This document defines and explains histograms and historigrams. It begins by defining a histogram as a representation of a frequency distribution using rectangles whose widths represent class intervals and whose areas are proportional to the corresponding frequencies. It then provides an example of constructing a histogram from a data set. A historigram is defined as a graph of a time series with the value of the series on the y-axis plotted against time on the x-axis. The document explains the key parts of a histogram and provides steps for constructing one. It also discusses different types of histograms like uniform, bimodal and symmetric histograms.

1. TOPIC:
HISTROGRAM
HISTORIGRAM
 Prepared by
 Saliha shaheen
- Dept. of mathematics - Faculty of
Science
SUBMITTED TO:
MAAM SAIMA ATIF

2. Group(03)
 GROUP MEMBER
 HADIA 19104009-053
 SALIHA SHAHEEN 19104009-048
 SANA 19104009-049
 MAHIM 19104009-064
 FARWA Akbar 19104009-046

3. Histogram

4. What Is Histogram?
It is a representation of a frequency distribution by means of
rectangles whose widths represent class intervals and whose
areas are proportional to the corresponding frequencies.
It Looks like
SALIHA SHAHEEN(048)

5. Simple Example-2
Consider the set {3, 11, 12, 19, 22, 23, 24, 25, 27, 29, 35, 36,
37, 45, 49}
Instead of bin the data are converted into convenient ranges.
In this case, with a bin width of 10, we can easily group the
data as below & we can construct histogram as below
Data Range Frequency
0-10 1
10-20 3
20-30 6
30-40 4
40-50 2

6. Mathematical Definition
In a more general mathematical sense, a histogram is a
function mi that counts the number of observations that fall
into each of the disjoint categories (known as bins).
let n be the total number of observations and k be the total
number of bins, the histogram mi meets the following
conditions:

7. When Are Histograms Used?
Summarize large data sets graphically
Compare measurements to specifications
Communicate information to the team
Assist in decision making

8. What are the parts of a Histogram?
Histogram is made up of five parts:
Title:
The title briefly describes the information that is contained in
the Histogram.
Horizontal or X-Axis:
The horizontal or X-axis shows you the scale of values into
which the measurements fit.
Bars:
The bars have two important characteristics—height and width.
The height represents the number of times the values within an
interval occurred. The width represents the length of the interval
covered by the bar. It is the same for all bars.
HADIA(053)

9. Continue.
Vertical or Y-Axis:
The vertical or Y-axis is the scale that shows you the number of
times the values within an interval occurred. The number of
times is also referred to as "frequency.³
Legend:
The legend provides additional information that documents
where the data came from and how the measurements were
gathered

11. Steps of Histogram
Step 1 - Count number of data points
Step 2 - Summarize on a tally sheet
Step 3 - Compute the range
Step 4 - Determine number of intervals
Step 5 - Compute interval width
Step 6 - Determine interval starting points
Step 7 - Count number of points in each interval
Step 8 - Plot the data
Step 9 - Add title and legend SANA(049)

12. Histogram Types
 Let us discuss the different types of histogram
here. The following are the different types:
 Uniform Histogram
. Uniform distribution also a rectangle or flat
distribution it is distribution that has constant
probability.

13.  Bimodal Histogram
 A data is ka biomodel if it has two modes.it means
that there is not a single data values that arises
with highest frequency.

14.  Symmetric Histogram
 When you draw the vertical line down the centre
of the histogram, and the two sides are identical in
size and shape, the histogram is said to be
symmetric. The diagram is perfectly symmetric if
the right half portion of the image is exactly
identical to the left half. The histograms that are
not symmetric are known as skewed.
Mahim(064)

15. Probability Histogram
When you draw the vertical line down the centre of the
histogram, and the two sides are identical in size and
shape, the histogram is said to be symmetric. The diagram
is perfectly symmetric if the right half portion of the image
is exactly identical to the left half. The histograms that are
not symmetric are known as skewed.

16. 
Historigram

17.  Historigram
Historigram term used to denote a
graph of a time series with the value
of the series as ordinate against time
as abscissa Category
FARWA(046)

18.  Historigram constructed
 Historigram is constructed by taking
 It is a graph of time series
 Arrangement of data by their time of occurrence
 Time is marked on X-axis
 Variable is marked on Y-axis

20. HISTROGRAM
In histogram numerical data is
represented in the form of
vertical bars.
Each of the bars represents
the frequency.
HISTORIGRAM
historigram is a time series
graph wherein different values
in the series are represented
against time.

21.  Difference between diagram and graph

22. Thank You
Made by: saliha shaheen