In the present study was sublethal concentrations of propargite pesticide administered to freshwater fish C. striatus for 96 hours propargite exposure is 0.34 parts per million (ppm) based on the period of (0.034ppm), (1.02ppm), 15 and 30 days about significantly (P > 0.05) in hematological parameters alterations was recorded. The hematological analysis showed significant (P > 0.05) reduction in red blood cell count, hemoglobin value, packed cell volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), MCH concentration, and mean corpuscular volume. The parameters such as total white blood cells increased when induced toxic content. The present study indicated marked changes in the blood of C. striatus after exposure to propargite pesticide.
"Efficacy of vermiwash in the production of live fish food organisms"Kiran Jadhav
This document summarizes a study that assessed the efficacy of vermiwash (a liquid extract produced by earthworms) for producing live fish food organisms (zooplankton). Experiments were conducted in static water tanks using five concentrations of vermiwash (0, 6, 8, 10, 12%). Water quality parameters and zooplankton production were measured over 28 days. Results showed that vermiwash improved water quality and significantly increased zooplankton production compared to the control. The highest mean zooplankton production of 1336 Nos/l was observed with the 10% vermiwash concentration. Therefore, a 10% vermiwash dose is recommended for achieving higher zooplankton
This study examined the effects of subchronic dietary exposure to cadmium, methylmercury, and polychlorinated biphenyls on hematological parameters in the tropical fish species Rastrineobola argentea. 180 fish were exposed to feeds containing low doses of these contaminants over 45 days. Blood samples showed that red blood cell count, hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit, and white blood cell counts significantly decreased in the exposed groups compared to controls. Mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration significantly increased in the exposed groups. The results indicate that subchronic exposure to these contaminants can be detected through changes in hematological biomarkers in R. argentea,
Mycological flora of Clarias gariepinus exposed to an oilfield wastewater in ...Innspub Net
The Mycological flora of Clarias gariepinus exposed to sub-lethal concentrations of an oilfield wastewater were investigated. The concentrations included 0% (control), 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60% respectively. Physico-chemistry and mycoflora of wastewater and tissues of Clarias gariepinus were
determined using standard methods. Mean values obtained were; temperature 25.93±6.7oC, pH 7.73±0.31, turbidity 40.33±1.53 NTU, salinity 6584±137mg/l, conductivity 15200±1058.68μs/cm, total dissolved solids 8436.33±501.68 mg/l, total suspended solids 4.67±0.58mg/l, alkalinity
1296.33±2168mg/l, dissolved oxygen 1.83±0.38mg/l, biochemical oxygen demand 1.3±0.7mg/l and Total hydrocarbon 40.54±50mg/l. Temperature, DO, BOD and THC were below allowable FEPA limits while all other components were higher. Mean counts of total fungi and petroleum degraders in the oilfield wastewater were 4.7±0.46x106 sfu/ml and 59.7±25.7% respectively. Fungal counts in the
tissues of Clarias ranged from 0.20±0.00 x 104sfu/g to 3.00±0.00 x 104sfu/g (skin), 0.48±0.05 x 104sfu/g to 7.25±0.96 x 104sfu/g (gills), and 1.13±0.15 x 104sfu/g to 5.75±0.50 x 104sfu/g (intestine). The intestine had higher fungal counts, but the gills recorded the highest at 10%
concentration. Fungi isolated included; Aspergillus fumigatus (46.43%), Aspergillus niger (100%), Fusarium spp. (100%), Mucor spp. (24.99%), Penicillium spp. (57.14%), Rhizopus spp. (32.13%) and Saccharomyces spp. (34.3%). All except Saccharomyces spp were isolated from oilfield wastewater.
Aspergillus spp. Penicillium spp, Mucor and Rhizopus are considered normal flora, but can still cause infection which may result in the mortality of the fish and eventually economic loss to the aquarium fish industry. Proper treatment of oilfield wastewater prior to discharge into the recipient water body is
advocated to reduce ecotoxicological problems. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-3-number-1-july-2015-ijmm/
The document summarizes a study on the toxicity effects of the pesticide Monocrotophos 36% EC on the hematology of the fish Labeo rohita. The study found that exposure to sublethal concentrations of Monocrotophos resulted in decreased red blood cell count, hemoglobin content, and total erythrocytes over time. Meanwhile, white blood cell count increased with increasing exposure time, indicating the pesticide stimulated white blood cell production. Overall, the results show Monocrotophos exposure caused anemia and physiological stress responses in the hematological parameters measured in L. rohita.
Heavy Metals in organs and endoparasites of Oreochromisniloticus, Sediment an...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT) multidisciplinary peer-reviewed Journal with reputable academics and experts as board member. IOSR-JESTFT is designed for the prompt publication of peer-reviewed articles in all areas of subject. The journal articles will be accessed freely online.
Vibrio Species Isolated from Farmed Fish in Basra City in IraqDrNajimRKhamees
This study was carried out to investigate the occurrence of potentially pathogenic species of Vibrio in seven types of fish sampled from fish farms located in different districts in Basra governorate, Iraq. A total of 153 live fishes was collected from fish farms during the period January till May 2016. Bacteria were isolated using selective medium thiosulfate citrate bile sucrose salt agar. Presumptive Vibrio colonies were identified using the VITEK 2 system and selected biochemical tests. In the present study V. alginolyticus (24 of 60) was the predominant species, followed by V. cholerae (10 of 60), V. furnisii (10 of 60), V. diazotrophicus (7 of 60), V. gazogenes (5 of 60) and V. costicola (4 of 60). The signs of vibriosis appeared in three
types of fish, including Cyprinus carpio, Coptodon zillii and Planiliza subviridis in spite of the using Oxytetracycline in most fish farms. The results of the present study demonstrated the presence of pathogenic Vibrio species nearly in all fish farms. So the farm owners should be concerned about the presence of these pathogenic bacteria which also contributes to human health risk and should adopt best management practices for responsible aquaculture to ensure the quality of fish.
QUINALPHOS INDUCED BIOCHEMICAL AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES IN FRESHWATER E...Sameer Chebbi
This document discusses a study on the biochemical and pathophysiological changes in the freshwater fish Cyprinus carpio exposed to the organophosphate pesticide quinalphos. The study aims to understand the toxic effects of lethal and sublethal concentrations of quinalphos on C. carpio over different exposure periods. Biochemical parameters like proteins, oxidative stress markers, acetylcholinesterase activity, ions, and ATPases will be analyzed in the gills, kidney, and liver tissues of exposed fish. Histopathological changes and accumulation of the pesticide will also be examined in these tissues. The results will provide insights into the toxic impacts of quinalphos exposure on C. carpio at biochemical
The document describes a study that identified and quantified paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) in mussels and sea stars collected from Puget Sound, Washington. Samples were analyzed using high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (HPLC-FLD) and pre-column oxidation. Quantitative results revealed levels of saxitoxin and neosaxitoxin above regulatory toxic limits in some samples (up to 265 μg/100 g and 111 μg/100 g respectively). Total toxicity values were estimated for all samples and ranged from nontoxic to very toxic (up to 3687 μg saxitoxin-equivalents/100 g). The analytical method was based on a published procedure but with some modifications for sample
"Efficacy of vermiwash in the production of live fish food organisms"Kiran Jadhav
This document summarizes a study that assessed the efficacy of vermiwash (a liquid extract produced by earthworms) for producing live fish food organisms (zooplankton). Experiments were conducted in static water tanks using five concentrations of vermiwash (0, 6, 8, 10, 12%). Water quality parameters and zooplankton production were measured over 28 days. Results showed that vermiwash improved water quality and significantly increased zooplankton production compared to the control. The highest mean zooplankton production of 1336 Nos/l was observed with the 10% vermiwash concentration. Therefore, a 10% vermiwash dose is recommended for achieving higher zooplankton
This study examined the effects of subchronic dietary exposure to cadmium, methylmercury, and polychlorinated biphenyls on hematological parameters in the tropical fish species Rastrineobola argentea. 180 fish were exposed to feeds containing low doses of these contaminants over 45 days. Blood samples showed that red blood cell count, hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit, and white blood cell counts significantly decreased in the exposed groups compared to controls. Mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration significantly increased in the exposed groups. The results indicate that subchronic exposure to these contaminants can be detected through changes in hematological biomarkers in R. argentea,
Mycological flora of Clarias gariepinus exposed to an oilfield wastewater in ...Innspub Net
The Mycological flora of Clarias gariepinus exposed to sub-lethal concentrations of an oilfield wastewater were investigated. The concentrations included 0% (control), 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60% respectively. Physico-chemistry and mycoflora of wastewater and tissues of Clarias gariepinus were
determined using standard methods. Mean values obtained were; temperature 25.93±6.7oC, pH 7.73±0.31, turbidity 40.33±1.53 NTU, salinity 6584±137mg/l, conductivity 15200±1058.68μs/cm, total dissolved solids 8436.33±501.68 mg/l, total suspended solids 4.67±0.58mg/l, alkalinity
1296.33±2168mg/l, dissolved oxygen 1.83±0.38mg/l, biochemical oxygen demand 1.3±0.7mg/l and Total hydrocarbon 40.54±50mg/l. Temperature, DO, BOD and THC were below allowable FEPA limits while all other components were higher. Mean counts of total fungi and petroleum degraders in the oilfield wastewater were 4.7±0.46x106 sfu/ml and 59.7±25.7% respectively. Fungal counts in the
tissues of Clarias ranged from 0.20±0.00 x 104sfu/g to 3.00±0.00 x 104sfu/g (skin), 0.48±0.05 x 104sfu/g to 7.25±0.96 x 104sfu/g (gills), and 1.13±0.15 x 104sfu/g to 5.75±0.50 x 104sfu/g (intestine). The intestine had higher fungal counts, but the gills recorded the highest at 10%
concentration. Fungi isolated included; Aspergillus fumigatus (46.43%), Aspergillus niger (100%), Fusarium spp. (100%), Mucor spp. (24.99%), Penicillium spp. (57.14%), Rhizopus spp. (32.13%) and Saccharomyces spp. (34.3%). All except Saccharomyces spp were isolated from oilfield wastewater.
Aspergillus spp. Penicillium spp, Mucor and Rhizopus are considered normal flora, but can still cause infection which may result in the mortality of the fish and eventually economic loss to the aquarium fish industry. Proper treatment of oilfield wastewater prior to discharge into the recipient water body is
advocated to reduce ecotoxicological problems. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-3-number-1-july-2015-ijmm/
The document summarizes a study on the toxicity effects of the pesticide Monocrotophos 36% EC on the hematology of the fish Labeo rohita. The study found that exposure to sublethal concentrations of Monocrotophos resulted in decreased red blood cell count, hemoglobin content, and total erythrocytes over time. Meanwhile, white blood cell count increased with increasing exposure time, indicating the pesticide stimulated white blood cell production. Overall, the results show Monocrotophos exposure caused anemia and physiological stress responses in the hematological parameters measured in L. rohita.
Heavy Metals in organs and endoparasites of Oreochromisniloticus, Sediment an...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT) multidisciplinary peer-reviewed Journal with reputable academics and experts as board member. IOSR-JESTFT is designed for the prompt publication of peer-reviewed articles in all areas of subject. The journal articles will be accessed freely online.
Vibrio Species Isolated from Farmed Fish in Basra City in IraqDrNajimRKhamees
This study was carried out to investigate the occurrence of potentially pathogenic species of Vibrio in seven types of fish sampled from fish farms located in different districts in Basra governorate, Iraq. A total of 153 live fishes was collected from fish farms during the period January till May 2016. Bacteria were isolated using selective medium thiosulfate citrate bile sucrose salt agar. Presumptive Vibrio colonies were identified using the VITEK 2 system and selected biochemical tests. In the present study V. alginolyticus (24 of 60) was the predominant species, followed by V. cholerae (10 of 60), V. furnisii (10 of 60), V. diazotrophicus (7 of 60), V. gazogenes (5 of 60) and V. costicola (4 of 60). The signs of vibriosis appeared in three
types of fish, including Cyprinus carpio, Coptodon zillii and Planiliza subviridis in spite of the using Oxytetracycline in most fish farms. The results of the present study demonstrated the presence of pathogenic Vibrio species nearly in all fish farms. So the farm owners should be concerned about the presence of these pathogenic bacteria which also contributes to human health risk and should adopt best management practices for responsible aquaculture to ensure the quality of fish.
QUINALPHOS INDUCED BIOCHEMICAL AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES IN FRESHWATER E...Sameer Chebbi
This document discusses a study on the biochemical and pathophysiological changes in the freshwater fish Cyprinus carpio exposed to the organophosphate pesticide quinalphos. The study aims to understand the toxic effects of lethal and sublethal concentrations of quinalphos on C. carpio over different exposure periods. Biochemical parameters like proteins, oxidative stress markers, acetylcholinesterase activity, ions, and ATPases will be analyzed in the gills, kidney, and liver tissues of exposed fish. Histopathological changes and accumulation of the pesticide will also be examined in these tissues. The results will provide insights into the toxic impacts of quinalphos exposure on C. carpio at biochemical
The document describes a study that identified and quantified paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) in mussels and sea stars collected from Puget Sound, Washington. Samples were analyzed using high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (HPLC-FLD) and pre-column oxidation. Quantitative results revealed levels of saxitoxin and neosaxitoxin above regulatory toxic limits in some samples (up to 265 μg/100 g and 111 μg/100 g respectively). Total toxicity values were estimated for all samples and ranged from nontoxic to very toxic (up to 3687 μg saxitoxin-equivalents/100 g). The analytical method was based on a published procedure but with some modifications for sample
This study analyzed total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) in the commercially sold fish Trachurus trecae purchased from Oliha Market in Benin City, Nigeria over a three month period. Samples of fish liver, gills, muscle and kidney were tested using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The results showed mean TPH concentrations of 73.31, 178.82, 30.40 and 64.37 mg/kg in liver, gills, muscles and kidney respectively, with gills having the highest concentration. While muscle TPH levels were lower than other organs, they still exceeded recommended EU limits of 2μg/kg. The study concluded periodic monitoring of TPH in seafood is needed to
combined toxicity and bioconcentration of fluoride and arsenic in african (3)IJEAB
Laboratory experiments were performed to examine the combined toxic effects of two important aquatic contaminants viz., arsenic and fluoride on African catfish, Clarias gariepinus. Additionally, the bio concentration factors (BCFs) of the two contaminants in tissues and blood of catfish were also determined. The LC50 for sodium fluoride and arsenic trioxide were determined to be 619.3 mg L-1, 30.3 mg L-1, respectively. Erratic swimming movements with hyperactivity, loss of equilibrium, augmented air gulping and decreased food consumption were observed in the experimental groups. In co-exposure groups of arsenic and fluoride, the concentration of fluoride in fish tissues increased with increasing water fluoride concentration in the test aquaria with significant differences (P<0.01)><0.05)>0.05) among the exposure groups. Arsenic was observed to exceedingly bioaccumulate and biomagnify in the tissues. Perhaps due to the complex formation of arsenic and fluoride the bio concentration of arsenic in tissues was observed to decrease with increasing water fluoride concentration and vice-versa. The study concludes that fluoride may interfere with the bio-concentration of arsenic.
Proximate Analysis of Bait Polychaetes from Port Dickson, Malaysia as Prospec...AI Publications
Bait polychaete worms were obtained from areas around Port Dickson coasts of Negeri Sembilan Darul Khusus in Malaysia. There were four species of bait polychaete species used in this study Perinereis quatrefagesi, Halla parthenopeia, Diopatra neapolitana, and Marphysa mossambica. These polychaete species were subjected to lipid, protein, water, carbohydrate, and ash content analysis. The lipid contents in polychaete were determined using Soxhlet analysis. The protein contents were determined using Kjeldahl analysis. The water and ash content were determined by using the oven drying method. Marphysa mossambica has the highest percentage of lipid as much as 27.98. Diopatra Neapolitana has the highest protein content in their body, as much as 51.87% and followed closer by Marphysa mossambica as much as 51.14% respectively. The highest carbohydrate content was found in the polychaete species Perinereis quatrefagesi, as much as 24.61%. The highest ash content was found in Diopatra neapolitana yet Marphysa mossambbica has comparatively high ash content as well as much as 3.12% compared to 3.24% in Diopatra neapolitana. Similar pattern as in ash content can be seen for water content as well. Diopatra neapolitana has the highest percentage of water as much as 71.38% and followed closer by Marphysa mossambica with water content as much as 70.23%. The biochemical composition in polychaete species varies because of species size, feeding biology, habitat and environmental factor as well. The biochemical composition within species also shows a constant composition even though it varies in terms of value.
Toxicity and Effect of Cypermethrin onTotal Protein and Nucleic Acid Content ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— Effect of cypermethrin (25%EC) on total protein and nucleic acid content in different tissues of Cirrhinus mrigala was assessed by static renewal bioassay, using different sub-lethal concentrations (5, 10, 15 and 20% of 96h LC 50) for 5, 10 and 15 days duration. There was a gradual decrease in protein content in all the tissues under sub-lethal concentrations at all exposure periods with maximum percentage of depletion (45.26%) in muscle and minimum (35.12%) in kidney at 15 days and at 20% 96hLC50. DNA and RNA contents were not altered much by cypermethrin at 5 th day which later gradually decreased with increased exposure period. Decrement in DNA content is less in muscle when compared to the other tissues. Maximum percentage of depletion in DNA was (17.17%) in liver and minimum (13.94%) in muscle at 15 days and at 20% 96hLC50. RNA content decreased significantly in liver (29.90%), muscle (25.53%), brain (23.38%), kidney (21.82%) and gill (20.34%). This decrease was comparatively higher at 15 days and at 20% 96hLC50. Influence of cypermethrin was found to be time and exposure dependent for both the nucleic acids in the aquaculture practices used edible fish.
Acute Toxicity of Lufenuron (Insecticide) on Oreochromis niloticus (L., 1754)...IJERA Editor
In this study, lufenuron (insecticide) acute toxic effects on larvae of Oreochromis niloticus (L., 1754) used in intensively cotton and corn farming in agricultural areas inside of Çukurova Region was investigated by bioassay method for to be informed about the possible adverse effects that may be caused in the aquatic environment. The study was carried out with 25 ± 2 oC in the laboratory and the test fish which an average weight of 1.36±0.5 g and average length 5.56±0.6 cm in aquariums by two replicates according to the static bioassay method. Data were analysed by log-logistic model statistical analysis method 24-h and 48-h LC50 values were calculated fish mortality in statistical analysis considering the observed acute toxic effects of the investigation lufenuron O. niloticus larvae 24-hour LC50 1.80±0.06 mgl-1 , while the 48-hour LC 50 value is calculated as LC50 1.77±0.04 mgl-1
1. The study evaluated the histopathological changes in the liver of the freshwater fish Cirrhinus mrigala exposed to nitrite toxicity over various time periods ranging from 7 to 35 days.
2. In control fish, the liver showed normal hepatic cells with central nuclei and homogeneous cytoplasm. During acute nitrite treatment, the liver exhibited disintegration of parenchymal cells, extensive vacuolation of hepatocytes, degenerative cells and organelles, and lumen with necrotic cells.
3. During sublethal treatment, the liver showed enlarged hepatocytes, disintegration of cell boundaries and intercellular spaces, nuclear degeneration with pyknotic nuclei at 7 days. At 14 days,
Assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (pa hs) levelsAlexander Decker
This study assessed polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) levels in two commercially important fish species, Tilapia queneesis and Liza falcipinis, collected from three coastal areas in Ogoniland, Nigeria that have been polluted by crude oil. PAH concentrations ranged from below detection limits to 120 μg/kg wet weight in T. queneesis and 78.6 μg/kg wet weight in L. falcipinis. High molecular weight PAHs predominated over low molecular weight PAHs. With the exception of some samples, benzo[a]pyrene concentrations exceeded recommended limits. Estimated carcinogenic risks from PAH exposure were above screening values, indicating significant health risks from consuming
Oral Administration of Pulverized Wood Charcoal on Growth, Feed Utilization, ...ijtsrd
A 35 day feeding experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of pulverized wood charcoal PWC on the growth, feed utilization, survival and waste excretion of red tilapia Oreochromis sp. . Ninety red tilapias with an initial weight of 7.32 ± 1.31 g were acclimatized and randomly introduced into 9 aquaria in 3 groups with 10 fish per aquarium. Different levels of PWC 0 T0 , 1 T1 , and 2 T2 were incorporated in the diets of red tilapia for four weeks. After the experiment, average body weight ABW , specific growth rate SGR , relative growth rate RGR weight gain WG , feed conversion ratio FCR and survival rate SR of the experimental fish were computed. No significant differences were observed on feed utilization, survival, and waste excretion of the fish. Furthermore, ABW and WG of the experimental fish did not show any significant difference, however, significantly higher P 0.05 SGR and RGR were observed from T1 compared to the other treatments. Consequently, this study showed that supplementation of 1 PWC in the diet is the most suitable in improving the growth performance of red tilapia. Jaypee. S. Samson ""Oral Administration of Pulverized Wood Charcoal on Growth, Feed Utilization, Survival and Waste Excretion of Red Tilapia (Oreochromis Sp)"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23724.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/allied-sciences/23724/oral-administration-of-pulverized-wood-charcoal-on-growth-feed-utilization-survival-and-waste-excretion-of-red-tilapia-oreochromis-sp/jaypee-s-samson
Hematological Study on Obligate Air Breathing, Fish Channa punctatus (Bloch) ...BRNSS Publication Hub
This study analyzed the effects of the pesticide cythion on hematological parameters in the air-breathing fish Channa punctatus. The fish were exposed to sublethal and lethal concentrations of cythion. It was found that cythion caused a significant reduction in red blood cell count, hemoglobin content, oxygen capacity, and packed cell volume in the fish. Exposure resulted in decreased total hemoglobin content, hematocrit value, erythrocyte count, mean erythrocyte hemoglobin content, and oxygen capacity of the blood in a time-dependent manner. The pesticide also increased the methemoglobin content of the blood, reducing its oxygen carrying capacity. In conclusion, cythion exposure impaired the
DOI: 10.21276/ijlssr.2016.2.4.10
bio-indicators. The present study is focused on the effective use of L. rohita, an economically significant carp as a
bio-indicator of zinc pollution through its several physiological, histopathological biomarkers. Primarily, acute toxicity
test is performed in which the carp fingerlings are exposed to different concentrations (10, 20, 40, 80, 160, 320 ppm) of
zinc sulphate. 96 hour LC50 value is determined to be 100 ppm. It is taken as lethal concentration and the fishes are
exposed to it for a period of 96 hours during which wide range of behavioural abnormalities are evidenced like general
hyperactivity, surfacing activity, hyper-opercular activity, and erratic swimming pattern. It is followed by loss of balance
and convolutions. One fifth of the lethal concentration is taken (i.e., 10 ppm) as sub-lethal concentration and fishes are
exposed to it for a period of 15 days during which growth, behaviour, oxygen consumption, histopathology, hematology
and genotoxicity are studied. Negative growth performance is observed with insignificant length increment up to 0.24 %
and significant weight reduction up to -2.38 %. Wide range of behavioural abnormalities are evidenced which includes,
erratic swimming, hyperactivity, surfacing activity and depression in appetite. Besides, general body discolouration and
haemorrhage are observed as well. Rate of oxygen consumption showed a time dependant decrease which ranged up to
-49.10%. Gills of the fishes are shown to have conspicuous histopathological alterations like lamellar necrosis, lamellar
fusion, lamellar erosion, epithelial lifting and epithelial swelling. Key-words- Bioindicator, L. rohita, Zinc sulphate, Growth, Behaviour, Oxygen Consumption, Histopathology
This document summarizes a study that investigated the bioaccumulation and distribution of organochlorine pesticide residues in the food web of Lagos Lagoon, Nigeria. Samples of water, sediment, plankton, benthic invertebrates, and fish were collected from four locations in the lagoon and analyzed for 18 organochlorine pesticides using gas chromatography. The highest concentrations of pesticides were found in sediment samples, with total concentrations up to 2,953.84 μg/kg. Pesticide concentrations increased higher up the food web, with the highest levels found in predatory fish species. The results indicate bioaccumulation and biomagnification of pesticides in the Lagos Lago
Assessment on Accumulation of Heavy Metals and its Effect on Liver Tissues of...ijtsrd
Heavy metal pollution is a very serious issue in the present world and is caused by release of toxic substances from industrial and domestic sources into the sea water leading to harm marine organisms. Marine fishes are commonly consumed for its nutritional benefits and thus lead to transfer toxic metals into the food chain. Harpodon nehereus is a common and local fish from west coast of Maharashtra with high consumption rate among local population. Fish organs particularly liver being major site of detoxification shows structural alterations on exposure to pollution stress from their surrounding environment. Histopathological examination provides an indication of organ impairment to evaluate the health status of selected fish and the degree of pollution in marine environment. The present research effort was done to evaluate the concentration of heavy metals and to study histopathological alterations in liver tissues of largely consumed fish Harpodon nehereus collected from Sassoon dock, west Coast of Maharashtra, India. The research was carried out during the post-monsoon season of the year. High accumulation of lead 11.8 ± 8.34 mg kg , copper 20.46 ± 11.06 mg kg and Zinc 286.26 ± 114.5 mg kg were observed in liver tissues. Further histopathological study of present investigation reveals heavy damages in liver tissues of Harpodon nehereus representing that the selected fish is under high threat of pollution stress. Archana Oza | Leena Muralidharan "Assessment on Accumulation of Heavy Metals and its Effect on Liver Tissues of Harpodon Nehereus from Mumbai Coast of Maharashtra, India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-2 , February 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd20250.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/zoology/20250/assessment-on-accumulation-of-heavy-metals-and-its-effect-on-liver-tissues-of-harpodon-nehereus-from-mumbai-coast-of-maharashtra-india/archana-oza
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
CORRELATION STUDIES ON PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PARAMETER AND PHYTOPLANKTON IN FRESH ...Journal For Research
The study analyzed the correlation between physico-chemical parameters and phytoplankton populations in Guthal Lake in Mandya District, Karnataka, India from June 2014 to May 2015. Chlorophyceae made up the largest portion of phytoplankton at 46.45%, followed by Bacillariophyceae at 30.76% and Cyanophyceae at 16.38%. Significant correlations were found between various parameters - Chlorophyceae were controlled by total acidity, Bacillariophyceae depended on total dissolved solids, phosphate and BOD, and Cyanophyceae and Euglenophyceae were regulated by total hardness, total solids, phosphate and BOD.
Assessment of pesticides residues in fish (Tilapia guineensis) in the Couffo ...IJEAB
In Benin, the main cash crop is the cotton of which the level of production is largely insufficient to satisfy the national and international market. The main food crops (corn, cassava, yam, bean, rice, etc.) permit to cover the food needed globally, but remain again extensively on this side of the potentialities offered by the ecological conditions of the country. In the process to increase the agricultural production, the herbicides, insecticides and the fertilizers are used now in higher quantity that in the past. The aim of this work was to assess the level of contamination of fish (Tilapia guineensis) in the Couffo River in Djidja (Benin) by the pesticides. Nine (09) samples of fish (Tilapia guineensis) have been collected in nine (09) points along the Couffo River. The analysis of these fish has been done by gas chromatography after extraction and purification. In fish, the detected concentrations in average ranged between 0.123 µg/kg and 0.191 µg/kg for the glyphosate, from 0.095 to 0.128 µg/kg for the profenofos, between 0.112 and 0.125 µg/kg for the acetamiprid and 0.127 and 0.139 µg/kg. To assess the risk to public health, pesticides intake by fish consumption was estimated and compared with Estimated Daily Intake (EDI) values reported by the Codex Alimentarius. This comparison showed that fish consumption does not pose a risk for public health.
Assessment of the Plankton Biodiversity,Bay of Bengal, Cox's Bazar, BangladeshAbuMusa51
I am Abu Musa. This is my Internship Presentation. This is for partial fulfillment of the 4th-year final examination of the Department of Fisheries, University of Dhaka. This is based on my findings from one month of research on the Coxs Bazar coast. The research is done in the live feed lab of BFRI Cox's Bazar.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
A preliminary study on the toxic potentials of shea butter effluent using Cla...IOSR Journals
This study was conducted purposely to evaluate the effects of shea butter effluent (SBE) on the
freshwater inhabitant using Clarias gariepinus as a biological model. A prominent Local factory of shea butter
at Tede, ATISBO Local Government was chosen because the effluent flows directly into a near-by stream that
ends up at a popular Dam in the Local Government on which more than 120,000 people depend for domestic
use.Static bioassay was conducted to determine the LC50 of shea butter effluent to Clarias gariepinus. Ten fishes
each were exposed to 0.05, 0.06, 0.07, 0.08, and 0.09ppt (lethal concentration) of SBE in separate water plastic
bowl of (40cmX29cmX28cm) of 60litres capacity.The lethal Concentration (LC50) value of SBE was 0.057ppt for
96hrs of exposure. Total mortality occurred in the concentrations of 0.08 and 0.09ppt within 24hours of
exposure period. Behavioural reactions exhibited by the fish include erratic movement, air gulping, loss of
reflex, molting, barbell deformation, hemorrhage, and excessive mucus secretion in fish exposed to higher
concentration of shea butter effluent.
The appreciable increase in the mean value of heavy metal, such as Manganese, Nickel, Cadmium,
Zinc, Copper and Lead revealed that the increase in the concentration of shea butter effluent leads to
bioaccumulation of the aforementioned heavy metals in the test organisms. The values for all the metals exceed
the permissible Criteria of the national and international regulatory body. Therefore, Shea butter effluent is
highly toxic to freshwater fishes, its discharged directly into water bodies, new fish farms or in areas close to
aquatic environment should not be encouraged.
This study isolated actinomycetes from marine samples in Thoothukkudi, Tamil Nadu, India and tested their inhibitory activity against fish pathogens. Higher bacterial populations were found in sediment than water samples. 46 actinomycete strains were isolated, of which 36 showed antagonism against E. coli in a screening assay. Nine highly antagonistic isolates were further tested against fish pathogens Aeromonas hydrophila, A. sobria, Vibrio fischeri, V. vulnificus, Edwardsiella tarda and Pasteurella spp. using a cross-streak assay. Most isolates inhibited all pathogens. Isolate A15 strongly inhibited all pathogens and was identified as Streptomy
Evaluation of the Accumulation of Ethidium, Malathion, Trifluralin, Dichloro...BRNSSPublicationHubI
This study investigated the accumulation of 5 toxins - ethidium, malathion, trifluralin, DDT, and DDE - in the muscle tissue of 5 fish species from 3 areas of Anzali wetland in Iran. Gas chromatography was used to measure levels of the toxins. The study found that levels of DDT, DDE, ethidium and trifluralin did not differ significantly between the 3 areas. Ethidium and malathion levels were highest in fish and did not differ significantly. All 5 toxins were found to be below standards set by the World Health Organization, indicating they do not pose a health risk to consumers.
DOI: 10.21276/ijlssr.2016.2.3.13
ABSTRACT- The present investigation was carried out to the effect of Fenvalerate on haematological parameters in
freshwater fish Channa marulius using standard methods. Fish was exposed to (1/4th LC50) sub lethal concentration of
Fenvalerate (0.086ppm) for 96h.The blood sample were obtained from both, control and experimental fish and assayed
haematological parameters (Total Erythrocytes count, TEC; Total Leucocytes count, TLC; Haemoglobin, Hb; Packed cell
volume, PCV; Mean corpuscular volume, MCV; Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin and Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin
Concentration; MCHC). The result revealed that TEC, Hb percentage, PCV and MCHC counts were significantly
decreased, whereas TLC, MCV and MCH increased slightly in experimental fish. The study has thus indicated marked
changes in blood of Channa marulius after exposure to Fenvalerate.
Key-words- Fenvalerate, Hematology, Channa marulius, Haemoglobin, Sub lethal
Productivity of phytoplankton using different organic fertilizers in the glas...AbdullaAlAsif1
The experiment intended to estimate the productivity using different organic fertilizer and to identify the species of phytoplankton in the aquarium tanks. The study was conducted in the laboratory Phytoplankton samples for culture were collected from fisheries experimental pond by using conical-shaped monofilament nylon net (phytoplankton net). Three treatment such as cow dung (T₁), chicken manure (T₂) and control (T₃) were designed. Each treatment had two replications. In case of T₁ and T₂, 10 g of fertilizer was used in each aquarium tank. Sampling of phytoplankton for counting and identification was done every week and 1 litre of water sample was taken from each tank. Phytoplankton sample for identification were preserved by Lugol's solution. Three physicochemical parameters namely water temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO) and pH were measured in every sampling week during the study period. Water quality parameters of the aquarium tank varied with the variation of sampling week. There was no significant difference between water temperature, pH and DO in case of three treatment. The mean water temperature, pH and DO were 21.85±1.95 °C, 8.38±0.23 and 5.55±0.58 mg/l, respectively. The abundance of phytoplankton in T₁, T₂ and T₃ were 25-65, 25-105 and 6-20 individual/l, respectively. The phytoplankton abundance were influenced by different organic fertilizer and noticed higher in number by using chicken manure. Irregular relationship between phytoplankton abundance and water temperature was found. Phytoplankton showed positive relationship with DO. In this study 15 species of phytoplankton were identified under four groups namely Chlorophyta, Cyanophyta, Bacillariophyta and Euglenophyta. Chlorophyta (52%) was the dominant group in the aquarium. The findings of the present study will help to improve the management strategies of water quality, for estimating the productivity of phytoplankton and for the best use of organic fertilizer especially chicken manure.
This study analyzed total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) in the commercially sold fish Trachurus trecae purchased from Oliha Market in Benin City, Nigeria over a three month period. Samples of fish liver, gills, muscle and kidney were tested using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The results showed mean TPH concentrations of 73.31, 178.82, 30.40 and 64.37 mg/kg in liver, gills, muscles and kidney respectively, with gills having the highest concentration. While muscle TPH levels were lower than other organs, they still exceeded recommended EU limits of 2μg/kg. The study concluded periodic monitoring of TPH in seafood is needed to
combined toxicity and bioconcentration of fluoride and arsenic in african (3)IJEAB
Laboratory experiments were performed to examine the combined toxic effects of two important aquatic contaminants viz., arsenic and fluoride on African catfish, Clarias gariepinus. Additionally, the bio concentration factors (BCFs) of the two contaminants in tissues and blood of catfish were also determined. The LC50 for sodium fluoride and arsenic trioxide were determined to be 619.3 mg L-1, 30.3 mg L-1, respectively. Erratic swimming movements with hyperactivity, loss of equilibrium, augmented air gulping and decreased food consumption were observed in the experimental groups. In co-exposure groups of arsenic and fluoride, the concentration of fluoride in fish tissues increased with increasing water fluoride concentration in the test aquaria with significant differences (P<0.01)><0.05)>0.05) among the exposure groups. Arsenic was observed to exceedingly bioaccumulate and biomagnify in the tissues. Perhaps due to the complex formation of arsenic and fluoride the bio concentration of arsenic in tissues was observed to decrease with increasing water fluoride concentration and vice-versa. The study concludes that fluoride may interfere with the bio-concentration of arsenic.
Proximate Analysis of Bait Polychaetes from Port Dickson, Malaysia as Prospec...AI Publications
Bait polychaete worms were obtained from areas around Port Dickson coasts of Negeri Sembilan Darul Khusus in Malaysia. There were four species of bait polychaete species used in this study Perinereis quatrefagesi, Halla parthenopeia, Diopatra neapolitana, and Marphysa mossambica. These polychaete species were subjected to lipid, protein, water, carbohydrate, and ash content analysis. The lipid contents in polychaete were determined using Soxhlet analysis. The protein contents were determined using Kjeldahl analysis. The water and ash content were determined by using the oven drying method. Marphysa mossambica has the highest percentage of lipid as much as 27.98. Diopatra Neapolitana has the highest protein content in their body, as much as 51.87% and followed closer by Marphysa mossambica as much as 51.14% respectively. The highest carbohydrate content was found in the polychaete species Perinereis quatrefagesi, as much as 24.61%. The highest ash content was found in Diopatra neapolitana yet Marphysa mossambbica has comparatively high ash content as well as much as 3.12% compared to 3.24% in Diopatra neapolitana. Similar pattern as in ash content can be seen for water content as well. Diopatra neapolitana has the highest percentage of water as much as 71.38% and followed closer by Marphysa mossambica with water content as much as 70.23%. The biochemical composition in polychaete species varies because of species size, feeding biology, habitat and environmental factor as well. The biochemical composition within species also shows a constant composition even though it varies in terms of value.
Toxicity and Effect of Cypermethrin onTotal Protein and Nucleic Acid Content ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— Effect of cypermethrin (25%EC) on total protein and nucleic acid content in different tissues of Cirrhinus mrigala was assessed by static renewal bioassay, using different sub-lethal concentrations (5, 10, 15 and 20% of 96h LC 50) for 5, 10 and 15 days duration. There was a gradual decrease in protein content in all the tissues under sub-lethal concentrations at all exposure periods with maximum percentage of depletion (45.26%) in muscle and minimum (35.12%) in kidney at 15 days and at 20% 96hLC50. DNA and RNA contents were not altered much by cypermethrin at 5 th day which later gradually decreased with increased exposure period. Decrement in DNA content is less in muscle when compared to the other tissues. Maximum percentage of depletion in DNA was (17.17%) in liver and minimum (13.94%) in muscle at 15 days and at 20% 96hLC50. RNA content decreased significantly in liver (29.90%), muscle (25.53%), brain (23.38%), kidney (21.82%) and gill (20.34%). This decrease was comparatively higher at 15 days and at 20% 96hLC50. Influence of cypermethrin was found to be time and exposure dependent for both the nucleic acids in the aquaculture practices used edible fish.
Acute Toxicity of Lufenuron (Insecticide) on Oreochromis niloticus (L., 1754)...IJERA Editor
In this study, lufenuron (insecticide) acute toxic effects on larvae of Oreochromis niloticus (L., 1754) used in intensively cotton and corn farming in agricultural areas inside of Çukurova Region was investigated by bioassay method for to be informed about the possible adverse effects that may be caused in the aquatic environment. The study was carried out with 25 ± 2 oC in the laboratory and the test fish which an average weight of 1.36±0.5 g and average length 5.56±0.6 cm in aquariums by two replicates according to the static bioassay method. Data were analysed by log-logistic model statistical analysis method 24-h and 48-h LC50 values were calculated fish mortality in statistical analysis considering the observed acute toxic effects of the investigation lufenuron O. niloticus larvae 24-hour LC50 1.80±0.06 mgl-1 , while the 48-hour LC 50 value is calculated as LC50 1.77±0.04 mgl-1
1. The study evaluated the histopathological changes in the liver of the freshwater fish Cirrhinus mrigala exposed to nitrite toxicity over various time periods ranging from 7 to 35 days.
2. In control fish, the liver showed normal hepatic cells with central nuclei and homogeneous cytoplasm. During acute nitrite treatment, the liver exhibited disintegration of parenchymal cells, extensive vacuolation of hepatocytes, degenerative cells and organelles, and lumen with necrotic cells.
3. During sublethal treatment, the liver showed enlarged hepatocytes, disintegration of cell boundaries and intercellular spaces, nuclear degeneration with pyknotic nuclei at 7 days. At 14 days,
Assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (pa hs) levelsAlexander Decker
This study assessed polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) levels in two commercially important fish species, Tilapia queneesis and Liza falcipinis, collected from three coastal areas in Ogoniland, Nigeria that have been polluted by crude oil. PAH concentrations ranged from below detection limits to 120 μg/kg wet weight in T. queneesis and 78.6 μg/kg wet weight in L. falcipinis. High molecular weight PAHs predominated over low molecular weight PAHs. With the exception of some samples, benzo[a]pyrene concentrations exceeded recommended limits. Estimated carcinogenic risks from PAH exposure were above screening values, indicating significant health risks from consuming
Oral Administration of Pulverized Wood Charcoal on Growth, Feed Utilization, ...ijtsrd
A 35 day feeding experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of pulverized wood charcoal PWC on the growth, feed utilization, survival and waste excretion of red tilapia Oreochromis sp. . Ninety red tilapias with an initial weight of 7.32 ± 1.31 g were acclimatized and randomly introduced into 9 aquaria in 3 groups with 10 fish per aquarium. Different levels of PWC 0 T0 , 1 T1 , and 2 T2 were incorporated in the diets of red tilapia for four weeks. After the experiment, average body weight ABW , specific growth rate SGR , relative growth rate RGR weight gain WG , feed conversion ratio FCR and survival rate SR of the experimental fish were computed. No significant differences were observed on feed utilization, survival, and waste excretion of the fish. Furthermore, ABW and WG of the experimental fish did not show any significant difference, however, significantly higher P 0.05 SGR and RGR were observed from T1 compared to the other treatments. Consequently, this study showed that supplementation of 1 PWC in the diet is the most suitable in improving the growth performance of red tilapia. Jaypee. S. Samson ""Oral Administration of Pulverized Wood Charcoal on Growth, Feed Utilization, Survival and Waste Excretion of Red Tilapia (Oreochromis Sp)"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23724.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/allied-sciences/23724/oral-administration-of-pulverized-wood-charcoal-on-growth-feed-utilization-survival-and-waste-excretion-of-red-tilapia-oreochromis-sp/jaypee-s-samson
Hematological Study on Obligate Air Breathing, Fish Channa punctatus (Bloch) ...BRNSS Publication Hub
This study analyzed the effects of the pesticide cythion on hematological parameters in the air-breathing fish Channa punctatus. The fish were exposed to sublethal and lethal concentrations of cythion. It was found that cythion caused a significant reduction in red blood cell count, hemoglobin content, oxygen capacity, and packed cell volume in the fish. Exposure resulted in decreased total hemoglobin content, hematocrit value, erythrocyte count, mean erythrocyte hemoglobin content, and oxygen capacity of the blood in a time-dependent manner. The pesticide also increased the methemoglobin content of the blood, reducing its oxygen carrying capacity. In conclusion, cythion exposure impaired the
DOI: 10.21276/ijlssr.2016.2.4.10
bio-indicators. The present study is focused on the effective use of L. rohita, an economically significant carp as a
bio-indicator of zinc pollution through its several physiological, histopathological biomarkers. Primarily, acute toxicity
test is performed in which the carp fingerlings are exposed to different concentrations (10, 20, 40, 80, 160, 320 ppm) of
zinc sulphate. 96 hour LC50 value is determined to be 100 ppm. It is taken as lethal concentration and the fishes are
exposed to it for a period of 96 hours during which wide range of behavioural abnormalities are evidenced like general
hyperactivity, surfacing activity, hyper-opercular activity, and erratic swimming pattern. It is followed by loss of balance
and convolutions. One fifth of the lethal concentration is taken (i.e., 10 ppm) as sub-lethal concentration and fishes are
exposed to it for a period of 15 days during which growth, behaviour, oxygen consumption, histopathology, hematology
and genotoxicity are studied. Negative growth performance is observed with insignificant length increment up to 0.24 %
and significant weight reduction up to -2.38 %. Wide range of behavioural abnormalities are evidenced which includes,
erratic swimming, hyperactivity, surfacing activity and depression in appetite. Besides, general body discolouration and
haemorrhage are observed as well. Rate of oxygen consumption showed a time dependant decrease which ranged up to
-49.10%. Gills of the fishes are shown to have conspicuous histopathological alterations like lamellar necrosis, lamellar
fusion, lamellar erosion, epithelial lifting and epithelial swelling. Key-words- Bioindicator, L. rohita, Zinc sulphate, Growth, Behaviour, Oxygen Consumption, Histopathology
This document summarizes a study that investigated the bioaccumulation and distribution of organochlorine pesticide residues in the food web of Lagos Lagoon, Nigeria. Samples of water, sediment, plankton, benthic invertebrates, and fish were collected from four locations in the lagoon and analyzed for 18 organochlorine pesticides using gas chromatography. The highest concentrations of pesticides were found in sediment samples, with total concentrations up to 2,953.84 μg/kg. Pesticide concentrations increased higher up the food web, with the highest levels found in predatory fish species. The results indicate bioaccumulation and biomagnification of pesticides in the Lagos Lago
Assessment on Accumulation of Heavy Metals and its Effect on Liver Tissues of...ijtsrd
Heavy metal pollution is a very serious issue in the present world and is caused by release of toxic substances from industrial and domestic sources into the sea water leading to harm marine organisms. Marine fishes are commonly consumed for its nutritional benefits and thus lead to transfer toxic metals into the food chain. Harpodon nehereus is a common and local fish from west coast of Maharashtra with high consumption rate among local population. Fish organs particularly liver being major site of detoxification shows structural alterations on exposure to pollution stress from their surrounding environment. Histopathological examination provides an indication of organ impairment to evaluate the health status of selected fish and the degree of pollution in marine environment. The present research effort was done to evaluate the concentration of heavy metals and to study histopathological alterations in liver tissues of largely consumed fish Harpodon nehereus collected from Sassoon dock, west Coast of Maharashtra, India. The research was carried out during the post-monsoon season of the year. High accumulation of lead 11.8 ± 8.34 mg kg , copper 20.46 ± 11.06 mg kg and Zinc 286.26 ± 114.5 mg kg were observed in liver tissues. Further histopathological study of present investigation reveals heavy damages in liver tissues of Harpodon nehereus representing that the selected fish is under high threat of pollution stress. Archana Oza | Leena Muralidharan "Assessment on Accumulation of Heavy Metals and its Effect on Liver Tissues of Harpodon Nehereus from Mumbai Coast of Maharashtra, India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-2 , February 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd20250.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/zoology/20250/assessment-on-accumulation-of-heavy-metals-and-its-effect-on-liver-tissues-of-harpodon-nehereus-from-mumbai-coast-of-maharashtra-india/archana-oza
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
CORRELATION STUDIES ON PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PARAMETER AND PHYTOPLANKTON IN FRESH ...Journal For Research
The study analyzed the correlation between physico-chemical parameters and phytoplankton populations in Guthal Lake in Mandya District, Karnataka, India from June 2014 to May 2015. Chlorophyceae made up the largest portion of phytoplankton at 46.45%, followed by Bacillariophyceae at 30.76% and Cyanophyceae at 16.38%. Significant correlations were found between various parameters - Chlorophyceae were controlled by total acidity, Bacillariophyceae depended on total dissolved solids, phosphate and BOD, and Cyanophyceae and Euglenophyceae were regulated by total hardness, total solids, phosphate and BOD.
Assessment of pesticides residues in fish (Tilapia guineensis) in the Couffo ...IJEAB
In Benin, the main cash crop is the cotton of which the level of production is largely insufficient to satisfy the national and international market. The main food crops (corn, cassava, yam, bean, rice, etc.) permit to cover the food needed globally, but remain again extensively on this side of the potentialities offered by the ecological conditions of the country. In the process to increase the agricultural production, the herbicides, insecticides and the fertilizers are used now in higher quantity that in the past. The aim of this work was to assess the level of contamination of fish (Tilapia guineensis) in the Couffo River in Djidja (Benin) by the pesticides. Nine (09) samples of fish (Tilapia guineensis) have been collected in nine (09) points along the Couffo River. The analysis of these fish has been done by gas chromatography after extraction and purification. In fish, the detected concentrations in average ranged between 0.123 µg/kg and 0.191 µg/kg for the glyphosate, from 0.095 to 0.128 µg/kg for the profenofos, between 0.112 and 0.125 µg/kg for the acetamiprid and 0.127 and 0.139 µg/kg. To assess the risk to public health, pesticides intake by fish consumption was estimated and compared with Estimated Daily Intake (EDI) values reported by the Codex Alimentarius. This comparison showed that fish consumption does not pose a risk for public health.
Assessment of the Plankton Biodiversity,Bay of Bengal, Cox's Bazar, BangladeshAbuMusa51
I am Abu Musa. This is my Internship Presentation. This is for partial fulfillment of the 4th-year final examination of the Department of Fisheries, University of Dhaka. This is based on my findings from one month of research on the Coxs Bazar coast. The research is done in the live feed lab of BFRI Cox's Bazar.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
A preliminary study on the toxic potentials of shea butter effluent using Cla...IOSR Journals
This study was conducted purposely to evaluate the effects of shea butter effluent (SBE) on the
freshwater inhabitant using Clarias gariepinus as a biological model. A prominent Local factory of shea butter
at Tede, ATISBO Local Government was chosen because the effluent flows directly into a near-by stream that
ends up at a popular Dam in the Local Government on which more than 120,000 people depend for domestic
use.Static bioassay was conducted to determine the LC50 of shea butter effluent to Clarias gariepinus. Ten fishes
each were exposed to 0.05, 0.06, 0.07, 0.08, and 0.09ppt (lethal concentration) of SBE in separate water plastic
bowl of (40cmX29cmX28cm) of 60litres capacity.The lethal Concentration (LC50) value of SBE was 0.057ppt for
96hrs of exposure. Total mortality occurred in the concentrations of 0.08 and 0.09ppt within 24hours of
exposure period. Behavioural reactions exhibited by the fish include erratic movement, air gulping, loss of
reflex, molting, barbell deformation, hemorrhage, and excessive mucus secretion in fish exposed to higher
concentration of shea butter effluent.
The appreciable increase in the mean value of heavy metal, such as Manganese, Nickel, Cadmium,
Zinc, Copper and Lead revealed that the increase in the concentration of shea butter effluent leads to
bioaccumulation of the aforementioned heavy metals in the test organisms. The values for all the metals exceed
the permissible Criteria of the national and international regulatory body. Therefore, Shea butter effluent is
highly toxic to freshwater fishes, its discharged directly into water bodies, new fish farms or in areas close to
aquatic environment should not be encouraged.
This study isolated actinomycetes from marine samples in Thoothukkudi, Tamil Nadu, India and tested their inhibitory activity against fish pathogens. Higher bacterial populations were found in sediment than water samples. 46 actinomycete strains were isolated, of which 36 showed antagonism against E. coli in a screening assay. Nine highly antagonistic isolates were further tested against fish pathogens Aeromonas hydrophila, A. sobria, Vibrio fischeri, V. vulnificus, Edwardsiella tarda and Pasteurella spp. using a cross-streak assay. Most isolates inhibited all pathogens. Isolate A15 strongly inhibited all pathogens and was identified as Streptomy
Evaluation of the Accumulation of Ethidium, Malathion, Trifluralin, Dichloro...BRNSSPublicationHubI
This study investigated the accumulation of 5 toxins - ethidium, malathion, trifluralin, DDT, and DDE - in the muscle tissue of 5 fish species from 3 areas of Anzali wetland in Iran. Gas chromatography was used to measure levels of the toxins. The study found that levels of DDT, DDE, ethidium and trifluralin did not differ significantly between the 3 areas. Ethidium and malathion levels were highest in fish and did not differ significantly. All 5 toxins were found to be below standards set by the World Health Organization, indicating they do not pose a health risk to consumers.
DOI: 10.21276/ijlssr.2016.2.3.13
ABSTRACT- The present investigation was carried out to the effect of Fenvalerate on haematological parameters in
freshwater fish Channa marulius using standard methods. Fish was exposed to (1/4th LC50) sub lethal concentration of
Fenvalerate (0.086ppm) for 96h.The blood sample were obtained from both, control and experimental fish and assayed
haematological parameters (Total Erythrocytes count, TEC; Total Leucocytes count, TLC; Haemoglobin, Hb; Packed cell
volume, PCV; Mean corpuscular volume, MCV; Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin and Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin
Concentration; MCHC). The result revealed that TEC, Hb percentage, PCV and MCHC counts were significantly
decreased, whereas TLC, MCV and MCH increased slightly in experimental fish. The study has thus indicated marked
changes in blood of Channa marulius after exposure to Fenvalerate.
Key-words- Fenvalerate, Hematology, Channa marulius, Haemoglobin, Sub lethal
Productivity of phytoplankton using different organic fertilizers in the glas...AbdullaAlAsif1
The experiment intended to estimate the productivity using different organic fertilizer and to identify the species of phytoplankton in the aquarium tanks. The study was conducted in the laboratory Phytoplankton samples for culture were collected from fisheries experimental pond by using conical-shaped monofilament nylon net (phytoplankton net). Three treatment such as cow dung (T₁), chicken manure (T₂) and control (T₃) were designed. Each treatment had two replications. In case of T₁ and T₂, 10 g of fertilizer was used in each aquarium tank. Sampling of phytoplankton for counting and identification was done every week and 1 litre of water sample was taken from each tank. Phytoplankton sample for identification were preserved by Lugol's solution. Three physicochemical parameters namely water temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO) and pH were measured in every sampling week during the study period. Water quality parameters of the aquarium tank varied with the variation of sampling week. There was no significant difference between water temperature, pH and DO in case of three treatment. The mean water temperature, pH and DO were 21.85±1.95 °C, 8.38±0.23 and 5.55±0.58 mg/l, respectively. The abundance of phytoplankton in T₁, T₂ and T₃ were 25-65, 25-105 and 6-20 individual/l, respectively. The phytoplankton abundance were influenced by different organic fertilizer and noticed higher in number by using chicken manure. Irregular relationship between phytoplankton abundance and water temperature was found. Phytoplankton showed positive relationship with DO. In this study 15 species of phytoplankton were identified under four groups namely Chlorophyta, Cyanophyta, Bacillariophyta and Euglenophyta. Chlorophyta (52%) was the dominant group in the aquarium. The findings of the present study will help to improve the management strategies of water quality, for estimating the productivity of phytoplankton and for the best use of organic fertilizer especially chicken manure.
Effect of water parameters on temporal distribution and abundance of zooplank...AbdullaAlAsif1
Seasonal abundance of zooplankton in relation to different physico-chemical conditions of Kaptai lake has been studied. A total of four major groups of zooplankton were identified from study area of Kaptai lake during three seasons observation at pre-monsoon, monsoon and Post-monsoon. These four groups were categorized into rotifers, copepods, cladocerans and others (fish larvae, shrimp larvae, insects, mosquito larvae etc.). The mean abundance of group rotifers, copepods, cladoceras and others were 103, 84.67, 38.33 and 41.83 ind. L-1 respectively. The highest group was rotifers in terms of abundance and composition where compositions were recorded 38 % at three season's observation. The lowest group was cladoceras in term of abundance and composition where compositions were recorded 14 %. The air temperature, water temperature, transparency, water pH, DO, BOD5, PO 4-P, NO 2-N, SiO 3-Si, TSS, TDS, Alkalinity ranged between 21 and 27.5C, 23.5 and 31.5C, 0.8 and 3 m, 7.1 and 7.5, 5.72 and 8.58 mg/l, 8.55 and 12.87 mg/l, 3.22 and 4.13 µg/l, 0.992 and 1.19 µg/l, 161.18 and 201.15 µg/l, 0.28 and 0.48 g/l, 0.18 and 0.68 g/l, 40 and 60 ppm, respectively. Margalef richness index (d), Pielou's evenness index (J'), Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H'), Simpson dominance index (λ) are analyzed by Primer V6 software to quantify the collected species. Through same software SIMPER, Cluster analysis also done to compare similarity between season.
A study on length weight relationships (lwr) and growth responses of major ca...Alexander Decker
This study examined the effects of sub-lethal concentrations of lead on the growth of three major carp species: Catla catla, Labeo rohita, and Cirrhina mrigala. Fish were exposed to lead for 30 days, then transferred to ponds for 6 months of growth monitoring. Cirrhina mrigala gained the most weight, while Labeo rohita showed reduced or negative growth when exposed to lead. Analysis of length-weight relationships found allometric growth for all lead-exposed species, but isometric growth for unexposed Labeo rohita. The results could help sustainable fisheries management in river systems affected by pollution.
Protective Effect of Garlic Extract (Allium sativum L.) on the Liver Tissue o...BRNSS Publication Hub
Arsenic in its inorganic form is toxic and can cause severe health effects including cancers. In several
in vitro experiments, arsenic exposure has shown multiple effects at the molecular level. However, the
proper understanding of the role of arsenic in the cause of these diseases is still limited. In this work, we
demonstrated the toxicity effect of sodium arsenite in the liver tissues of freshwater fish Channa punctatus
and observed the histopathological as well as surface ultrastructural changes on it. A simultaneous study
was performed to observe the protective effect of garlic extract (Allium sativum L.) on the liver tissue of
arsenic-induced C. punctatus. The liver tissue of the control group showed a normal histoarchitecture.
The arsenic-exposed liver tissue revealed hepatic lesions in the form of cloudy swelling of hepatocytes,
vacuolar degeneration, karyolysis, dilation of sinusoids, and nuclear hypertrophy. Lesser hepatic
alternation was observed in the liver tissue of arsenic-exposed C. punctatus concurrently treated with
garlic extract. The protective effect of garlic was shown in the normalization of hepatocytes in the
arsenic-induced liver tissue.
This document summarizes a study on the acute toxicity of neem (Azadirachta indica) leaf extracts on the snake headed fish, Channa gachua. The study found that the 24, 48, 72, and 96 hour LC50 values for C. gachua exposed to neem leaf extracts were 21.80, 19.59, 13.95, and 11.18 g/l respectively, indicating increased toxicity over longer exposure times. Exposed fish showed alterations in behavior and distress signs with increasing extract concentration and exposure time. Some hematological parameters like blood glucose and hemoglobin were also significantly affected in exposed fish compared to controls. The results provide information on the toxic effects of neem extracts
This study examined the effects of beta glucan as an immunostimulant on the Indian major carp, Labeo rohita, challenged with the bacterial pathogen Aeromonas hydrophila. The experimental groups included: a control group, a group treated with beta glucan, a group treated with beta glucan and challenged with A. hydrophila, and a group only challenged with A. hydrophila. Results showed that beta glucan treatment improved growth performance and boosted hematological and biochemical parameters related to immunity compared to the control and infection-only groups. Specifically, beta glucan increased total erythrocyte count, hemoglobin levels, and improved condition factor and specific growth rate. It also elevated total leukocyte count and different white
ABSTRACT- Comparative toxicity of Nerium indicum latex powder (NILP) was studied against two common predatory and weed fishes of different body size in laboratory condition and cemented and muddy pond. LC50 of NILP for predatory fish Channa punctatus was 2.13 mg/L, 7.80 mg/L and 19.26 mg/L to small size, middle size and large size fish respectively in laboratory condition after 24 h exposure periods. Similar trends were also observed in case of cemented and muddy ponds but doses were 1-4 times higher than laboratory conditions. Similar trend of result was also observed against weed fish Mystus mystus. No further mortality was observed beyond 24 h in all set of experiments suggested fast degradation of the toxicant in water.
Key-words- Toxicity, Fish, Botanicals, Nerium indicum, Piscicidal Activity
This document summarizes a study that examined the bioconcentration and acute toxicity of the organophosphate pesticide methyl parathion in three species of Brazilian freshwater fish: pacu, piavussu, and curimbatá. Fish were exposed to 5 ppm of methyl parathion for various time periods. Tissue samples were taken to analyze pesticide concentration and cholinesterase activity in serum, liver, brain, heart, and muscle. Results showed similar bioconcentration of methyl parathion across fish species, with the highest concentrations found in brain tissue. Exposure to 5 ppm methyl parathion for 3-5 hours killed all curimbatá fish, associated with over 90% inhibition of
Koteshwar Rao Podeti1*, Benarjee G2
Fisheries Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Kakatiya University, India
ABSTRACT- The live freshwater Channa fish species were collected from Hasanparthy and Dharmasagar lakes of
Warangal district. The present investigation deals with the haematological variables in C. striatus and C. punctatus
infected by different bacterial pathogens such as A. hydrophila, S. aureus, P. aeruginosa and S. salmonicida. The
considerable variations have been observed in the mean values of blood parameters. Comparison with the control C.
striatus RBC, HB, values in infected fish were decreased by 63.5%, 23%, increase WBC (21%) had shown and in
Differential leucocyte count (DLC) studies in the control fish show that normal percentage range. In case of bacterial
infected fishes had shown drastic reduction of (30.7%) in Neutrophils was observed whereas Monocytes (2.3%) and
Basophils (0.6%) were not varied much a noticeable increase of (1.5%) in eosinophil and (5.4%) in lymphocytes. And in
the C. punctatus HB content, RBCs, percentage of Monocytes and Neutrophils were significantly decreased by (9%),
(55%), (2.4%) and (18%) respectively. WBCs, Lymphocytes, Esinophils and Basophils were found significantly increased
(17%), (5%), (5.8%) and (2.7%) respectively. This was observed in Red spot diseased fishes thus the above results depict
the presence of macrocyticanaemia in the infected fishes.
Key-words- Channa straitus, Staphylococcus aureus, Hasanparthy, DLC, WBCs
Toxicological Effect of Effluents from Indomie Plc on Some Biochemical Parame...IOSR Journals
1) The study examined the effect of effluent from an Indomie food company on biochemical parameters of fish in the New Calabar River in Nigeria.
2) Fish and water samples were collected from four stations - a non-point control station, the effluent discharge point, and stations 10m upstream and downstream.
3) Analysis found higher levels of potassium, sodium, urea and creatinine in the blood, gills, liver and muscles of fish sampled closest to the discharge point, indicating pollution has the greatest effect near the source of the effluent.
Aquaculture products can harbor pathogenic bacteria which are part of the natural microflora of the environment. A study was conducted aiming at the isolation of human pathogenic bacteria in gills, intestines, mouth and the skin of apparently healthy fish, Tilapia rendali and Oreochromic mossambicus, from the Fletcher dam. Bacterial pathogens associated with fish can be transmitted to human beings from fish used as food or by handling the fish causing human diseases. Differentiation and characterization of various isolates was based on their growth characteristics on specific culture media (biochemical and gram staining reactions). The following human pathogenic bacteria were isolated Salmonella typhi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Vibrio cholerae, Shigella dysenteriae and Enterococcus faecalis. All the bacterial species which were isolated from the fish were also present in the initial water samples collected. The isolation of enteric bacteria in fish serves as indicator organisms of faecal contamination and or water pollution. Their presence also represents a potential hazard to humans. The mean bacterial load of the isolates was found to be markedly higher than the recommended public health and standard value of 5.0 x 106 CFU/ml which has been adopted by many countries.
Studies on combined effect of Aeromonas hydrophila and cadmium on lipid per...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
DOI:10.21276/ijlssr.2016.2.4.20
ABSTRACT- The present investigation was carried out to the effect of dimethoate on histopathological changes in
kidney of freshwater fish, Garra mullya. Fishes was exposed to sub lethal concentration of dimethoate (0.0238ppm of
96hrs.) for 7, 14, 21 days. Fishes exposed to dimethoate were characterized by loosening of haemopoietic tissue,
uriniferous tubules have lost their original appearance, vacuolated cytoplasm, degeneration in the epithelial cells of renal
tubule, narrowing of the tubular lumen and damaged glomeruli. The lesions in the vital organ might have resulted in
physiological and metabolical dysregulations. In chronic treatment of dimethoate exposure may pose serious threat to fish
health and affect their population. Key-words- Dimethoate, Histopathology, Kidney, Garra mullya
Determination of acute toxicity and the effects of sub-acute concentrations o...Nanomedicine Journal (NMJ)
Abstract
Objective(s):
Copper oxidenanoparticles have different industrial applications so it is inevitable that nanoparticulate products finally find their way into aquatic ecosystems. Nevertheless there is little information available about their effects on some of edible fish. The present study aims to determine the acute toxicity and evaluate the effect of two sub-acute concentrations (50 and 70% 96 h LC50) of CuO-NPs on some hematological and biochemical parameters of R. rutilus.
Materials and Methods:
225 healthy specimen of R. rutilus (mean weight 5.52±1.2 g; mean length 6.20±0.2 cm) were transported to the laboratory. In order to prepare the stock solution, CuO-NPs was dispersed in pure water with ultrasonication (50-60 kHz) for 15 min every day before dosing. At first, R. rutilus was exposed to CuO-NPs to determine the lethal concentration (LC50) value. Following acute test, fish were treated with sub-acute concentrations of CuO-NPs (50 and 70% 96 h-LC50 at) with one control group (no CuO-NPs) for a week to determine the changes in the level of some plasma hematological and biochemical parameters.
Results:
The 96 h-LC50 values of CuO-NPs was 2.19±0.003 mg/l. R. rutilus exhibited significantly lower RBC count, Hb and Hct values and a significant increase in the WBC numbers, MCH, MCHC and MCV indices (p<0.05).><0.05).
Conclusion:
These alterations indicate R. rutilus sensitivity to CuO-NPs and changes in blood parameters would be a useful tool for measurement early exposure to CuO nanoparticles.
Biodiversity Status of Fishes from Vettathukadavu, Kayamkulam Backwater, Keralapaperpublications3
Abstract: The fishes are one of the most important, vertebrate, provided rich protein sources for human and several animals and important elements in the economy of many countries. Fish diversity essentially represents the fish faunal diversity. The survey was undertaken during the period from February 2016 to july 2016 in the region of Vettathukadavu, in Kayamkulam backwater, Kerala. The major objective of this study was to find out the biodiversity status of fishes in the Vettathukadavu region of Kayamkulam backwater, Kerala. Conservation status of fishes was assessed by IUCN Conservation status. The Survey of the studied stretch of backwater were resulted in recording of 25 fish species belonging to 6 orders and 15 familes. Of the 25 species reported during the study, 15 are least concern, 1 is critically endangered, 1 is vulnerable, 6 species are not evaluated and 2 species are not reported in IUCN Red.
Keywords: Icthyofauna, Biodiversity, IUCN, Endangered.
Title: Biodiversity Status of Fishes from Vettathukadavu, Kayamkulam Backwater, Kerala
Author: Remya.R, Dr. S.Amina
ISSN 2349-7823
International Journal of Recent Research in Life Sciences (IJRRLS)
Paper Publications
ABSTRACT- Ramgarh taal is an important water body of Gorakhpur, U.P, India, which received untreated effluents
from different sources of Gorakhpur city. The aim of the present study was to evaluated the toxic impact of these effluents
on water quality of water and its toxic effect on fish population present in this lake with two sets of experiments (1) Fish
caged in pollution free water i.e. control group and (2) Fish directly caught from different sites of water body. The
effluents discharged in this water body caused significant alterations in pollution parameters of water and significantly
altered the biochemical profile (total amino acid levels increased while total protein, Glycogen and nucleic acid levels
decreased from the levels of control group) and hematological parameters (PLTs, WBCs, RBCs, HGB, HCT, MCV,
MCHC etc) decreased from the levels of control group. Seasonally variations in Physico-chemical parameters
(Temperature, pH, DO, BOD and COD) of water body also measured. Which were much higher than the tolerance limit
recommended by General standard by Central Pollution Control Board of India.
Key-words- Ramgarh taal, Parameters, Biochemical parameters, Amino acid, Hematological, Physiological, Pollution,
Pesticides, Herbicides, Channa punctatus
Effects of Different Kinds of Fertilizers on Growth and Production of Fishes ...Premier Publishers
The experiment was conducted to determine the effects of different kinds of fertilizers on growth and production of fishes (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix, Oreochromis niloticus and Cirrhinus cirrhosus) in polyculture for four months in six earthen ponds which were situated at the south-east corner of the Faculty of Fisheries Buildings, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh. The experiment was carried out under three treatments and each pond was stocked with a total of 60 fingerlings at the rate 60/decimal. Pond nos. 2, 4 were under treatment-I where use of cowdung 10 kg/dec./2 weeks, pond nos. 1, 3 were under the treatment-II where use of TSP of 90g/dec./two weeks and pond nos. 5, 6 were under the treatment-III where use of urea of 60g/dec./two weeks. The average initial length and weight of the fingerlings of silver carp, tilapia and mrigal were 10.52, 10.89 and 14.40cm respectively and 17.92, 30.00 and 46.67g respectively. During the experimental period the ranges of water temperature (14.50 to 24.70 °C), transparency (22.35 to 33.10 cm), dissolved oxygen (6.50 to 8.20 mg/L), pH (6.40 to 8.20), total alkalinity (145.00 to 210.00 mg/L), Free CO2 (1.40 to 3.10 mg/L), phosphate-phosphorus (1.50 to 2.30 mg/L), and nitrate-nitrogen (2.70 to 4.00 mg/L) were found within the productive limit and more or less similar in all the ponds under the treatments-I,II, and III. There were 24 genera of phytoplankton under five major groups and 9 genera of zooplankton under three major groups in the experimental ponds. The calculated gross and net productions, under treatment-I were 1.71 ton/ha/yr and 0.43 ton/ha/yr respectively, under treatment-II were 2.01 ton/ha/yr and 0.72 ton/ha/yr. respectively and under treatment-III were 1.69 ton/ha/yr and 0.41 ton/ha/yr respectively. From the present experiment on fish culture it might be concluded that as single fertilizer TSP is the best fertilizer to be used in fish culture ponds because in treatment-II, net and gross productions were highest than those in treatments I and III.
Similar to Changes in the Hematology Parameters of Freshwater Fish Channa striatus Exposed to the Pesticide of Propargite (20)
ALPHA LOGARITHM TRANSFORMED SEMI LOGISTIC DISTRIBUTION USING MAXIMUM LIKELIH...BRNSS Publication Hub
The document discusses the alpha logarithm transformed semi-logistic distribution and its maximum likelihood estimation method. It introduces the distribution, provides its probability density function and cumulative distribution function. It then describes generating random numbers from the distribution and outlines the maximum likelihood estimation method to estimate the distribution's unknown parameters. This involves deriving the likelihood function and taking its partial derivatives to obtain equations that are set to zero and solved to find maximum likelihood estimates of the location, scale, and shape parameters.
AN ASSESSMENT ON THE SPLIT AND NON-SPLIT DOMINATION NUMBER OF TENEMENT GRAPHSBRNSS Publication Hub
This document summarizes research on the split and non-split domination numbers of tenement graphs. It defines tenement graphs and provides basic definitions of domination, split domination, and non-split domination. Formulas for the split and non-split domination numbers of tenement graphs are presented based on the number of vertices. Theorems are presented stating that the mid vertex set of a tenement graph is always a split dominating set, but its size is not always equal to the split domination number.
This document summarizes research on generalized Cantor sets and functions where the standard construction is modified. It introduces Cantor sets defined by an arbitrary base where the intervals removed at each stage are not all the same length. It also defines irregular or transcendental Cantor sets generated by transcendental numbers like e. The key findings are:
1) There exists a unique probability measure for generalized Cantor sets that generates the cumulative distribution function.
2) The Holder exponent of generalized Cantor sets is shown to be logn/s where n is the base and s is the number of subintervals.
3) Lower and upper densities are defined for the measure on generalized Cantor functions and their properties are
SYMMETRIC BILINEAR CRYPTOGRAPHY ON ELLIPTIC CURVE AND LIE ALGEBRABRNSS Publication Hub
1) The document discusses symmetric bilinear pairings on elliptic curves and Lie algebras in the context of cryptography. It provides an overview of the theoretical foundations and applications of combining these areas.
2) Key concepts covered include the Weil pairing as a symmetric bilinear pairing on elliptic curves, its properties of bilinearity and non-degeneracy, and efficient computation. Applications of elliptic curves in cryptography like ECDH and ECDSA are also summarized.
3) The security of protocols like ECDH and ECDSA relies on the assumed difficulty of solving the elliptic curve discrete logarithm problem (ECDLP). The document proves various mathematical aspects behind symmetric bilinear pairings and their use in elliptic curve cryptography.
SUITABILITY OF COINTEGRATION TESTS ON DATA STRUCTURE OF DIFFERENT ORDERSBRNSS Publication Hub
This document summarizes research investigating the suitability of cointegration tests on time series data of different orders. The researchers used simulated time series data from normal and gamma distributions at sample sizes of 30, 60, and 90. Three cointegration tests (Engle-Granger, Johansen, and Phillips-Ouliaris) were applied to the data. The tests were assessed based on type 1 error rates and power to determine which test was most robust for different distributions and sample sizes. The results indicated the Phillips-Ouliaris test was generally the most effective at determining cointegration across different sample sizes and distributions.
Artificial Intelligence: A Manifested Leap in Psychiatric RehabilitationBRNSS Publication Hub
Artificial intelligence shows promise in improving psychiatric rehabilitation in 3 key ways:
1) AI can help diagnose and treat mental health issues through virtual therapists and chatbots, improving access and reducing stigma.
2) Technologies like machine learning and big data allow personalized interventions and more accurate diagnoses.
3) The COVID-19 pandemic has increased need for mental health support, and AI may help address gaps by providing remote services.
A Review on Polyherbal Formulations and Herbal Medicine for Management of Ul...BRNSS Publication Hub
This document provides a review of polyherbal formulations and herbal medicines for treating peptic ulcers. It discusses how peptic ulcers occur due to an imbalance between aggressive and protective factors in the gastrointestinal tract. Common causes include H. pylori infection and NSAID use. While synthetic medications are available, herbal supplements are more affordable and have fewer side effects. The review examines various herbs that have traditionally been used to treat ulcers, including their active chemical constituents. It defines polyherbal formulations as combinations of two or more herbs, which can enhance therapeutic effects while reducing toxicity. The document aims to summarize recent research on herb and polyherbal formulation treatments for peptic ulcers.
Current Trends in Treatments and Targets of Neglected Tropical DiseaseBRNSS Publication Hub
This document summarizes current trends in treatments and targets of neglected tropical diseases. It begins by stating that neglected tropical diseases affect over 1.7 billion people globally each year and are caused by a variety of microbes. The World Health Organization is working to eliminate 30 neglected tropical diseases by 2030. The document then discusses several specific neglected tropical diseases in more detail, including human African trypanosomiasis, Chagas disease, leishmaniasis, soil-transmitted helminths, and schistosomiasis. It describes the causative agents, transmission methods, symptoms, affected populations, and current treatment options for each of these diseases. Overall, the document aims to briefly discuss neglected infectious diseases and treatment
Evaluation of Cordia Dichotoma gum as A Potent Excipient for the Formulation ...BRNSS Publication Hub
This document summarizes a study that evaluated Cordia dichotoma gum as an excipient for oral thin film drug delivery. Films were prepared with varying ratios of the gum, plasticizers (methyl paraben and glycerine), and the model drug diclofenac sodium. The films were evaluated for properties like thickness, folding endurance, tensile strength, water uptake, and drug release kinetics. The results found that a film with 10% gum, 0.2% methyl paraben and 2.5% glycerine (CDF3) exhibited the best results among the formulations tested. Stability studies showed the films were stable for 30 days at different temperatures. Overall, the study demonstrated that C.
Assessment of Medication Adherence Pattern for Patients with Chronic Diseases...BRNSS Publication Hub
This study assessed medication adherence and knowledge among rural patients with chronic diseases in South Indian hospitals. 1500 hypertensive patients were divided into intervention and control groups. The intervention group received education from pharmacists at various times, while the control group did not. A questionnaire evaluated patients' medication knowledge at baseline and several follow-ups. The intervention group showed improved medication knowledge scores after education compared to the control group. Female gender, lower education, and income were linked to lower knowledge. The study highlights the need to educate rural patients to improve medication understanding and adherence.
This document proposes a system to hide information using four algorithms for image steganography. The system first encrypts data using a modified AES algorithm. It then encrypts the encrypted data using a modified RSA algorithm. Next, it uses a fuzzy stream algorithm to add ambiguity. Finally, it hides the encrypted data in the least significant bits of cover images using LSB steganography. The document evaluates the proposed system using metrics like PSNR, MSE, and SSIM to analyze image quality and the ability to hide data imperceptibly compared to other techniques. It selects four color images as cover files and tests the system on them.
The document discusses Goldbach's problems and their solutions. It summarizes that the ternary Goldbach problem, which states that every odd number greater than 7 can be represented as the sum of three odd primes, was solved in 2013. It also discusses Ramare's 1995 proof that any even number can be represented as the sum of no more than 6 primes. The document then provides proofs for theorems related to representing numbers as sums of primes and concludes there are an infinite number of twin primes.
The document summarizes research on k-super contra harmonic mean labeling of graphs. It defines k-super Lehmer-3 mean labeling of a graph as an injective vertex labeling such that the induced edge labels satisfy certain properties. It proves that several families of graphs admit k-super Lehmer-3 mean labeling for any positive integer k, including triangular snakes, double triangular snakes, alternative triangular snakes, quadrilateral snakes, and alternative quadrilateral snakes. The document introduces the concept of k-super Lehmer-3 mean labeling and investigates this property for these families of graphs.
The document summarizes research on using various iterative schemes to solve fixed-point problems and inequalities involving self-mappings and contractions in Banach spaces. It defines concepts like non-expansive mappings, mean non-expansive mappings, and rates of convergence. The paper presents two theorems: 1) an iterative scheme for a sequence involving a self-mapping T is shown to converge to a fixed point of T, and 2) an iterative process involving a self-contraction mapping T is defined and shown to converge. Limiting cases are considered to prove convergence as the number of iterations approaches infinity.
This document summarizes research on analyzing and simulating the accuracy and stability of closed-loop control systems. It discusses various techniques for evaluating accuracy and stability, including steady-state error analysis, stability analysis, and simulation. Factors that can affect accuracy and stability are also identified, such as sensor noise, model inaccuracies, and environmental disturbances. The paper provides an overview of closed-loop control systems and their uses in various engineering fields like manufacturing, chemical processes, vehicles, aircraft, and power systems.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
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Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
2. Mageswari, et al.: Changes in the hematology parameters of freshwater fish Channa striatus exposed to the pesticide of propargite
IJPBA/Oct-Dec-2018/Vol 9/Issue 4 261
acute high-level lead acetate exposure, and frank
anemia, which is caused only when the blood lead
acetanilide is significantly elevated for prolonged
periods.[12]
There have also been instances where Channa
striatus has been used for medicinal purposes.[13]
The extinction of the snakehead fish is caused by
the overfishing, habitat disruption.[2]
The pesticides
pollution, soaps and organic matter, gradual
repair of damaged muscles necrosis, macrophage
infiltration, fibrosis and mycotic granulomas.
[14]
and also[15]
reported, that the causes death in
C. striatus to solve the problem is prevent the
extinction through basic research to discover the
theories and methods of fish farming to improve
of snake heads fish[16]
and environmentally
ecofriendly to increase the production of C.
striatus.[17]
Hematological characteristics are an important
tool that can be used to understand as an effective
and sensitive index to monitor physiological
and pathological changes in fishes. Changes in
hematological parameters depend on the aquatic
biotope, fish species, age, and sexual maturity and
health status.[18,19]
Various blood parameters in fish
have been established by different investigators
in fish physiology and pathology.[20,21]
Significant
reportedthattheassessmentoftheecotoxicological
risks caused by pesticides to ecosystems based
on toxicity data and the effects of pesticide
preparations on non-target organisms. Fish are
among the group of non-target aquatic organisms.
Blood parameters are considered pathological
indicators of the whole body and, therefore,
are important in diagnosing the structural and
functional status of fish exposed to toxicants.[22]
The fishes are best indicator of water body
pollution and are the most sensitive of all the
aquatic animals, toward the pollutant poisoning
through the river water from adjoining settlement
and industries. The accumulation of effluents
becomes hazardous to the aquatic organisms
and to surrounding human population because
the fishes are the most important factors of the
food chain which has great nutritive value in
the environment. The present investigation was
to assess the hematology contents of exposed
to sublethal concentration. The use of pesticide
propargite should be regulated, especially, in
farmlands along the coast and riversides to avoid
the influx of pesticides into the aquatic ecosystems.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Fish collection and laboratory conditions
The freshwater healthy fish C. striatus of the weight
(22.34 ± 0.79 g) and length (17–20 cm) was selected
for the experiment and was collected from ponds
in around Thanjavur. Fish was screened for any
pathogenic infections.A glass aquarium was washed
with 1% KMnO4 to avoid fungal contamination and
then sun-dried. The fishes were maintained in 300 L
tank containing dechlorinated tap water (temperature
26°C; total hardness516 ± 22 mg/L; Do - 5.7 ±
70.2 mg/L; salinity - 1.3 ± 0.13 parts per million
[ppm], and pH - 7.8 ± 0.03). Fish was acclimated
to laboratory conditions for 15–30
days before
experimentation. They were regularly fed with
commercial food, and the medium (tap water) was
changed daily to remove fasces and food remnants.
Toxicant
Propargite is one of the organosulfuric insecticides
extensively used in agriculture. Chronic and
sublethallevel2-(4-tert-butylphenoxy)cyclohexyl
prop-2-ynyl sulfite is a non-systemic insecticide.
The sublethal concentrations of propargite were
applied exposure duration of 15–30
days; the
water and propargite were completely replenished
each day during experimental period.
Experimental design of sublethal
concentration
The experimental group was vulnerable to
a sublethal concentration of the insecticide
(0.34 ppm/L) during 15 and 30 days. Toxicity tests
were carried out in accordance within standard
methods (APHA, 1800). Based on acute toxicity
test (96-h lethal concentration 50), sublethal
concentrations (10%and 30% of 15 and 30 days)
were derived for arsenic which served as the
experimental concentration of the arsenic in the
subsequent experiments. Ten fishes were exposed
to each concentration for 15 and 30 days. Control
batch was maintained simultaneously.
Fish dissection and preservation
The fishes were divided into a four groups,
each group of ten healthy fishes was transferred
3. Mageswari, et al.: Changes in the hematology parameters of freshwater fish Channa striatus exposed to the pesticide of propargite
IJPBA/Oct-Dec-2018/Vol 9/Issue 4 262
to plastic tab having a capacity of 10 L and
they exposed to 10% and 30% sublethal
concentration of propargite (0.034
ppm and
0.02 ppm of 15 and 30 days). One group was
kept as control. At the end of the exposure
period, the blood was collected in glass tube
by cutting the caudal peduncle, using EDTA as
anticoagulant. Maximum 2 ml blood was taken
for hematological studies.
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH)
This indicates the weight of Hb in a single RBC and
is expressed in pictograms (pg) (1 pg = 10–12 g).
MCH=Hemoglobin (g/100 ml)
RBC count million per cu. mm×10
Values were expressed as pg
MCH concentration (MCHC)
This denotes the Hb concentration per 100 mi of
packed RBCs and is related to the color of the red
cells. This is expressed as percentage of packed
cells.
MCHC=Hemoglobin (g/d1)×100 values were
expressed as %
Packed cell volume (PCV)%.
The MCV
This is expressed as the volume in cubic microns
or femtoliters of an average RBC.
MCV=PCV%×10
RBCs in millions per cu.
The mm values were expressed as femtoliters.
Statistical analysis
All the data were subjected to one-way ANOVA
using statistical software of SPSS version
16.0.
Duncan’s Multiple Range test was used to
determine the difference among treatment means
at 5% level of significance.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The Effect of propargite exposure on hematology
parameters of Channa striatus like RBC, WBC,
Hb, PCV, MCV, MCH, MCHC and the many
pathological changes of the blood cells in the fish C.
striatus both in control and sublethal concentration
of propargite 15 and 30 days exposed given in Table
1 in present study the alterations in hematology
parameter such as WBC increased significantly and
RBC, Hb, PCV, MCV, MCHC values decreased
significantly after 15, and 30 days of exposure
periods, respectively, in comparison with control.
Residual of this pesticide alteration in to the
ecosystem and trouble the healthy environment and
aquatic forms. Aquatic farm contains fish and other
organism. However, the fish is mostly affected by
pesticide residuals.[7]
Hematological parameters
have significantly reported to be affected by a range
of factors which include size, age, physiological
status, environmental conditions, and species.[23]
After treatment periods, suddenly increase of WBC
may be due to the activation of the animal’s defense
mechanism and the immune system. Several
chemicalcompoundsincludinginsecticidesgenerate
antibodies due to their interference with immune
system which could be the reason for increase in
WBC.[24]
Reported that increase in WBC count
Table 1: Hematological parameters of freshwater fish Channa striatus exposed to sublethal concentrations of (10% and
30% of 96‑h LC50) propargite pesticide
Hematological
Treatment Control Propargite 0.034
ppm 15 days
Propargite 0.034
ppm 30 days
Propargite 1.02
ppm 15 days
Propargite 1.02
ppm 30 days
RBC 5.84±0.99a
3.30±0.69b
2.18±0.23bc
1.60±0.36c
1.32±0.25c
WBC 4.53±0.52c
6.15±0.56c
8.48±0.52b
10.22±0.56b
14.21±0.99a
Hb 9.37±0.84a
5.30±0.69b
2.54±0.39c 3.58±0.64bc
2.16±0.24c
PCV 34.42±0.94a
30.23±0.59b
16.12±0.73d
22.34±0.93c
13.18±0.57e
MCV 371.12±0.64a
216.12±0.56d
219.21±0.94c
365.22±0.94b
104.63±0.98e
MCH 50.27±0.79a
31.22±0.89d
36.13±0.57c
45.21±0.83b
28.48±0.94e
MCHC 76.23±0.81a
43.22±0.92c
73.21±0.87a
65.15±0.71b
27.23±0.94d
Values are given as±SE. Values not sharing a common marking (a, b, c, d, e) different alphabets in columns differ significant at P 0.05 (Duncan’s multiple range test).
SE: Standard error, RBC: Red blood cell, WBCs: White blood cells, Hb: Hemoglobin, PCV: Packed cell volume, MCH: Mean corpuscular hemoglobin, MCHC: Mean
corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, MCV: Mean corpuscular volume, PPM: Parts per million, LC50: Lethal concentration 50
4. Mageswari, et al.: Changes in the hematology parameters of freshwater fish Channa striatus exposed to the pesticide of propargite
IJPBA/Oct-Dec-2018/Vol 9/Issue 4 263
monocrotophos and these changes may be due to
immunological reactions to produce antibodies to
cope up with stress induced by monocrotophos.[25,26]
According to dicofol, increased WBC count
established leukocytosis, which is considered to be
of an adaptive value for the tissue under chemical
stress.[27]
In the present study in RBC, Hb, PCV,
MCV, MCHC values decreased. Fount that the
decrease in other haematological variables PCV,
Hb and RBC of the exposed fish may be due to
haemolysis of RBCs by both pesticides leading
to significant decrease in haematocrit value which
results in fish anaemi.[28]
Similar observations were
reported for juvenile Clarias gariepinus separately
treated with endosulfan and with other pesticides
separately.[28]
May be due to the disruptive action
on the erythropoietic tissue, which is turning affect
all of the cell viability.[29]
Changes in hematological
parameters might have been brought about by
cypermethrin as an anemic condition due to
decreased synthesis of Hb and RBC number in
hemopoietic organs. The reduction of RBC is
mainly due to the development of hypoxic condition
during the treatment which intern leads to increase
in the destruction of RBC or decrease in the rate
of formation of RBC due to non-availability of
Hb content in cellular medium. The reduction in
Hb and several other blood components might be
due to the inhibition of RBC and heme synthesis,
osmoregulatory dysfunction, and destruction of
RBCs in hematopoietic organs as reported earlier
in Catla catla.[30]
In the present study, Hb level
was connected with number of RBC, and when
the number of RBC decreased, Hb level decreased.
When temperature decreased, the number of WBC
increased. A decreasing trend of Hb during the cold
temperature has been reported in many.The random
use of different pesticides often causes a lot of
damage on non-target organism. Organophosphate
pesticides constitute a large proportion of the total
synthetic chemicals employed for the control of
pests in the field of agriculture, veterinary practices,
and public health.[31]
Reduction in Hb level,
hematocrit, and number of RBCs might be due to
erythroblastosis causing anemia.[32]
Thus,thepresentstudyofpropargitethesignificantly
MCV, MCH, and MCHC decrease values compared
to the control group. Reported that acute exposure
of diazinon pesticide in fingerlings European
catfish caused a significant decrease of MCV,
MCH, and MCHC values compared to the control
group.[33]
Similarly, in the current acute study, the
hematological indices were significantly decreased.
The high percentage of immature RBCs in the
circulation might be the reason for MCV and MCH
decrease in the present investigation. Moreover, an
increase in the erythrocyte volume during stress
condition may be another possible reason.[13]
CONCLUSION
The hematological parameters are the most
sensitive indices in the toxicity of propargite at
sublethal concentration. These pesticides result in
significant changes in hematological alterations
and behavioral changes may be potentially
disruptive for the survivability of the fish in
their natural environment. This fact should be
taken into consideration when it is used for pest
control in the agricultural fields surrounding their
natural freshwater reservoirs. The analysis can be
converted into decisions in risk management and
decisions to minimize the toxic impacts.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
We are grateful to the principal, Rajah Serfoji
Government College (Autonomous) Thanjavur,
and the Professors of Department of Zoology,
Rajah Serfoji Government College, Thanjavur, for
timely help for undergoing this research project.
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