels, reduced hepatic ions (Ca2+, Na+ and K+), and abnormal liver histology. It was observe that GNaP has reversal effects on the levels of above mentioned parameters in APAP hepatotoxicity.
Conclusion:
Azolla microphylla phytochemically synthesized GNaP protects liver against oxidative damage and tissue damaging enzyme activities and could be used as an effective protector against acetaminophen-induced hepatic damage in fresh water common carp fish.
Protective Effect of Garlic Extract (Allium sativum L.) on the Liver Tissue o...BRNSS Publication Hub
Arsenic in its inorganic form is toxic and can cause severe health effects including cancers. In several
in vitro experiments, arsenic exposure has shown multiple effects at the molecular level. However, the
proper understanding of the role of arsenic in the cause of these diseases is still limited. In this work, we
demonstrated the toxicity effect of sodium arsenite in the liver tissues of freshwater fish Channa punctatus
and observed the histopathological as well as surface ultrastructural changes on it. A simultaneous study
was performed to observe the protective effect of garlic extract (Allium sativum L.) on the liver tissue of
arsenic-induced C. punctatus. The liver tissue of the control group showed a normal histoarchitecture.
The arsenic-exposed liver tissue revealed hepatic lesions in the form of cloudy swelling of hepatocytes,
vacuolar degeneration, karyolysis, dilation of sinusoids, and nuclear hypertrophy. Lesser hepatic
alternation was observed in the liver tissue of arsenic-exposed C. punctatus concurrently treated with
garlic extract. The protective effect of garlic was shown in the normalization of hepatocytes in the
arsenic-induced liver tissue.
Biochemical Alternation In Fresh Water Fishe Labeo Rohita Exposed To The Sodi...iosrjce
Fishes are regarded as an important high grade protein containing food staple of Indian people.
Ever increasing water pollution level, especially sodium fluoride (NaF), in inland freshwater reservoir has
made significant biochemical changes in the life cycle of fishes. In view of this, the investigations on effects of
acute and chronic sodium fluoride toxicity to fish Labeo rohita have been carried out. The changes in glycogen,
protein and lipid content of selected tissues like muscle, liver, gill and kidney were examined. The study
revealed a highest loss of glycogen, protein and lipid percentage in all tissues as compared to control.
Histopathological effects of nanosilver (Ag-NPs) in liver after dermal exposu...Nanomedicine Journal (NMJ)
Objective(s):
With the advent of nanotechnology, significant progress has been made in the area of nanoscale materials such as nanosilver (Ag-Nps). These nanoparticles have a wide range of applications and been used for antimicrobial purposes for more than a century. However, little
attention has been paid to the toxicity of nanosilver wound dressing. This study was designed to investigate the possible histopathological toxicity of Ag-NPs in liver of mice during wound healing.
Materials and Methods:
A group of 50 female BALB/c mice of about 8 weeks were randomly divided into two groups: Ag-NPs and control groups (n=25). After creating similar wound on the backs of all animals, the wound bed was treated in Ag-NPs group, with a volume of 50 microliters of the nanosilver solution (10ppm) ,and in control group, with the same amount of distilled water. The experiment lasted for 14 days. Histopathaological samplings of liver were conducted on days 2, 7 and 14 of the experiment.
Results:
Histopathological studies demonstrated time-dependent changes in mice liver treated with Ag-NPs compared to control group. Some changes include dilation in central venous, hyperemia, cell swelling, increase of Kupffer and inflammatory cells.
Conclusion:
This study suggests that use of nanosilver for wound healing may cause a mild toxicity, as indicated by time-dependent toxic responses in liver tissue. However, this issue will have to be considered more extensively in further studies
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Changes in the Hematology Parameters of Freshwater Fish Channa striatus Expos...BRNSS Publication Hub
In the present study was sublethal concentrations of propargite pesticide administered to freshwater fish C. striatus for 96 hours propargite exposure is 0.34 parts per million (ppm) based on the period of (0.034ppm), (1.02ppm), 15 and 30 days about significantly (P > 0.05) in hematological parameters alterations was recorded. The hematological analysis showed significant (P > 0.05) reduction in red blood cell count, hemoglobin value, packed cell volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), MCH concentration, and mean corpuscular volume. The parameters such as total white blood cells increased when induced toxic content. The present study indicated marked changes in the blood of C. striatus after exposure to propargite pesticide.
Studying the expression of proteins in Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus muscle, is essential to understand the biological, physiological and ecological aspects that may be of advantage in ecotoxicology as a tool for biomonitoring the effects of environmental pollution, as well as food safety. This study was aimed to accomplish a systematic characterization of the muscle proteome as well as to identify a putative set of protein biomarkers in C. nigrodigitatus to environmental pollution in Ologe and Badagry lagoons. Fifteen fi sh samples were used
as representative of the population for proteomics analysis. 116 proteins was expressed with 70 up-regulated, 25 down-regulated from Ologe Lagoon and 30 up-regulated, 17 down-regulated proteins from Badagry Lagoon expressed in the muscle of C. nigrodigitatus in response to environmental stressors using iTRAQ, while 8 protein spots from 2-D gels, representing 8 proteins with 2 up-regulated and 6 down-regulated, have been identifi ed using MALDI TOF/TOF MS. Pearson correlation revealed signifi cant correlation (p < 0.05) betwee environmental variables and protein markers. The investigation revealed that the expressed proteins in the muscle of C. nigrodigitatus served as a prognostic tool to assess the fi sh health and pollution status, which was observed that the fi sh were physiologically perturbed by environmental stressors in Ologe and Badagry lagoons.
This is a presentation outlining mercury toxicity, the human detoxification system and effective treatment with the Quicksilver Therapeutic Detox System.
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
Effect of astaxanthin on ethylene glycol induced nephrolithiasisIOSR Journals
Nephrolithiasis is one of the most common and painful of urological disorders with a high prevalence rate. The role of calcium oxalate crystals, which are the predominant component of kidney stones in generating oxidative stress, have been clearly demonstrated in previous studies. Astaxanthin, found in marine organisms is a dietary xanthophyll carotenoid with enhanced antioxidative properties and pharmacological effects. In the present study, we have investigated the effect of this natural antioxidant, at a daily dose of 25mg/kg in experimental calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis in male Wistar rats. Liver function markers, hepatic antioxidants, albumin creatinine ratios, renal calcium content and changes in body and kidney weight have been studied to evaluate the effect of this carotenoid in vivo. The effect of citrate, a component of most pharmaceutical drugs for management of nephrolithiasis has also been evaluated for the purpose of comparison with astaxanthin treatment. Astaxanthin is seen to exert a protective effect on the liver and kidney tissues in ethylene glycol treated rats by improving the liver function, restoring the activity of the hepatic antioxidant enzymes, decreasing the albumin creatinine ratios and calcium levels and maintaining the organ to body weight ratio. Our results also indicate that astaxanthin administration is more beneficial than citrate treatment
Impact of Imidacloprid 17.8 SI on Biochemical Parameters of the Fresh Water F...ijtsrd
Use of pesticide in integrated farming in paddy field is recognized as a potential threat in aquatic organisms. The effect of sublethal toxicity of imidacloprid 17.8 SL pesticide on some biochemical parameters of a freshwater fish Catla catla were studied after 24 hr, 48 hr, 72 hr and 96 hr of exposure. The lethal concentration LC50 of imidacloprid 17.8 SL for 96 hr was 4.11 ppm. The study suggests that exposure to imidacloprid 17.8 SL at low concentration results in significant biochemical alterations. The biochemical response of C. catla to the exposure to sub lethal concentrations of imidacloprid 17.8 SL showed a significant decrease p 0.001 of proteins and glycogen in muscle and liver tissues compared to the control group. The observations from the present study showed that, imidacloprid 17.8 SL altered the biochemical composition of the various organs of test fish, due to utilization of biochemical energy to counteract the toxic stress. Sumaiya Ismayil | Aneykutty Joseph "Impact of Imidacloprid 17.8% SI on Biochemical Parameters of the Fresh Water Fish Catla Catla" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31088.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/zoology/31088/impact-of-imidacloprid-178-si-on-biochemical-parameters-of-the-fresh-water-fish-catla-catla/sumaiya-ismayil
Gut Microbiota Role in Liver Regeneration: Evidences and Novel Insights | Cri...CrimsonpublishersITERM
Human pathophysiological status highly depends on microbiota activity; its presence is in fact necessary to a healthy development, as well as for backing up immune system in the defense from pathogens. Gut microbiota also acts as a metabolic player that takes part in host metabolism by partially regulating bile acids (BAs) metabolism, as well as farnesoid X receptor (FXR) signalling. In fact, if microbiota functions are totally or even partially impaired, its role in supporting both BAs and FXR pathways will be undermined too, resulting in a diminished liver regeneration function. Hepatic pathologies have been associated to impaired gut microbial diversity, that can trigger a positive feedback cycle that worsen liver injury and obstruct liver regeneration process. Alcoholic liver disease subjects were typically infected by Bacteroides species and expanded Proteobacteria ones. Thus, it can be inferred that an intimate relationship between microbiota, hepatic metabolism and injury as well as regeneration is standing. Within this complex scenario, it is not surprising that the gut-liver axis could be also part of the regenerative mechanisms that, under certain circumstances, occur within the hepatic environment. This opinion paper aims to put together some of the evidences related to this thesis in order to consolidate it and give new insights about it.
Role of Selenium and Vitamin E on Gastric Mucosal Damage Induced By Water-Imm...iosrjce
The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of selenium and vitamin E on gastric mucosal
damage and acid secretion induced water immersion restraint stress (WRS) in Wistar rats. (n= 70) Wistar rats
of both sexes, weighing 200-220 g were divided in to five groups of seven rats each, viz: (i) passive control
(non-stress rats), (ii) active control (WRS + distilled water), (iii) WRS + vitamin E, (iv) WRS + vitamin E +
selenium, and (v) WRS + selenium. The WRS procedure lasted for 3.5 hours. Gastric tissues were isolated and
investigated macroscopically and histologically to determine mucosal damage. Gastric secretion was collected
after additional 3 hours of pyloric ligation. Blood samples were collected through cardiac puncture for the
investigation of plasma concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA). The result demonstrated that acute WRS
significantly (P < 0.001) increase gastric ulcer and gastric secretion parameters as well as MDA concentration.
Pre-treatment with selenium or vitamin E significantly lowered the gastric parameters and MDA concentration
especially in rats co-administered with selenium and vitamin E. It was concluded that acute WRS exposure
causes significant alteration in the structure of the gastric tissue and increased plasma MDA. Pre-treatment
with selenium and vitamin E ameliorated the adverse effects of WRS, and co-administration of selenium and
vitamin E exerted synergistic effects in the restoration of WRS-induced changes
Assessment on Accumulation of Heavy Metals and its Effect on Liver Tissues of...ijtsrd
Heavy metal pollution is a very serious issue in the present world and is caused by release of toxic substances from industrial and domestic sources into the sea water leading to harm marine organisms. Marine fishes are commonly consumed for its nutritional benefits and thus lead to transfer toxic metals into the food chain. Harpodon nehereus is a common and local fish from west coast of Maharashtra with high consumption rate among local population. Fish organs particularly liver being major site of detoxification shows structural alterations on exposure to pollution stress from their surrounding environment. Histopathological examination provides an indication of organ impairment to evaluate the health status of selected fish and the degree of pollution in marine environment. The present research effort was done to evaluate the concentration of heavy metals and to study histopathological alterations in liver tissues of largely consumed fish Harpodon nehereus collected from Sassoon dock, west Coast of Maharashtra, India. The research was carried out during the post-monsoon season of the year. High accumulation of lead 11.8 ± 8.34 mg kg , copper 20.46 ± 11.06 mg kg and Zinc 286.26 ± 114.5 mg kg were observed in liver tissues. Further histopathological study of present investigation reveals heavy damages in liver tissues of Harpodon nehereus representing that the selected fish is under high threat of pollution stress. Archana Oza | Leena Muralidharan "Assessment on Accumulation of Heavy Metals and its Effect on Liver Tissues of Harpodon Nehereus from Mumbai Coast of Maharashtra, India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-2 , February 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd20250.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/zoology/20250/assessment-on-accumulation-of-heavy-metals-and-its-effect-on-liver-tissues-of-harpodon-nehereus-from-mumbai-coast-of-maharashtra-india/archana-oza
Possible Protective Effect of Bone Marrow-Mesenchymal Stem Cells
(BM-MSCs) Against the Remote Liver Injury Induced by Renal Ischemia Reperfusion in Male Albino Rats
Evaluation of water quality and toxicityafter exposure of lead nitrate in Cy...Sana_haroon
This presentation is made on the research paper "Evaluation of water quality and toxicityafter exposure of lead nitrate in Cyprinus carpio"
which is written by Paul et., al 2019
Protective Effects of Alpha Lipoic Acid (α -LA) Against Lead Neuro-Toxicity i...inventionjournals
Aim of the work: The present study was conducted to elucidate the possible protective effect of alpha lipoic acid (α-LA) against the deleterious effect perturbation induced in rat brain exposed to lead acetate. Methods: 32 Wistar male rats (weighing 130 ± 10 g) were divided into four groups (n=8): (1) normal control group (C); (2) Initiation group (Pb as lead acetate 20 mg/kg.b.wt, i.p. for 2 wks); (3) treatment group (α-LA 20 mg/kg.b.wt, i.p. for 3 wks); (4) post-initiation treatment group (Pb for 2 wks then followed by α-LA for 3 wks). Levels of monoamines (norepinephrine NE and dopamine DA), the level of Ache activity and finally adenosine triphosphate (ATP), were estimated in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex, in addition, a Morris water maze and the histological study were performed after completion of the experiments. Results: The results of the present work demonstrated that Pb inhibited neurotransmitters releases and decrease the level of Ache activity, as well as it inhibited energy production ATP. Pb impaired performance on Morris Water Maze of rats and histological degeneration. However, treatment with α-LA significantly attenuated the behavioral impairment and biochemical parameters in rat treated with Pb. And amelioration of histological changes. Conclusion: As a conclusion, treatment with α-LA can improve the Pb-induced toxicity via antioxidant activity.
Effects of Fenitrothion on some histo-architecture of freshwater fish Channa ...IOSR Journals
The presence of insecticide in the environment, due to extensive use in agriculture is of potential toxicological concern for fish. Histotoxicological studies have been widely used as biomarkes in the evaluation of the health of fish exposed to the pesticides studies. In the present study the hazardous effect of the organophosphate insecticide, Fenitrothion on the histology of the fresh water fish (Channa punctatus) after exposure for 21 days was investigated. Fish used in the experiment was nearly similar weight and length. The treated groups were compared with the control group for the histological changes in the selected tissue (kidney, liver and heart) and marked changes were observed.
Changes in the Hematology Parameters of Freshwater Fish Channa striatus Expos...BRNSS Publication Hub
In the present study was sublethal concentrations of propargite pesticide administered to freshwater fish C. striatus for 96 hours propargite exposure is 0.34 parts per million (ppm) based on the period of (0.034ppm), (1.02ppm), 15 and 30 days about significantly (P > 0.05) in hematological parameters alterations was recorded. The hematological analysis showed significant (P > 0.05) reduction in red blood cell count, hemoglobin value, packed cell volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), MCH concentration, and mean corpuscular volume. The parameters such as total white blood cells increased when induced toxic content. The present study indicated marked changes in the blood of C. striatus after exposure to propargite pesticide.
Studying the expression of proteins in Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus muscle, is essential to understand the biological, physiological and ecological aspects that may be of advantage in ecotoxicology as a tool for biomonitoring the effects of environmental pollution, as well as food safety. This study was aimed to accomplish a systematic characterization of the muscle proteome as well as to identify a putative set of protein biomarkers in C. nigrodigitatus to environmental pollution in Ologe and Badagry lagoons. Fifteen fi sh samples were used
as representative of the population for proteomics analysis. 116 proteins was expressed with 70 up-regulated, 25 down-regulated from Ologe Lagoon and 30 up-regulated, 17 down-regulated proteins from Badagry Lagoon expressed in the muscle of C. nigrodigitatus in response to environmental stressors using iTRAQ, while 8 protein spots from 2-D gels, representing 8 proteins with 2 up-regulated and 6 down-regulated, have been identifi ed using MALDI TOF/TOF MS. Pearson correlation revealed signifi cant correlation (p < 0.05) betwee environmental variables and protein markers. The investigation revealed that the expressed proteins in the muscle of C. nigrodigitatus served as a prognostic tool to assess the fi sh health and pollution status, which was observed that the fi sh were physiologically perturbed by environmental stressors in Ologe and Badagry lagoons.
This is a presentation outlining mercury toxicity, the human detoxification system and effective treatment with the Quicksilver Therapeutic Detox System.
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
Effect of astaxanthin on ethylene glycol induced nephrolithiasisIOSR Journals
Nephrolithiasis is one of the most common and painful of urological disorders with a high prevalence rate. The role of calcium oxalate crystals, which are the predominant component of kidney stones in generating oxidative stress, have been clearly demonstrated in previous studies. Astaxanthin, found in marine organisms is a dietary xanthophyll carotenoid with enhanced antioxidative properties and pharmacological effects. In the present study, we have investigated the effect of this natural antioxidant, at a daily dose of 25mg/kg in experimental calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis in male Wistar rats. Liver function markers, hepatic antioxidants, albumin creatinine ratios, renal calcium content and changes in body and kidney weight have been studied to evaluate the effect of this carotenoid in vivo. The effect of citrate, a component of most pharmaceutical drugs for management of nephrolithiasis has also been evaluated for the purpose of comparison with astaxanthin treatment. Astaxanthin is seen to exert a protective effect on the liver and kidney tissues in ethylene glycol treated rats by improving the liver function, restoring the activity of the hepatic antioxidant enzymes, decreasing the albumin creatinine ratios and calcium levels and maintaining the organ to body weight ratio. Our results also indicate that astaxanthin administration is more beneficial than citrate treatment
Impact of Imidacloprid 17.8 SI on Biochemical Parameters of the Fresh Water F...ijtsrd
Use of pesticide in integrated farming in paddy field is recognized as a potential threat in aquatic organisms. The effect of sublethal toxicity of imidacloprid 17.8 SL pesticide on some biochemical parameters of a freshwater fish Catla catla were studied after 24 hr, 48 hr, 72 hr and 96 hr of exposure. The lethal concentration LC50 of imidacloprid 17.8 SL for 96 hr was 4.11 ppm. The study suggests that exposure to imidacloprid 17.8 SL at low concentration results in significant biochemical alterations. The biochemical response of C. catla to the exposure to sub lethal concentrations of imidacloprid 17.8 SL showed a significant decrease p 0.001 of proteins and glycogen in muscle and liver tissues compared to the control group. The observations from the present study showed that, imidacloprid 17.8 SL altered the biochemical composition of the various organs of test fish, due to utilization of biochemical energy to counteract the toxic stress. Sumaiya Ismayil | Aneykutty Joseph "Impact of Imidacloprid 17.8% SI on Biochemical Parameters of the Fresh Water Fish Catla Catla" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31088.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/zoology/31088/impact-of-imidacloprid-178-si-on-biochemical-parameters-of-the-fresh-water-fish-catla-catla/sumaiya-ismayil
Gut Microbiota Role in Liver Regeneration: Evidences and Novel Insights | Cri...CrimsonpublishersITERM
Human pathophysiological status highly depends on microbiota activity; its presence is in fact necessary to a healthy development, as well as for backing up immune system in the defense from pathogens. Gut microbiota also acts as a metabolic player that takes part in host metabolism by partially regulating bile acids (BAs) metabolism, as well as farnesoid X receptor (FXR) signalling. In fact, if microbiota functions are totally or even partially impaired, its role in supporting both BAs and FXR pathways will be undermined too, resulting in a diminished liver regeneration function. Hepatic pathologies have been associated to impaired gut microbial diversity, that can trigger a positive feedback cycle that worsen liver injury and obstruct liver regeneration process. Alcoholic liver disease subjects were typically infected by Bacteroides species and expanded Proteobacteria ones. Thus, it can be inferred that an intimate relationship between microbiota, hepatic metabolism and injury as well as regeneration is standing. Within this complex scenario, it is not surprising that the gut-liver axis could be also part of the regenerative mechanisms that, under certain circumstances, occur within the hepatic environment. This opinion paper aims to put together some of the evidences related to this thesis in order to consolidate it and give new insights about it.
Role of Selenium and Vitamin E on Gastric Mucosal Damage Induced By Water-Imm...iosrjce
The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of selenium and vitamin E on gastric mucosal
damage and acid secretion induced water immersion restraint stress (WRS) in Wistar rats. (n= 70) Wistar rats
of both sexes, weighing 200-220 g were divided in to five groups of seven rats each, viz: (i) passive control
(non-stress rats), (ii) active control (WRS + distilled water), (iii) WRS + vitamin E, (iv) WRS + vitamin E +
selenium, and (v) WRS + selenium. The WRS procedure lasted for 3.5 hours. Gastric tissues were isolated and
investigated macroscopically and histologically to determine mucosal damage. Gastric secretion was collected
after additional 3 hours of pyloric ligation. Blood samples were collected through cardiac puncture for the
investigation of plasma concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA). The result demonstrated that acute WRS
significantly (P < 0.001) increase gastric ulcer and gastric secretion parameters as well as MDA concentration.
Pre-treatment with selenium or vitamin E significantly lowered the gastric parameters and MDA concentration
especially in rats co-administered with selenium and vitamin E. It was concluded that acute WRS exposure
causes significant alteration in the structure of the gastric tissue and increased plasma MDA. Pre-treatment
with selenium and vitamin E ameliorated the adverse effects of WRS, and co-administration of selenium and
vitamin E exerted synergistic effects in the restoration of WRS-induced changes
Assessment on Accumulation of Heavy Metals and its Effect on Liver Tissues of...ijtsrd
Heavy metal pollution is a very serious issue in the present world and is caused by release of toxic substances from industrial and domestic sources into the sea water leading to harm marine organisms. Marine fishes are commonly consumed for its nutritional benefits and thus lead to transfer toxic metals into the food chain. Harpodon nehereus is a common and local fish from west coast of Maharashtra with high consumption rate among local population. Fish organs particularly liver being major site of detoxification shows structural alterations on exposure to pollution stress from their surrounding environment. Histopathological examination provides an indication of organ impairment to evaluate the health status of selected fish and the degree of pollution in marine environment. The present research effort was done to evaluate the concentration of heavy metals and to study histopathological alterations in liver tissues of largely consumed fish Harpodon nehereus collected from Sassoon dock, west Coast of Maharashtra, India. The research was carried out during the post-monsoon season of the year. High accumulation of lead 11.8 ± 8.34 mg kg , copper 20.46 ± 11.06 mg kg and Zinc 286.26 ± 114.5 mg kg were observed in liver tissues. Further histopathological study of present investigation reveals heavy damages in liver tissues of Harpodon nehereus representing that the selected fish is under high threat of pollution stress. Archana Oza | Leena Muralidharan "Assessment on Accumulation of Heavy Metals and its Effect on Liver Tissues of Harpodon Nehereus from Mumbai Coast of Maharashtra, India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-2 , February 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd20250.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/zoology/20250/assessment-on-accumulation-of-heavy-metals-and-its-effect-on-liver-tissues-of-harpodon-nehereus-from-mumbai-coast-of-maharashtra-india/archana-oza
Possible Protective Effect of Bone Marrow-Mesenchymal Stem Cells
(BM-MSCs) Against the Remote Liver Injury Induced by Renal Ischemia Reperfusion in Male Albino Rats
Evaluation of water quality and toxicityafter exposure of lead nitrate in Cy...Sana_haroon
This presentation is made on the research paper "Evaluation of water quality and toxicityafter exposure of lead nitrate in Cyprinus carpio"
which is written by Paul et., al 2019
Protective Effects of Alpha Lipoic Acid (α -LA) Against Lead Neuro-Toxicity i...inventionjournals
Aim of the work: The present study was conducted to elucidate the possible protective effect of alpha lipoic acid (α-LA) against the deleterious effect perturbation induced in rat brain exposed to lead acetate. Methods: 32 Wistar male rats (weighing 130 ± 10 g) were divided into four groups (n=8): (1) normal control group (C); (2) Initiation group (Pb as lead acetate 20 mg/kg.b.wt, i.p. for 2 wks); (3) treatment group (α-LA 20 mg/kg.b.wt, i.p. for 3 wks); (4) post-initiation treatment group (Pb for 2 wks then followed by α-LA for 3 wks). Levels of monoamines (norepinephrine NE and dopamine DA), the level of Ache activity and finally adenosine triphosphate (ATP), were estimated in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex, in addition, a Morris water maze and the histological study were performed after completion of the experiments. Results: The results of the present work demonstrated that Pb inhibited neurotransmitters releases and decrease the level of Ache activity, as well as it inhibited energy production ATP. Pb impaired performance on Morris Water Maze of rats and histological degeneration. However, treatment with α-LA significantly attenuated the behavioral impairment and biochemical parameters in rat treated with Pb. And amelioration of histological changes. Conclusion: As a conclusion, treatment with α-LA can improve the Pb-induced toxicity via antioxidant activity.
Effects of Fenitrothion on some histo-architecture of freshwater fish Channa ...IOSR Journals
The presence of insecticide in the environment, due to extensive use in agriculture is of potential toxicological concern for fish. Histotoxicological studies have been widely used as biomarkes in the evaluation of the health of fish exposed to the pesticides studies. In the present study the hazardous effect of the organophosphate insecticide, Fenitrothion on the histology of the fresh water fish (Channa punctatus) after exposure for 21 days was investigated. Fish used in the experiment was nearly similar weight and length. The treated groups were compared with the control group for the histological changes in the selected tissue (kidney, liver and heart) and marked changes were observed.
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR), www.iosrphr.org, call for paper, research...iosrphr_editor
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR), www.iosrphr.org, call for paper, research paper publishing, where to publish research paper, journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call for research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, call for paper 2012, journal of pharmacy, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, research and review articles, Pharmacy journal, International Journal of Pharmacy, hard copy of journal, hard copy of certificates, online Submission, where to publish research paper, journal publishing, international journal, publishing a paper
ABSTRACT- The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of cadmium chloride on Histoarchiteceture of head kidney of fresh water fish Heteropneustes fossilis. The fishes were exposed to 0.5 ppm of cadmium chloride for 21 days. The most remarkable changes in head kidney, due to cadmium chloride were lysed condition of interrenal and chromaffin cells. The traces of cytoplasm had dark brown to black coloured cytoplasm. Most of cells are deformed and necrotic condition. Their size was significant at (P< 0.01 and 0.001) increased after cadmium chloride. All these changes will be recovered by herbal compound i.e. Ashwagandha. The damaged tissues were recovered in already treated group.
Key-words- Ashwagandha, Cadmium chloride, Chromaffin cells, Heteropneustes fossilis, Histopathology, Interrenal cells
DOI: 10.21276/ijlssr.2016.2.3.13
ABSTRACT- The present investigation was carried out to the effect of Fenvalerate on haematological parameters in
freshwater fish Channa marulius using standard methods. Fish was exposed to (1/4th LC50) sub lethal concentration of
Fenvalerate (0.086ppm) for 96h.The blood sample were obtained from both, control and experimental fish and assayed
haematological parameters (Total Erythrocytes count, TEC; Total Leucocytes count, TLC; Haemoglobin, Hb; Packed cell
volume, PCV; Mean corpuscular volume, MCV; Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin and Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin
Concentration; MCHC). The result revealed that TEC, Hb percentage, PCV and MCHC counts were significantly
decreased, whereas TLC, MCV and MCH increased slightly in experimental fish. The study has thus indicated marked
changes in blood of Channa marulius after exposure to Fenvalerate.
Key-words- Fenvalerate, Hematology, Channa marulius, Haemoglobin, Sub lethal
DOI: 10.21276/ijlssr.2016.2.4.10
bio-indicators. The present study is focused on the effective use of L. rohita, an economically significant carp as a
bio-indicator of zinc pollution through its several physiological, histopathological biomarkers. Primarily, acute toxicity
test is performed in which the carp fingerlings are exposed to different concentrations (10, 20, 40, 80, 160, 320 ppm) of
zinc sulphate. 96 hour LC50 value is determined to be 100 ppm. It is taken as lethal concentration and the fishes are
exposed to it for a period of 96 hours during which wide range of behavioural abnormalities are evidenced like general
hyperactivity, surfacing activity, hyper-opercular activity, and erratic swimming pattern. It is followed by loss of balance
and convolutions. One fifth of the lethal concentration is taken (i.e., 10 ppm) as sub-lethal concentration and fishes are
exposed to it for a period of 15 days during which growth, behaviour, oxygen consumption, histopathology, hematology
and genotoxicity are studied. Negative growth performance is observed with insignificant length increment up to 0.24 %
and significant weight reduction up to -2.38 %. Wide range of behavioural abnormalities are evidenced which includes,
erratic swimming, hyperactivity, surfacing activity and depression in appetite. Besides, general body discolouration and
haemorrhage are observed as well. Rate of oxygen consumption showed a time dependant decrease which ranged up to
-49.10%. Gills of the fishes are shown to have conspicuous histopathological alterations like lamellar necrosis, lamellar
fusion, lamellar erosion, epithelial lifting and epithelial swelling. Key-words- Bioindicator, L. rohita, Zinc sulphate, Growth, Behaviour, Oxygen Consumption, Histopathology
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Therapeutic Roles of Medicinal Herbs for the Treatment of Jaundice and Hepati...ijtsrd
In the developing countries like India, understating of traditional medicine or medicinal plants is very important for the welfare of rural and tribal communities in the treatment of conventional illness. In the last several years the use of medicinal plants has been on rise across the world, including India. The liver diseases like Jaundice, Hepatitis B have been classically treated by several medicinal plants. Clinical treatment of Jaundice patients by the alternative approach of herbal medication is increasing day by day. Healthcare professionals are also advising the use of herbal medicines. The objective of our present work is to give an elaborate idea about jaundice, its occurrence, and the medicines which causes heptotoxicity and what is the present trend in the research of medicinal plants accredited with hepato protective activities. It is very much beneficial in the identification and the development of relevant compounds or medicinal plant products which are valuable in the treatment of Jaundice and Hepatitis B. Pankaj Varshney | Dr. Kailash Bhargava "Therapeutic Roles of Medicinal Herbs for the Treatment of Jaundice and Hepatitis-B" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-4 , June 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd50100.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/chemistry/other/50100/therapeutic-roles-of-medicinal-herbs-for-the-treatment-of-jaundice-and-hepatitisb/pankaj-varshney
Objective: To investigate the protective effect of lo- sartan, an angiotensin II type 1 receptor blocker with antioxidative effect on intestinal ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury in rats, against inflammation and apoptotic development.
Study Design: Forty male Wistar albino rats with a mean weight of 200–250 g each were divided into 4 groups: (1) Sham operation (laparotomy only, sham surgical preparation including isolation of the superior mesenteric artery [SMA] without occlusion), (2) Ischemia model with SMA closure for 2 hours, (3) I/R group (2 hours of ischemia followed by 3-hour reperfusion (SMA occlusion for 120 minutes followed by 240 minutes reperfusion), and (4) Losartan group (2 hours of ischemia, 40 mg/kg losartan was administered to the animals; losartan was dissolved in 1 mL distilled water and administered intraperitoneally after 2 hours of ischemia). Malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione (GSH) levels were examined in jejunum tissue.
Results: Losartan treatment reduced the I/R-induced increase in MDA levels in the gut. Statistically, while SOD, CAT, and GSH activities decreased significantly in the I/R group, they increased in the I/R+Losartan group. Villus loss and increase in inflammation after ischemia persisted after reperfusion. Losartan treatment played a role in the reduction of inflammation and apoptosis and in the regulation of TNF-α and caspase-9 activity.
Conclusion: It has been thought that losartan in I/R may reduce mucosal damage and cell apoptosis in the direction of inflammation and may stabilize caspase-9 activity by inhibiting TNF-α stimulus.
Keywords: caspase-9, ischemia, ischemia/reperfusion, rat, reperfusion injury, TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-alpha
Similar to Histopathological Impact of Dimethoate on the Liver of Freshwater Fish, Garra mullya (Sykes) (20)
Background: Cancer is a disease caused when cells divide uncontrollably and spread into the surrounding tissue. Changes to DNA cause cancer. It is one of the most common and largest killer diseases in the world. It usually affects physically, and the disease can alter one’s perspective on life and personality. Many treatment options are there to treat cancer. Among them, chemotherapy treatment may have more side effects like lethargy, esophagitis, nausea, vomiting, Fatigue, and insomnia, the most common problems among chemotherapy patients in India. Methods: A quasi-experimental study with a sample size of 60, out of which 30 subjects were in the experimental group and 30 were in the control group. A convenient sampling method was used to select the subjects. A structured questionnaire tool was used to collect the data. Result: The result of the study showed that, during pre-test in the study group, among 30 subjects 3(10%) had moderate Fatigue, 22(73.33%) had severe Fatigue, 5(16.67%) had worst Fatigue and 12(40%) had moderate insomnia, 18(60%) had severe insomnia and in control group among 30 subjects, 6(20%) had moderate Fatigue, 13(43.33%) had severe Fatigue, 11(36.67%) had a worst fatigue, and 14(46.67%) had moderate insomnia, 16(53.33%) had severe insomnia. With post-test, in experimental group, 14(46.67%) had no fatigue, 16(53.33%) had mild fatigue, 14(46.67%) had no insomnia, 16(53.33%) had mild insomnia, and in control group, 6(20%) had moderate fatigue, 13(43.33%) had extreme fatigue, 11(36.67%) had worst fatigue, and 14(46.67%) had moderate insomnia, 16(53.33%) had severe insomnia. Conclusion: The study concluded that clients who were receiving chemotherapy had fatigue and insomnia problems. The Warm water foot bath therapy is very effective in clients undergoing chemotherapy in reducing Fatigue and insomnia. A positive correlation between pre-test and post-test was found by using the Mann-Whitney test.
Key-words: Cancer, Chemotherapy, Foot bath, Health, Warm water
Background: Alcohol has long been a global social and medical issue. According to W.H.O report. Total 3.3 million people die from
alcohol abuse annually. Alcoholic liver disease (A.L.D.) ranges from steatosis to liver cirrhosis. Chronic heavy drinkers get hepatitis
or cirrhosis 15 20% of the time
Methods: This study was c onducted in the general medicine inpatient department at PGIMER & C . in Bhubaneswar, Odisha,
Indi a. All hospitali z ed patients with liver illness who had previously t aken alcohol were screened. Each patient's alcohol
consumption, including native alcoholic beverages, was recorded. To support the diagnosis, all standard and extra examination s
were carri ed out. The modified Kuppuswamy scale was used to determine s s ocioeconomic class.
Results: The study comprised 186 participants with a median age of 46. The gender ratio was 3:1, with 139 (74.7%) men. Urban
populations have a greater prevalence of alcohol ic liver disease (60.75%) than rural populations (39.24%). The l ower
s ocioeconomic c lass (50.53%) has the highest rate of alcoholic liver disease. Men drink more (>700 gm/wk) and married people
drink more. A woman who drinks 140 280 grams per week for 10 1 5 years is more likely to develop alcoholic liver disease than a
man who drinks >700 grams per week for 15 years.
Conclusions: In this study, we conclude d that the prevalence of A .L. about S .E. is of utmost importance in developing
population based st r ategies that effectively educate individuals on the need to modify their drinking habits. This is crucial to
mitigate the occurrence of alcohol consumption and its associated repercussions.
Key-words: Socioeconomic status, Hospitalized Patients, Alcoholic Liver Disease
Background: One of the most common disorders in this age group, abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB), is the primary cause of most gynaecological problems in adolescents. Unfortunately, epidemiological data on AUB in teenagers is scarce, especially in the Indian subcontinent. The PALM-COEIN classification, where PALM stands for structural reasons and COEIN for functional causes, was employed in this single-center prospective observational study to evaluate the relative contributions of several etiological factors in AUB. To comprehend the etiological, dermographic, and therapeutic factors affecting menorrhagia in patients going through adolescence. Methods: Enrollment for females with AUB between 10 and 19 occurred between January and December 2022. A thorough history, physical examination, and laboratory evaluation, which in every case comprised standard testing, hormone analysis, and abdominal and pelvic ultrasonography were used to determine the cause of AUB. MRIs and CT scans were performed when needed. Results: There were 190 patients enrolled in total. Functional factors comprised the predominant aetiology of AUB among adolescent females: Adenomyosis=01 (0.52%), Polyp=1 (0.52%). Coagulopathy=2 (1.05%), Leomyoma=01 (0.52%), Malignancy=1 (0.52%), and PALM=4 (2.11%). COEIN=186 (97.89%), ovulation disorder=175 (92.15%), endometrial=01 (0.52%), iatrogenic=6 (3.15%), non-specified=2 (1.05%), and iatrogenic=6 (3.15%). Conclusion: The most frequent cause of AUB in the adolescent population is ovulatory abnormalities. Even though they are extremely rare, structural factors must be ruled out. A helpful technique for evaluating patients with AUB systematically is the PALM-COEIN classification.
Key-words: PALM-COEIN, Leiomyoma, AUB, Polycystic ovarian syndrome, Hormonal therapy
Derived from the bacterium Proteus vulgaris , chondroitin ABC lyase is an enzyme that can be used in treating proteoglycans that
affect neural activity (communication, plasticity). Chondroitinase can be used for vision abnormalities and spinal injuries. The
biological activity of chondroitinase is due to its ability to act on chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) which are required for
normal functioning. Th is study aim s to examine various types and routes of administration of Chondr oitina se e n zymes. There is an
increasing application of chondro itin sulfate proteoglycans in spinal cord injury, vit reous attachment, and the management of
various carcinogenic conditions. Research must be done to create an effective chondroitinase delivery mech anism so that the
pharmacological activity seen in vitro and in preclinical research may be applied in the clinic. More studies are required to widen
the application of chondroitinase in therapeutics. In this review, chondroitinase ABC, B, and C are all di scuss ed. T he routes of
administration like caudal or ros tral, intracerebroventricular, hydrogels, and intrath ecal have been detailed. The current review
article highlights the different medical uses for chondroitinase, drug delivery methods for the enzym e, and chondroitinase
dispersion across bacteria. In conclusion, this study can reduce the chance of edema by the intracerebroventric ular route.
However, it is not effective for people due to the gyrencephalic anatomy of brain
Key-words: Chondroitinase, Chondroitin, Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycans, Spinal Injuries, Ocular Abnormalities, Proteoglycans
Background: Maturing is a widespread peculiarity. Advanced age is not in itself a sickness however is an ordinary piece of human existence length. A guardian, like wise called a career, home wellbeing assistant or individual consideration assistant, is the individual answerable for furnishing their clients with day-to-day private consideration and help with exercises. Methods: Exploration approach: unmistakable methodology research plan: graphic study research plan. The setting of the review: provincial areas of Bagalkot region. Information assortment strategy: organized polls test. The example was chosen by an arbitrary inspecting procedure. The analyst arbitrarily chose Shirur town as a provincial setting and was chosen for enrolment of subjects. Results: The information score of guardians was 41.06%, with mean and SD of 12.32±3.925. These discoveries uncover those guardians had normal information for advanced-age medical conditions. The mentality score of guardians was 73.73%, with a mean and SD of 110.6±11.008. These discoveries uncovers that parental figures have concur capable demeanour in regards to the advanced age medical conditions. Conclusion: At last, a critical co-connection between the information and demeanour at 0.001 the discoveries uncovers that there is a moderate positive relationship between the information and disposition of the advanced age medical issues.
Key-words: Assess, Care Giver, Health Problems, Knowledge, Old Age
Background: Adolescent is one of the most rapid phases of human development. Anemia is a deficiency in the number of RBC in your body. RBC carry oxygen around your body using a particular protein called hemoglobin. Normal hemoglobin level in adolescent girls 13-15 g/dl. According to WHO, the hemoglobin level 10- 11.9 g/dl is considered mild anemia, 7-9 g/dl is considered moderate, and less than 7 g/dl is called severe anemia. Methods: The present study is pre-experimental among 60 adolescent girls, using a disproportional stratified random technique. One experimental group of clients was selected without randomization and no control group was used. The data was collected by using the structured close-ended knowledge questionnaire. The data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics regarding mean, frequency distribution, percentage, paired table t-test and chi-square test. Results: The overall findings reveal that the post-test knowledge mean score 26.24% with SD±5.94, which was 72% of the total score was more when compared to the pre-test knowledge mean score 12.98 with SD 5.94, which was 36.83% of total score. The calculated t-value of 24.91 was much higher than the table t-value 1.96 for the hypothesis. Conclusion: The study provides that VATP on knowledge regarding the preparation and use of moringa juice in managing anemia among adolescent girls was the scientific, logical and cost-effective strategy.
Key-words: Adolescent girls, Knowledge, VATP, Effectiveness, Socio-demographic variables.
Background: The research demonstrates that water birth comports and loosens mothers actually and intellectually. The buoyance lessens body weight and permits free development and situating to the mother. Buoyance and warm water upgrade uterine withdrawal and better blood flow, which builds uterine muscles' oxygenation, diminishes the mother's torment and increases maternal oxygenation of the child. Submersion of water assists with decreasing circulatory strain and additionally gives security, which hinders uneasiness or dread. Methods: The current review pre-trial study with 50, 4th-year B.Sc. Nursing is chosen through basic arbitrary methods. One gathering pre-test without control bunch configuration was utilized. Information was gathered through a self-directed, organized, shut, finished information survey. Data was examined by involving distinct and inferential measurements concerning mean rate by conveyance, matched "t" test, and Chi-square test for affiliation. Results: The pre-test reveals that out of 50 BSc 4th-year nursing students, the highest pre-test (62%) of BSc 4th-year nursing students had poor knowledge. Overall, the post-test knowledge score (22.6±4.19), 70.62% of the total score, was more than the pre-test knowledge score (8.76±3.95), 23.3%. The effectiveness of the assisted teaching programme, in this area, the mean knowledge score was 13.84 with SD±0.24, which was 43.25% of the total score. Hence, it indicates that the video-assisted teaching program effectively enhanced the knowledge of BSc 4th-year nursing students. Conclusion: This study concluded that video-assisted teaching programmes on knowledge regarding waterbirth among B.Sc 4th year Nursing students was the scientific, logical and cost-effective strategy.
Key-words: Effectiveness, Fourth year B.Sc. Nursing students, Knowledge, VATP, Water birth
Background: Post-menopausal women experience many physical, emotional, and mental symptoms during the post-menopausal period, and reflexology has grown into a complex therapeutic modality and has a range of effects. Reflexology will help put hormones back into a normal state and act like a process of emotional cleansing, relieving stress and restoring harmony to the body and soul. Hence, foot reflexology seems to be effective in treating post-menopausal symptoms. Methods: In the present study, pre-experimental i.e. one group pretest-posttest design, was adopted. The study was conducted on 30 post-menopausal women to assess their knowledge regarding foot reflexology. Samples were selected by using a convenient sampling technique. Data was collected using a structured knowledge questionnaire and analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: The mean percentage of the pre-test score was 28%, and the post-test score was 76.65%. The mean and the standard deviation of the pre-test score were 5.60±1.71, and the mean and the standard deviation of the post-test score were 15.33±1.15. The total mean and standard deviation are 9.73±2.07 by comparing the pre-test and post-test scores. Hence, it was found that there is a significant difference between pre-test and post-test knowledge scores of post-menopausal women regarding foot reflexology. No significant association was found between post-test knowledge scores and socio-demographic variables on foot reflexology. Conclusion: The study concluded that a planned teaching program on knowledge regarding foot reflexology for post-menopausal women was a scientific, logical, and cost-effective strategy to reduce post-menopausal symptoms.
Key-words: Effectiveness, Foot reflexology, Post-menopausal women, Planned teaching program, Socio-demographic variables
Background: A 51-year-old woman had left lower abdomen pain for 18 hours with nausea and vomiting. Prior CT scans suggested pelvic neoplasms. Our hospital's emergency CT showed an enlarged uterus with cystic shadows, right adnexal cysts, and stomach fluid. Physical examination revealed left lower abdomen discomfort. A gynaecological examination revealed a painful, firm pelvic mass of 151210 cm. Further diagnosis is underway. Method: The patient underwent emergency exploratory laparotomy, discovering a twisted, swollen left ovary with a 540° rotation, classified as a benign cyst. It was found that the patient had congenital upper vaginal atresia and bilateral initial uteri. Pain was reduced after surgery, thanks to symptomatic treatment. An abnormal karyotype of 46, XX,1qh+ was found during genetic testing. Result: Fallopian tubes, uterus, and vagina develop from the embryonic accessory mesonephric duct. MRKH syndrome is caused by bilateral accessory mesonephric duct dysplasia and disappearance of the uterus or vagina. MRKH has three types, with Type 1 lacking uterus or vagina. Due to ovarian cyst torsion, this Type 1 MRKH with double initial uterus and upper vaginal atresia needed left adnexa resection. Genetic testing showed a typical female karyotype. MRKH's complex aetiology incorporates chromosomal abnormalities, emphasizing early cytogenetic evaluation for personalized treatment and fertility assistance. Conclusion: Early cytogenetic testing for MRKH syndrome patients is crucial for determining the underlying cause and guiding personalized treatment plans to restore reproductive function and improve quality of life.
Key-words: Double primordial uterus; MRKH syndrome; Upper vaginal atresia; Torsion of left ovarian cyst pedicle
Background: Cell phones have advanced to the degree of becoming a necessary piece of individuals' lives. Cell phones are utilised for correspondence, diversion, efficiency, interpersonal interaction, and gaming. In addition to supplanting the conventional cells, cell phones have likewise supplanted personal computers and numerous other comparative gadgets. Individuals these days feel indistinguishable from their cell phones. In lined with the rising improvement of innovation and excessive utilisation of cell phones, one of the significant issues that scientists have noticed and are chipping away at is cell phone addiction. Methods: It was a graphic study directed among 100 nursing students aged 19-22 in B.V.V.S. Institute of Nursing Sciences Bagalkot. Information was gathered utilising a structured knowledge questionnaire to survey socio-demographic information. The Stanford Sleepiness Scale (Alertness Test) was utilised to evaluate the classroom alertness of the nursing students and the Cell phone Addiction Scale-Short Version (SAS-SV) was utilised to assess the cell addiction of the nursing students. Results: An association was found between the year of studying and the classroom alertness of students (χ2 =3.9102) p<0.05. There was a significant negative correlation between cell phone addiction and classroom alertness of the nursing students, p<0.05. The r-value obtained was 0.80. Thus, the correlation between the two factors is seen as statistically significant. Conclusion In the wake of acquiring the consequences of the current work the scientist s saw a negati ve relationship between cell
pho ne addiction and the class room alertness of the students.
Key-words: Addiction, Alertness, Cell phone, Classroom, Phone addiction
Background: Chemical changes occur in the epididymis when the testicular sperm grows. When sperm and seminal fluids mix during ejaculation, a substance called semen is formed. The cervical mucus of a fertilized egg screens out the best possible sperm. For infertility, Intra Cytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI) can be necessary. Test sperm that are DNA efficient, normal, and motile using Swim Up. Sperm could be damaged by reactive oxygen species that are produced during centrifugation. All infertility treatments should take these factors into account. Methods: The in vitro fertilization (ICSI) procedure was administered to fifty male patients who were 35 years old or younger and tested positive for normozoospermia, asthenozoospermia, and oligozoospermia. After obtaining informed consent, a Swim-Up was performed using both the full semen and a washed pellet. With sperm obtained from both methods, six Metaphase-2 stages of oocytes (MII oocytes) were implanted in each patient. A Tri-gas Bench-top incubator was used to put each injected oocyte in its 37°C setting. Results: The study showed that the age differences were insignificant (p=0.722), but significant variations emerged in sperm concentration before processing (p=1.030) and after (p=1.064). Sperm morphology differences were evident before processing (p=0.004) and after (p=0.002). No significant differences were noted in the number of Day 3 cleavage stage embryos. Conclusion: The study concluded that there is no significant difference between the two techniques regarding sperm washing efficiency.
Key-words: Sperm preparation methods, Swim-up, Centrifugation, ICSI, Fertilization, Day 3 Embryo
Background: The third most common musculoskeletal symptom in orthopaedic clinical practice is a sore shoulder, which can cause significant morbidity. It has been reported that 7–27% of the general population has it, and 36–66% of overhead arm athletes have it. Pathophysiology includes functional, degenerative, and mechanical factors. Most shoulder pain is subacromial pain syndrome (SAPS), often known as ‘shoulder impingement syndrome’. Impingement hypothesis: shoulder joint structures mechanically clash. SAPS accounts for 36–48% of shoulder discomfort. Methods: This observational study was conducted in the Department of Orthopaedics, MKCG Medical College and Hospital, Berhampur, among Eastern Indian outpatients. The study included adult patients (ages 18–75) of both sexes who presented to MKCG Medical College and Hospital's OPD with shoulder pain from December 2020 to November 2022 and were diagnosed with Shoulder Impingement Syndrome (SIS). Thorough histories and clinical exams were done. The Department of Radiology, MKCG Medical College and Hospital, Berhampur, performed conventional shoulder MRIs on the selected participants. Results: Most cases and controls were Type-II (43.3%), followed by Type-I (28.3% and 30%, 29.2% of the total group). The study's least common acromial shape was type-IV, seen in 5% of cases and 10% of controls (7.5% of the sample). Fisher's exact test showed no significant connection between subacromial impingement and acromial shape (p=0.65). With a p-value of 0.045, cases had a significantly greater acromial width (8.12±2.16 mm) than controls (7.51±0.81 mm). Conclusion: Sub-acromial impingement was unrelated to acromion morphology. There was no correlation between acromial morphology and rotator cuff injuries.
Key-words: Shoulder Impingement Syndrome, Acromion Morphology, MRI
Impact of Acceptance and Mindfulness-Based Intervention as an Add-on Treatment for Skin Diseases-Acne, Eczema and Psoriasis
http://dx.doi.org/10.21276/SSR-IIJLS.2020.6.5.2
Seasonal Incidence and Varietal Response of Gram against Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) at Talwandi Sabo, Punjab
http://dx.doi.org/10.21276/SSR-IIJLS.2020.6.4.3
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Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
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Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
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Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
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New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path