International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Evaluation of water quality and toxicityafter exposure of lead nitrate in Cy...Sana_haroon
This presentation is made on the research paper "Evaluation of water quality and toxicityafter exposure of lead nitrate in Cyprinus carpio"
which is written by Paul et., al 2019
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Evaluation of water quality and toxicityafter exposure of lead nitrate in Cy...Sana_haroon
This presentation is made on the research paper "Evaluation of water quality and toxicityafter exposure of lead nitrate in Cyprinus carpio"
which is written by Paul et., al 2019
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Combined effects of copper and cadmium on Chlorella pyrenoidosa H.Chick: Subc...UniversitasGadjahMada
Disposal of waste into aquatic ecosystems may cause microalgae to be exposed to various metals, e.g. copper and cadmium. The effects caused by combinations of metals may be more serious. Evaluations of subcellular fate, bioaccumulation, and biological effects of metals on aquatic organisms are generally derived from experiments with individual metals. The present study aims to evaluate the effects of exposure of Chlorella pyrenoidosa to copper and cadmium combined on subcellular accumulation, distribution, and growth. The algae were exposed for 72 h to copper at concentrations of 13 – 25 μmol L-1, cadmium at about 6 μmol L-1, and combinations thereof. The levels of copper and cadmium in subcellular organelles, heatdenaturated protein, metal-rich granules, and heat-stable protein were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry. Exposure of C. pyrenoidosa to copper and cadmium in combination inhibited growth more strongly than copper and cadmium individually. Highest accumulation was observed in metal-rich granules and heat-stable proteins. Administration of both metals in combination affected their subcellular distribution: copper was mainly distributed into the metal-rich granules (70 - 80 %) and heat-stable proteins (9 - 24 %), cadmium in the metal-rich granules (88 - 98 %).
Abstract
Objective(s):
Gold nanoparticles (GNPs) command a great deal of attention for biomedical applications nowadays. The data about the degree of toxicity and the accumulation of gold nanoparticles in-vivo is not enough to judge.
Materials and Methods:
A total of 32 healthy male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 4 including: three GNP-treated and one control group. Groups 1, 2 and 3 received 0.5 cc of a solution containing 5, 10, and 100 ppm Au daily via intraperitoneal (IP) injection for 7 days, respectively. The control group was treated with 0.5 cc normal saline with same procedure. Then, several biochemical parameters such as serum glutamate oxaloacetat transaminase (SGOT) and serum glutamate pyrvate transaminase (SGPT) were evaluated at 2, 7 and 14 days after the last injection. After 14 days, all the rats were sacrificed and liver, lung tissues were separated and evaluated.
Results:
SGOT two days after intervention was significantly greater in the group 2 than the control group. In liver histological assessment, in group 1, basophils were observed around the central veins, in group 2 fading and no observation of central veins was seen, and in group 3 hepatic damage was noticed. The lung histological results showed severe vascular hyperemia in group 1, air sacs damage in group 2, and complete air sacs destruction in group 3.
Conclusion:
The results showed extreme changes in the histopathology of lung and liver tissues caused by spherical nanogold with 5-10 nm size in all of three treatment groups.
Renal Toxicity Studies of Albino Rats Exposed to Common Emulsion Paint SolutionPremier Publishers
Emulsion paint solutions (EPS) are constantly used to decorate and protect different materials in the environment. The occupational exposure of professional painters and paint factory workers to EPS may predispose them to systemic toxicity. This work investigated the effects of EPS exposure on renal function indices in albino rats to assess potential renal toxicity. Twenty male albino rats weighing between 120-140g were collected and divided into four groups. Two groups were exposed to periodic intraperitoneal administration of 2.5mg/kg body weight (bw) of the EPS for 14days while the other two groups received the same dose of distilled water and served as control. The rats were sacrificed after 7and14days respectively, and their blood collected and analyzed for heavy metals, urea, creatinine and electrolytes, using standard methods. The rat kidneys were also excised, weighed and analyzed for total protein and histopathology. Results showed that bw, kidney weight, serum creatinine, urea and electrolytes decreased significantly(p<0.05) in the exposed groups compared to control. However, urea and Na+ increased significantly(p<0.05) after the initial 7days exposure. Kidney total protein increased by 20.83% and Pb, Ni, and Cd were detected in the exposed rats. Results of kidney histopathology showed intact renal tubules and glomeruli. These results suggest that exposure of albino rats to EPS caused significant alterations in the steady-state levels of renal function biomarkers. Therefore, prolonged exposure may exert deleterious effects on renal function.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Scientific Research on Natural Heavy Metal ChelatorsHEAVY METAL DETOX
Our research group were commissioned by a Russian metal foundry to examine the chelating effects of these natural substances, and attempt to identify a natural compound that would be effective at chelating a number of toxic metals from Russian metal foundry workers.
Hyperoxaluria Induces Oxidative DNA Damage and Results in Renal Tubular Epithelial Cell Apoptosis: A Clue to the Pathogenesis of Urolithiasis by Hasan Aydin in Experimental Techniques in Urology & Nephrology
Studies on combined effect of Aeromonas hydrophila and cadmium on lipid per...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
Protective Effects of Alpha Lipoic Acid (α -LA) Against Lead Neuro-Toxicity i...inventionjournals
Aim of the work: The present study was conducted to elucidate the possible protective effect of alpha lipoic acid (α-LA) against the deleterious effect perturbation induced in rat brain exposed to lead acetate. Methods: 32 Wistar male rats (weighing 130 ± 10 g) were divided into four groups (n=8): (1) normal control group (C); (2) Initiation group (Pb as lead acetate 20 mg/kg.b.wt, i.p. for 2 wks); (3) treatment group (α-LA 20 mg/kg.b.wt, i.p. for 3 wks); (4) post-initiation treatment group (Pb for 2 wks then followed by α-LA for 3 wks). Levels of monoamines (norepinephrine NE and dopamine DA), the level of Ache activity and finally adenosine triphosphate (ATP), were estimated in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex, in addition, a Morris water maze and the histological study were performed after completion of the experiments. Results: The results of the present work demonstrated that Pb inhibited neurotransmitters releases and decrease the level of Ache activity, as well as it inhibited energy production ATP. Pb impaired performance on Morris Water Maze of rats and histological degeneration. However, treatment with α-LA significantly attenuated the behavioral impairment and biochemical parameters in rat treated with Pb. And amelioration of histological changes. Conclusion: As a conclusion, treatment with α-LA can improve the Pb-induced toxicity via antioxidant activity.
Combined effects of copper and cadmium on Chlorella pyrenoidosa H.Chick: Subc...UniversitasGadjahMada
Disposal of waste into aquatic ecosystems may cause microalgae to be exposed to various metals, e.g. copper and cadmium. The effects caused by combinations of metals may be more serious. Evaluations of subcellular fate, bioaccumulation, and biological effects of metals on aquatic organisms are generally derived from experiments with individual metals. The present study aims to evaluate the effects of exposure of Chlorella pyrenoidosa to copper and cadmium combined on subcellular accumulation, distribution, and growth. The algae were exposed for 72 h to copper at concentrations of 13 – 25 μmol L-1, cadmium at about 6 μmol L-1, and combinations thereof. The levels of copper and cadmium in subcellular organelles, heatdenaturated protein, metal-rich granules, and heat-stable protein were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry. Exposure of C. pyrenoidosa to copper and cadmium in combination inhibited growth more strongly than copper and cadmium individually. Highest accumulation was observed in metal-rich granules and heat-stable proteins. Administration of both metals in combination affected their subcellular distribution: copper was mainly distributed into the metal-rich granules (70 - 80 %) and heat-stable proteins (9 - 24 %), cadmium in the metal-rich granules (88 - 98 %).
Abstract
Objective(s):
Gold nanoparticles (GNPs) command a great deal of attention for biomedical applications nowadays. The data about the degree of toxicity and the accumulation of gold nanoparticles in-vivo is not enough to judge.
Materials and Methods:
A total of 32 healthy male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 4 including: three GNP-treated and one control group. Groups 1, 2 and 3 received 0.5 cc of a solution containing 5, 10, and 100 ppm Au daily via intraperitoneal (IP) injection for 7 days, respectively. The control group was treated with 0.5 cc normal saline with same procedure. Then, several biochemical parameters such as serum glutamate oxaloacetat transaminase (SGOT) and serum glutamate pyrvate transaminase (SGPT) were evaluated at 2, 7 and 14 days after the last injection. After 14 days, all the rats were sacrificed and liver, lung tissues were separated and evaluated.
Results:
SGOT two days after intervention was significantly greater in the group 2 than the control group. In liver histological assessment, in group 1, basophils were observed around the central veins, in group 2 fading and no observation of central veins was seen, and in group 3 hepatic damage was noticed. The lung histological results showed severe vascular hyperemia in group 1, air sacs damage in group 2, and complete air sacs destruction in group 3.
Conclusion:
The results showed extreme changes in the histopathology of lung and liver tissues caused by spherical nanogold with 5-10 nm size in all of three treatment groups.
Renal Toxicity Studies of Albino Rats Exposed to Common Emulsion Paint SolutionPremier Publishers
Emulsion paint solutions (EPS) are constantly used to decorate and protect different materials in the environment. The occupational exposure of professional painters and paint factory workers to EPS may predispose them to systemic toxicity. This work investigated the effects of EPS exposure on renal function indices in albino rats to assess potential renal toxicity. Twenty male albino rats weighing between 120-140g were collected and divided into four groups. Two groups were exposed to periodic intraperitoneal administration of 2.5mg/kg body weight (bw) of the EPS for 14days while the other two groups received the same dose of distilled water and served as control. The rats were sacrificed after 7and14days respectively, and their blood collected and analyzed for heavy metals, urea, creatinine and electrolytes, using standard methods. The rat kidneys were also excised, weighed and analyzed for total protein and histopathology. Results showed that bw, kidney weight, serum creatinine, urea and electrolytes decreased significantly(p<0.05) in the exposed groups compared to control. However, urea and Na+ increased significantly(p<0.05) after the initial 7days exposure. Kidney total protein increased by 20.83% and Pb, Ni, and Cd were detected in the exposed rats. Results of kidney histopathology showed intact renal tubules and glomeruli. These results suggest that exposure of albino rats to EPS caused significant alterations in the steady-state levels of renal function biomarkers. Therefore, prolonged exposure may exert deleterious effects on renal function.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Scientific Research on Natural Heavy Metal ChelatorsHEAVY METAL DETOX
Our research group were commissioned by a Russian metal foundry to examine the chelating effects of these natural substances, and attempt to identify a natural compound that would be effective at chelating a number of toxic metals from Russian metal foundry workers.
Hyperoxaluria Induces Oxidative DNA Damage and Results in Renal Tubular Epithelial Cell Apoptosis: A Clue to the Pathogenesis of Urolithiasis by Hasan Aydin in Experimental Techniques in Urology & Nephrology
Studies on combined effect of Aeromonas hydrophila and cadmium on lipid per...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
Protective Effects of Alpha Lipoic Acid (α -LA) Against Lead Neuro-Toxicity i...inventionjournals
Aim of the work: The present study was conducted to elucidate the possible protective effect of alpha lipoic acid (α-LA) against the deleterious effect perturbation induced in rat brain exposed to lead acetate. Methods: 32 Wistar male rats (weighing 130 ± 10 g) were divided into four groups (n=8): (1) normal control group (C); (2) Initiation group (Pb as lead acetate 20 mg/kg.b.wt, i.p. for 2 wks); (3) treatment group (α-LA 20 mg/kg.b.wt, i.p. for 3 wks); (4) post-initiation treatment group (Pb for 2 wks then followed by α-LA for 3 wks). Levels of monoamines (norepinephrine NE and dopamine DA), the level of Ache activity and finally adenosine triphosphate (ATP), were estimated in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex, in addition, a Morris water maze and the histological study were performed after completion of the experiments. Results: The results of the present work demonstrated that Pb inhibited neurotransmitters releases and decrease the level of Ache activity, as well as it inhibited energy production ATP. Pb impaired performance on Morris Water Maze of rats and histological degeneration. However, treatment with α-LA significantly attenuated the behavioral impairment and biochemical parameters in rat treated with Pb. And amelioration of histological changes. Conclusion: As a conclusion, treatment with α-LA can improve the Pb-induced toxicity via antioxidant activity.
The IAG unit at Liverpool University have built a community of 2000+ followers! Want to know how they reached their target audience and kept them interested and informed? Based on extensive experience gained through successfully connecting with prospective and existing students, Emma talks about the approach she has developed.
On December 19, 2011, Kent Chao issued a report on Delancey Street Foundation with a "BUY" rating. This research report has been peer reviewed by Nadia Anggraini and Michael Kim.
Nonprofit Investor ("NPI") is a platform for the creation and distribution of free, in-depth research on charity organizations by volunteers.
If you believe there are any inaccuracies or errors in any report, please contact us.
Determination of acute toxicity and the effects of sub-acute concentrations o...Nanomedicine Journal (NMJ)
Abstract
Objective(s):
Copper oxidenanoparticles have different industrial applications so it is inevitable that nanoparticulate products finally find their way into aquatic ecosystems. Nevertheless there is little information available about their effects on some of edible fish. The present study aims to determine the acute toxicity and evaluate the effect of two sub-acute concentrations (50 and 70% 96 h LC50) of CuO-NPs on some hematological and biochemical parameters of R. rutilus.
Materials and Methods:
225 healthy specimen of R. rutilus (mean weight 5.52±1.2 g; mean length 6.20±0.2 cm) were transported to the laboratory. In order to prepare the stock solution, CuO-NPs was dispersed in pure water with ultrasonication (50-60 kHz) for 15 min every day before dosing. At first, R. rutilus was exposed to CuO-NPs to determine the lethal concentration (LC50) value. Following acute test, fish were treated with sub-acute concentrations of CuO-NPs (50 and 70% 96 h-LC50 at) with one control group (no CuO-NPs) for a week to determine the changes in the level of some plasma hematological and biochemical parameters.
Results:
The 96 h-LC50 values of CuO-NPs was 2.19±0.003 mg/l. R. rutilus exhibited significantly lower RBC count, Hb and Hct values and a significant increase in the WBC numbers, MCH, MCHC and MCV indices (p<0.05).><0.05).
Conclusion:
These alterations indicate R. rutilus sensitivity to CuO-NPs and changes in blood parameters would be a useful tool for measurement early exposure to CuO nanoparticles.
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR), www.iosrphr.org, call for paper, research...iosrphr_editor
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR), www.iosrphr.org, call for paper, research paper publishing, where to publish research paper, journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call for research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, call for paper 2012, journal of pharmacy, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, research and review articles, Pharmacy journal, International Journal of Pharmacy, hard copy of journal, hard copy of certificates, online Submission, where to publish research paper, journal publishing, international journal, publishing a paper
Wan Marlin Rohalin, Nadzifah Yaakub and Najwa Mohd Fazdil. “Level of Zinc and Lead in Freshwater Fishes in Balok River, Pahang, Malaysia” United International Journal for Research & Technology (UIJRT) 1.1 (2019): 44-48.
ABSTRACT- The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of cadmium chloride on Histoarchiteceture of head kidney of fresh water fish Heteropneustes fossilis. The fishes were exposed to 0.5 ppm of cadmium chloride for 21 days. The most remarkable changes in head kidney, due to cadmium chloride were lysed condition of interrenal and chromaffin cells. The traces of cytoplasm had dark brown to black coloured cytoplasm. Most of cells are deformed and necrotic condition. Their size was significant at (P< 0.01 and 0.001) increased after cadmium chloride. All these changes will be recovered by herbal compound i.e. Ashwagandha. The damaged tissues were recovered in already treated group.
Key-words- Ashwagandha, Cadmium chloride, Chromaffin cells, Heteropneustes fossilis, Histopathology, Interrenal cells
Acute Toxicity and Bioaccumulation Patterns of Lead and Zinc in Juveniles of ...iosrjce
Acute toxicity of lead and zinc salts (Pb(NO3)2 and ZnCl2) and their bioaccumulation patterns in
juveniles of Clarias gariepinus was investigated. ZnCl2 with a 96hr LC50 value of 15.301mg/l was found to be
more toxic than Pb(NO3)2 with a 96hr LC50 value of 51.516mg/l. ZnCl2 was bio-accumulated at a faster rate
in the gills and flesh of the fish than Pb(NO3)2 . The amount of ZnCl2 and Pb(NO3)2 bio-accumulated reduced
as the experiment proceeded. Higher levels of ZnCl2 were recorded in the gills than in the flesh of the juvenile
fishes. Essential heavy metals can be more toxic to aquatic organisms than non essential heavy metals when the
former is present in high enough concentrations. Water chemistry, speciation and bio-availability of heavy
metals in surrounding media are major factors that determine rate of accumulation in aquatic organisms.
Amelioration the toxic effects of cadmium exposure in nileTilapia (Oreochromi...sherein abdelgayed
Hussein A. Kaoud, Manal M. Zaki, Ahmed R. El-Dahshan,
Sherein Saeid, and Hesham Y. El Zorba (2011): Amelioration the Toxic Effects of Cadmium-Exposure in NileTilapia (Oreochromis Niloticus) by using Lemna gibba L. Life Science Journal, Volume 8,Issue 1, 185-195, 2011.
ABSTRACT- Comparative toxicity of Nerium indicum latex powder (NILP) was studied against two common predatory and weed fishes of different body size in laboratory condition and cemented and muddy pond. LC50 of NILP for predatory fish Channa punctatus was 2.13 mg/L, 7.80 mg/L and 19.26 mg/L to small size, middle size and large size fish respectively in laboratory condition after 24 h exposure periods. Similar trends were also observed in case of cemented and muddy ponds but doses were 1-4 times higher than laboratory conditions. Similar trend of result was also observed against weed fish Mystus mystus. No further mortality was observed beyond 24 h in all set of experiments suggested fast degradation of the toxicant in water.
Key-words- Toxicity, Fish, Botanicals, Nerium indicum, Piscicidal Activity
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
Objective: To investigate the protective effect of lo- sartan, an angiotensin II type 1 receptor blocker with antioxidative effect on intestinal ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury in rats, against inflammation and apoptotic development.
Study Design: Forty male Wistar albino rats with a mean weight of 200–250 g each were divided into 4 groups: (1) Sham operation (laparotomy only, sham surgical preparation including isolation of the superior mesenteric artery [SMA] without occlusion), (2) Ischemia model with SMA closure for 2 hours, (3) I/R group (2 hours of ischemia followed by 3-hour reperfusion (SMA occlusion for 120 minutes followed by 240 minutes reperfusion), and (4) Losartan group (2 hours of ischemia, 40 mg/kg losartan was administered to the animals; losartan was dissolved in 1 mL distilled water and administered intraperitoneally after 2 hours of ischemia). Malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione (GSH) levels were examined in jejunum tissue.
Results: Losartan treatment reduced the I/R-induced increase in MDA levels in the gut. Statistically, while SOD, CAT, and GSH activities decreased significantly in the I/R group, they increased in the I/R+Losartan group. Villus loss and increase in inflammation after ischemia persisted after reperfusion. Losartan treatment played a role in the reduction of inflammation and apoptosis and in the regulation of TNF-α and caspase-9 activity.
Conclusion: It has been thought that losartan in I/R may reduce mucosal damage and cell apoptosis in the direction of inflammation and may stabilize caspase-9 activity by inhibiting TNF-α stimulus.
Keywords: caspase-9, ischemia, ischemia/reperfusion, rat, reperfusion injury, TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-alpha
Effect of CuO nanoparticles on some hematological indices of rainbow trout on...Nanomedicine Journal (NMJ)
Abstract
Objective(s):
This study aimed to determine the possible toxicity of Cuo nanoparticles (NPs) on Oncorhynchus mykiss by evaluating hematological parameters.
Materials and Methods:
Fish were sampled and treated in 4 aquariums containing the concentration ranges of 1, 5, 20 and 100 ppm of CuO NPs. There was one control group (no CuO NPs) and three replicates. The physicochemical properties of water were as follows: the temperature was 22±2 Cº, oxygen saturation was 90.9±0.2%, pH was at 7±0.004 and the concentration of CaCO3 was 270.
Results:
No mortality was observed after 96 hours of exposure. The analysis of hematological parameters showed that CuO NPs affected the counts of white blood cells, lymphocytes, eosinophils, neutrophils, hematocrits, MCH, MCHC and MCV and did not have any effects on monocytes and hemoglobins.
Conclusion:
The data showed that the overall hardness (270 ppm) neutralized the lethal effect of copper on O. mykiss and no mortality was recorded.
Bioaccumulation of Heavy Metals in Clarias Gariepinus Exposed to Untreated Pa...ijtsrd
This study presents the heavy metal accumulation profile in Clarias gariepinus catfish exposed to untreated paint effluent. Sub lethal concentrations of paint effluent were used to pollute catfish aquaria. This was followed by isolation and identification of microorganisms from the polluted aquaria after 96 h using conventional microbiological techniques. The tissue heavy metal composition and physicochemical parameters of the aquaria were also monitored using standard analytical methods. Microbial load in the range of 10.00a±2.00 to 189.00d±20.52 cfu ml on tissues of catfish were observed. The heavy metals present in the paint effluent were mainly Lead 1.20±0.01ppm and Zinc 0.34±0.01ppm . No significant difference in the proximate analysis between the tissue of catfish from the control and the polluted aquaria were observed. Catfish tissue accumulated Lead 0.16 ppm from the polluted aquaria. Persistent exposure through pollution by effluent in aquatic environment can lead to increased metallic Lead bioaccumulation that could be unhealthy for both the fish and human consumption. Therefore, indiscriminate discharge of untreated effluent from industrial sites into water bodies should be discouraged. Orimoloye, M. A | Mohammed, A ""Bioaccumulation of Heavy Metals in Clarias Gariepinus Exposed to Untreated Paint Effluent"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-2 , February 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29989.pdf
Paper Url : https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/29989/bioaccumulation-of-heavy-metals-in-clarias-gariepinus-exposed-to-untreated-paint-effluent/orimoloye-m-a
Neuroprotective Roles of Oleic Acid: An Antioxidant Status and Cerebellar Cha...semualkaira
This study is aimed at investigating cellular and metabolic changes within the cerebellum in rat models of AD, while
assessing the neuroprotective mechanisms of oleic acid (OA) on
the corresponding pathology.
Neuroprotective Roles of Oleic Acid: An Antioxidant Status and Cerebellar Cha...semualkaira
Previous studies have linked Alzheimer’s disease (AD) with cerebellar dysfunction. However, these studies
lack substantial cerebellar characterization and features during AD
progression.
Neuroprotective Roles of Oleic Acid: An Antioxidant Status and Cerebellar Cha...semualkaira
Previous studies have linked Alzheimer’s disease (AD) with cerebellar dysfunction. However, these studies
lack substantial cerebellar characterization and features during AD
progression.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
1. International Journal of Engineering Science Invention
ISSN (Online): 2319 – 6734, ISSN (Print): 2319 – 6726
www.ijesi.org Volume 3 Issue 6ǁ June 2014 ǁ PP.44-52
www.ijesi.org 44 | Page
An Experimental Studies on the Effect of Heavy Metals on
Lymphoid Organ of Channa gachua
Alok Tripathi1
, T. A. Qureshi2
1
Academia para la Educacion Professional, 188, Old Anand Nagar, Ballia UP INDIA
2
Department Applied Aquaculture, Barkatulla University Bhopal INDIA
ABSTRACT : In this study, the morphological, histological and cytological impacts of heavy metals on
lymphoid organ of Channa gachua were investigated to understand the impact of selected heavy metals on
lymphoid organ of fish which ultimately affects the immune response. The fish was treated with two different
concentrations of three heavy metals viz. 0.22 and 0.32 mg/l of Cr, 0.22 and 0.32 of Cu and 0.22 and 0.32 of Co,
below LC5o dose. Red spots, loosening of scales and decolourisation of skin were noted morphologically while
decrease in total red blood cell count, white blood cell count and heamocrite value was noted under
hematological investigation. In differential WBC count, increase 'in number of granulocytes excluding
neutrophils and decrease in number of agranulocytes and neutrophils were observed. In microscopic and
electron microscopic examination, different grades of tissue destruction was noticed in ground matrix as well as
in lymphoid follicles. All the changes noted under the present study clearly depict various levels of damage in
lymphoid organs due to exposure of selected heavy metals and the maximum damage observed in case of cobalt.
KEYWORDS: fish lymphoid follicle, Blood cells, lymphoid follicles, Histopathology, Electron microscopic
study
I. INTRODUCTION
Fishes are frequently exposed to multiple, sequential or concurrent stressors. It appears that the
physiological response to such events is adaptive in terms of resisting the stressors but could be maladaptive in
terms of allostatic load [1,2]. Healthy fish exhibit both nonspecific and specific immune responses depending
directly on environmental temperature. Pollution of the natural aquatic environment with industrial or
agricultural sewage is an important immunosuppressing factor resulting in higher susceptibility to infectious
diseases. Usually, the possible immunotoxicity of a substance is evaluated using quantification of humoral
factors like lysozyme, complement, C-reactive protein or total immunoglobulins but less often using functional
assays. Furthermore, most of the functional assays (phagocytosis, respiratory burst, proliferative response) are
based on the measurement of the response of resting but not of specific activated immune cells. However, the
physiological responses of the immune system to an infection are based on a complex, stepwise activation and
proliferation, especially of the specific immune functions after first contact to the microorganisms.
The nonantigenic material is trapped mainly in three locations, splenic ellipsoids [3], sinusoidal blood
vessels, macrophages and reticular cells of the kidney [3,4] and ventricular endothelial cells and
atrialendocardial macrophages of the heart [5]. There are enough evidences to support the cytological damage in
animals including fish also, due to higher concentration of heavy metals in aquatic environment [6-13]. The
rapidly increasing pollutions in the aquatics system due effluents discharge from various sources, made it
mandatory to understand the impact of these pollutants on the health of aquatic organisms. Thus, the present
work is conducted to analyze the impact of different concentrations of heavy metals; Cr (VI), Cu (II) and Co (II)
are evaluated on lymphoid cells of head kidney which are very prominent in the aquatic system. For the purpose
of present work, some bottom dwelling fishes were required and thus the Channa gachua was suitable candidate
for this purpose.
II. MATERIAL AND METHODS
Experimental Protocols
Individuals of air breathing catfish C. gachua, were procured from local fish market in living condition
and transported to laboratory. They were acclimatized for seven days in laboratory condition during which they
were fed on minced goat liver @ 2% of their body weight. Length and weight of fish were measured and the
individuals ranging between 14-18 cm in length and 25-35 g in weight were selected for experiment. To
eliminate unwanted microflora, water was treated with antiviral drug (Zovirex:Wellcome, India), antibacterial
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drugs (Gentamycin, Streptomycin and Penicillin : E-Merck, Germany) and antimycotic drug (Amphotericine B:
Sarabhai, India). A group of ten individuals each was kept in two concentrations of copper sulfate (CuSO4 0.22
and 0.32 mg/1), potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7 0.22 and 0.32 mg/1) and cobalt sulfate (CoSO4 0.22 and 0.32
mg/1) in aquaria of size 90x45x45 cm. Observations were made on 24 hourly basis continuously for 15 days and
the mortality if any was recorded. The fresh water was used as a medium for control. After the termination of
experiment, the individuals were sacrificed for collection of blood and head kidneys were dissected out for
histological and cytological details. The temperature throughout the experiment was maintained at 20-24 o
C and
the water used was disinfected by using antibiotics and passed through UV light.
Blood Collection and hematological Parameters
The haematological parameters of fish exposed to different heavy metals were compared with
apparently healthy individuals with no visual disease symptoms. For this purpose, the blood samples were taken
from the caudal peduncle and heart with the help of 2 ml disposable syringe. R.B.Cs. and W.B.Cs. were counted
with the help of haemocytometer. Blood smears were prepared and stained by the method given by Anderson,
[14] for the differential count of W.B.Cs. Hemoglobin concentration was measured by using hemoglobin meter.
Histopathology
For the histological examination, dissected head kidneys were preserved in aqueous Bouin’s fluid for
48-72 hours. They were then processed routinely and prepared into paraffin blocks. The blocks of the tissue
were cut at 4-6 mm in thickness and stained with Delafield’s Haematoxylin and Eosin (H.E.) and studied under
microscopes on different magnification and photographed.
Electron Microscopy
The samples for the electron microscopic studies were prepared as per procedure given by Madeley
[15]. Head kidney tissue was fixed in Karnovosky’s solution and ultra-thin sections were visualized under
transmission electron microscope at the All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi.
III. OBSERVATIONS
Effect on Fish Morphology
The fish under controlled condition showed no superficial symptoms within 10 days of experiment.
Overall reduction in mucus quantity on skin and disappearance of scales at certain places has observed in all
most all cases. The fish kept in 0.22-mg/l concentration of chromium exhibited the appearance of red spots on
the skin after 11th
day of treatment. In case of 0.32-mg/l concentration of chromium the red spots were observed
on 9th
day of the experiment. The fish 0.22 mg/l concentration of cobalt showed the occurrence of red spots after
the 7th
day of experiment while those kept in 0.32 mg/1 concentration of cobalt showed the appearance of red
spots after 6th
day of experiment. The fishes kept in 0.22 mg/l concentration of copper exhibited decolourisation
of skin after 6th
day, descaling after the 8th
day and red spots after 12th
day of experiment. While in case of those
kept in 0.32-mg/l concentration of copper, the decolourisation appeared after 3rd
day, descaling after 4th
day and
red spots after 10th
and haemorrhage after 13th
day of the experiment (Tab.1).
Table- 1 Showing the result of experimental trials with heavy metals
Days of
treatment
Control Concs.of Cr (mg/l) Concs. of Cu (mg/l) Concs. of Co (mg/l)
Water 0.22 0.32 0.22 0.32 0.22 0.32
1 - - - - dc dc -
2 - - dc - ds - dc
3 - - + - + - ds
4 - dc + dc + ds Rs
5 - + + + + Rs -
6 - ds ds ds + + +
7 - + Rs + + + +
8 - + + + Rs + +
9 - Rs + + + + +
10 - + + Rs + + +
11 - + + + Hm + +
12 - + + + + + Hm
13 - + + + + + +
Hm – haemorrhage, dc – decolouration, Rs – Red spot, ds- descaleing
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Effect on Haematological Parameters
The hematological parameters in the fishes of controlled set are found to be normal, in which the
Hemoglobin count, Pack cell volume (PCV), Total Erythrocyte Count (TEC) and Total Leucocytes count (TLC)
are (9.0), 2.4 x 106
± 0.05, 0.01x 103
± 0.14 and 42.6% respectively. The decrepitude from the normal, are
noticed in all most all cases where the fishes are treated with the heavy metal at the experimental concentrations.
The maximum reduction in the hemoglobin concentration in notices in the fishes treated with the set in which
the fish is treated with 0.32 mg/l concentration of cobalt and this was 6.3. The values of PCV, TEC and TLC are
also reduced significantly in this case and these are 35.8, 1.46x106
±0.16 and 7.5 x103
±0.12. In case of the fishes
treated with copper (II), the values of hemoglobin, PCV, TEC, TLC was found to be 7.1-7.8, 37.5, 1.92-1.78 x
106
±0.16 and 7.9-7.6x103
± 0.17 respectively, which are well within the range of the rest two other metals
tested under present work (Tab 2).
Table – 2 showing the hematological parameters of healthy and experimentally treated Channa gachua
Set Conc. of heavy
metals (in mg/l)
TEC 106
/l TLC 103
/l Hb
(%)
PCV
(%)
Control ------- 2.4 ± 0.05 10.01 ± 0.14 9.0 42.6
Fishes with
Chromium
0.22 2.0 ± 0.12 8.13 ± 0.14 7.8 36
0.32 1.89 ± 0.16 8.01 ± 0.13 7.2 38
Fishes with
copper
0.22 1.92 ± 0.16 7.9 ± 0.17 7.1 37.5
0.32 1.78 ± 0.16 7.6 ± 0.12 7.8 37.5
Fishes with
cobalt
0.22 1.59 ± 0.21 7.5 ± 0.11 6.9 36
0.32 1.46 ± 0.16 7.65 ± 0.13 6.3 35.8
TEC= Total Erythrocytes Count; TLC =Total Leucocytes count; Hb= Hemoglobin; PCV = Pack cell Volum
The differential leukocytes counts also reflected the condition of stress in the fishes, studied under present work.
The maximum percentage of eosinophiles was 7.9, recorded in the fishes treated with the 0.22 mg/l
concentration of the cobalt while the maximum percentage of neutrophils was 17.5, recorded in same set of
fishes. Similarly, the maximum percentages of lymphocytes and monocytes are found to be 61.1 and 33 in set
where the fishes treated with the chromium and cobalt respectively (Tab.3).
Table –3 Showing differential leucocytes count in healthy and experimentally treated Channa gachua
Set Conc. of heavy
metals (in mg/l)
Eosinophiles Basophiles Neutrophiles Lymphocytes Monocytes
Control ------- 6.90 1. 0 14.6 56.40 22.1
Fishes Treated
with Chromium
0.22 7.40 2. 0 7.1 59.10 26.4
0.32 6.40 3. 0 0.6 61.10 31.9
Fishes treated
with copper
0.22 6.90 4. 0.5 2.6 60.40 29.6
0.32 7.10 5. 0 12.8 55.5 24.6
Fishes treated
with cobalt
0.22 7.90 6. 0.5 17.5 51.2 22.9
0.32 7.80 7. 0.5 8.92 52.95 33.63
Effect on Lymphoid Tissues : The histological observations of kidney of untreated fish revealed two clear-cut
parts; one that of ground matrix in which cells are found scattered and the second, which contains encapsulated
lymphoid follicles, intermingled with the ground matrix. The lymphoid follicles are encapsulated by dense
collagen tissue, from which tuberculae extended up to variable distance into follicle. The parenchyma of
follicles consists of an open meshwork of reticuline fiber, which provides support for an ever-changing
population of lymphocytes. The cortex consists of densely packed lymphocytes. In the present study, the cortex
is not found dividing into outer and inner cortex, but lymphoid follicles are found to be distributed throughout
the region without any distinction of cortical region. The lymphoid follicles seem to be comprised of an outer
densely cell rich cortex and a pale stained medulla. The deeper cortex or Para cortical zone also densely cellular
but has a more homogenous staining appearance. Some lymphoid follicles appear to be located deep in the Para
cortex, which might be due to the plane of section. The superficial cortex, the Para cortex and medulla represent
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the different centers of immunological activity in the lymph node being dominated by B-lymphocytes,
T-lymphocytes and plasma cells, respectively (Fig.1).
Fig. 1. Micrograph of a c.s. of a cephalokidney of
C.gachua experimentally treated with Cu (x 450)
Fig.2. Micrograph of a c.s. of a cephalokidney of
C.gachua experimentally treated with Cr (x 450)
The head kidney of fishes treated with cobalt sulfate (CoII) revealed conspicuous damage. The histological
sections when observed under microscope exhibited great damage in the ground parenchyma, which has got
disintegrated at many places resulting in formation of lacunae. Large number of haemopoietic cells is seen
scattered in the ground parenchyma while the periphery of the lymphoid follicle is found to be damaged (Fig. 2).
The head kidney of fishes treated with potassium dichromate (Cr VI) also revealed conspicuous damage.
Formation of several lacunae is observed in the ground parenchyma due to disintegration of the reticuline fibers
but lymphoid follicles are found to be intact. Several crypts are observed in the tissue and huge amount of
lymphoid cells is found to be scattered in ground substance due to rupturing of lymphoid follicles at certain
places (Fig.3).The head kidney of fishes treated with copper sulfate (CuII) revealed considerable damage. The
lymphoid follicles are also found to be considerably damaged and lymphoid cells are observed scattered
throughout the ground matrix. Apart from this, the reticuline fibers are also completely damaged and cellular
texture has got disintegrated and thus lymphoid follicles are also found to be disintegrated (Figs. 4).
Fig.3 Micrograph of a c.s. of a cephalokidney (ck) of
C.gachua experimentally treated with Co (x 450)
Fig.4 Ultrastructure of c.s. through (ck) of healthy
C.gachua showing histological details (x 26.1K)
The ultra structural observations of the head kidney of untreated C. gachua are exhibited typical
teleostean structure. Some lymphocytes seem to occupy defined areas in kidney. The lymphohemopiotic cells
are seen scattered randomly throughout stroma of histoenzymatically heterogeneous fibroblastic reticular cells
and sinusoidal blood vessels. Every hemopiotic cell lineage seems to be differentiated from cell progenitor
Antigen Processing Cells (APC) and B-lymphocytes are also seen to be present in the kidney. The
lymphoheamopiotic cells occur in scattered condition or forming pyronimophilic cell clusters. In some cases,
various lymphoid cells are found to be scattered at various stages of their maturity including macrophages,
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granulocytes and lymphocytes. A single macrophage with some lymphocytes is observed in the renal cortex.
Apart from this some lymphoid cells including lymphocytes and granulocytes are observed as single blast cells
(Figs. 5-8).The basic architecture of the renal lymphoid organ treated with potassium dichromate (Cr VI) is
found to be disturbed but macrophages are observed intact. Many granulocytes are observed to be scattered in
the renal matrix. Macrophages are also found to be prominent but compact renal matrix with scattered
manufacturing lymphocytes is not observed. At the cellular level, large number of lysosomes is observed.
Rough endoplasmic reticulum is not seen and mitochondria are found in deformed in shape. In some cases large
number of granulocytes is found to be prominent along with the weakly stained neutrophils (Figs.9-12).
Fig.5. Ultrastructure of c.s. through (ck)
of healthy C.gachua showing detail
structure of lymphoid folical with large
number of mitochondria (x13.5 K)
Fig.6. Ultrastructure of c.s. through
(ck) of healthy fish showing cellular
organization in head kidney (x72 K)
Fig.7. Ultrastructure of c.s. through
(ck) of healthy fish with enlarged view
of plasma cell and lymphocytes (x
36.9K)
Fig.8. Ultrastructure of c.s. through (ck)
of C.gachua treated with chromium,
showing enlarged view of
lymphocytes (x 72.9K)
Fig.9. Ultrastructure of c.s. through
(ck) of C.gachua treated with
chromium, showing enlarged view of
macrophage with APC (x 13.5K)
Fig.10. Ultrastructure of c.s. through
(ck) treated with Cr, showing the
damaged histological architecture
(x72K)
Fig.11. Ultrastructure of c.s. through
(ck) of C.gachua treated with
chromium, showing enlarged view of
lymphoid folical (x13.5K)
Fig.12. Ultrastructure of c.s. through
(ck) of fish treated with Cu, showing
damaged histological architecture with
centrally located macrophage
surrounded by lymphocytes (x13.5 K)
Fig.13. Ultrastructure of c.s. through
(ck) of C.gachua treated with
chromium, showing detailed structure
of eosinophil with many granules,
lysosomes and mitochondria (x 40.5
K)
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Fig.14. Ultrastructure of c.s. through
(ck) of C.gachua treated with copper,
showing the histological detail of
germinal follicle (x 13.5 K)
Fig.15. Ultrastructure of c.s. through
(ck) of C.gachua treated with copper,
showing the detail of peripheral zone
of a germinal follicle (x 26.1K)
Fig.16. Ultrastructure of c.s. through
(ck) of C.gachua treated with copper,
showing the enlarged view of germinal
follicle (x 73.8 K)
Fig.17. Ultrastructure of c.s. through
cephalokidney of C.gachua treated with
copper, showing the capsulated
germinal follicle(x 13.5 K)
Fig.18. Ultrastructure of c.s. through
cephalokidney of C.gachua treated
with copper, showing the damaged
lymphoid follicle with peripherally
megakaryocytes (x 37.8 K)
Fig.19 Ultrastructure of c.s. through
cephalokidney of C.gachua treated
with cobalt, showing the germinal
follicle with large number of
monocytes and APC (x 10.35 K)
Fig.20. Ultrastructure of c.s. through
cephalokidney of C.gachua treated with
cobalt, showing the enlarged view of
germinal follicle with monocytes and
plasma cells (x 37.8 K)
In case of fishes treated with copper sulfate (CuII), the basic architecture of lymphoid organs is seen to
be damaged. The cells are found loosely arranged and large intracellular spaces are observed in cortex of the
renal lymphoid portion. The number of macrophages has become highly decreased and they exhibited large
number of pseudopodia. A large number of melanophorocytes are also observed in renal lymphoid matrix along
with large melanophorocyte progenitor cells. In this case a large number of lymphocyte at different stage of
production is observed along with eosinophils and basophils. Large number of basophils is observed when basic
architecture of lymphoid follicle is somewhat intact. Some lymphoid aggregate are also seen as compact mass
with small black spaces of fibroblastic reticulo-endothetial cells (Figs. 13-16).
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In case of cobalt (CoII) treated fishes, the renal lymphoid architecture is nearly completely destroyed.
The renal lymphoid matrix is found with scattered macrophages and lymphocytes. The margins of
reticulo-endothetial fibroblastic cell are also found to be loosely arranged along with some lymphoid cells. The
haemopiotic cells are also seen to be originated in large number with damaged fibroblastic matrix. At some
places, the endothelial lining of the renal matrix contains many lymphocytes at various stages of development
(Figs17-19). Under the present work, some cells are seen, differentiated out from the matrix. These are of the
size 16-20, containing centrally located nucleus surrounded by some unrecognized partials of size 0.4 and 9
in numbers (Fig.20).
IV. DISCUSSION
The impact of heavy metals including Al, Cu, Cd, Pb, Ni, and Zn, on fish immune response has been
extensively studied on liver, kidney, skin and gill in many fishes and found to cause great damage at
architectural and functional level [6-13], but exact role on lymphoid organ is still to be established.Stressful
situation results in cascade of events that are transduced via, nervous and endocrine system [11] [15-18] and
predispose fish to disease [19, 20]. The catcholamine and cortisol, main teleost renal hormone directly or
indirectly result in secondary and tertiary immune response that can be generally classified as those involve in
energy metabolism, hydromineral balance, and other major physiological function that may affect disease
resistance [16] [20-21].The experimental trials with three different metals viz. potassium dichromate (Cr VI),
copper sulfate (Cu II) and Cobalt sulfate (CoII) are conducted to observe their impact on the first line of defense
i.e. rupturing the mechanical, physiological and immunological barriers, revealed that all the three metals have
their more or less role in breaking of these barriers and great loss in the mucous quantity. The first line of
defense in a fish includes physical barriers like scales and skin and bio chemical barriers like mucous which
contain bacteriolytic enzymes [22], which are found to be damaged to more or less extent in all the cases. The
same type of disorder is reported by Gupta and Rajbanshi, [23] for copper, Khangrot and Tripathi [13] for
chromium but no correlation with cobalt has been appeared in the literature. Under the present study, cobalt has
been found to be having the maximum deteriorating effects among the metals selected. Till date, no direct
correlation is established to correlate the ultra structural disorders of lymphoid organs as related to stresses
especially caused by heavy metals. In the present study, the lymphoid organs of treated fish exhibited a marked
destruction as compared to that of a normal fish. The basic architecture of lymphoid organ, the natural reticulo-
endothelial lining and the matrix of lymphoid tissues are also found to be disturbed and/ or damaged.
The histological study of fishes treated with copper showed considerable damage in histological
architecture of lymphoid organs. The histological sections of fishes treated with chromium showed considerable
amount of histological damage. The ground parenchyma is noticed damaged due to disintegration of the
reticuline fiber but lymphoid follicles are found to be intact. The kidney sustained much histological damage in
case of fish exposed to cobalt exhibiting necrosis. The destruction of tissues of the treated fish, as compared to
normal one, is reported by Gupta and Rajbanshi [23] and Dalela et al. [24].The fishes treated with copper also
showed same impact on the ultra structure of fish lymphoid organ. In case of ultra structure of lymphoid organ
of fishes treated with cobalt, drastic changes in normal architecture of lymphoid organ have been noticed. The
supporting parenchyma matrix of cortex has completely lost. Lymphocytes are found in loose arrangement and
the cortex of the lympho-haemopiotic capsule, and all lymphocytes have got converted into dendratic natural
killer cells with large number of parapodia and ground parenchymatus tissue has been completely destroyed.
Numerous lacunae are observed in the histological section of fish exposed to cobalt. Considerable damage is
observed in the histological sections of the tissue when noticed and the ground parenchyma is seen disintegrated
at certain places. Large number of haemopoietic cells is found scattered in the ground parenchyma while the
periphery of the lymphoid follicles is found to be damaged. Varying degree of damage has been reported in
different tissues of fish exposed to copper chromium and cobalt [10][13][25-28].Furthermore, the observed
effects on the lymphoid organ of Channa gachua can be explained on the basis of their impact caused by heavy
metals on cellular metabolism. TbF deleterious effects on cells associated with oxidative stress, such as lipid
peroxidation, methenoglobunimia, and DNA oxidation, have also been investigated in aquatic animals [29-48].
This can be explained on the basis of the studies conducted in relation with the impact of heavy metals on
cellular metabolism. The correlation of the above facts supports the observations made during the present study.
V. CONCLUSION
On the basis of above discussion, it is clear that all the three heavy metals, applied for the present work,
have their adverse effects on immune system of fishes. These metals weaken the immune system by districting
the lymphoid tissues, which in turn decreased the rate of heamatopiosis and ultimately lead to impairment in
various immunological reactions in the fishes. Authors also report the maximum deterioration in case of fishes
treated with cobalt.
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