The document summarizes key events and figures in the relationship between the Papacy and European monarchs from the 11th-14th centuries. Pope Gregory VII asserted papal supremacy over clerical appointments, leading to the Investiture Controversy with Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV. This established the Pope's authority but also strained relations between church and state. The 13th century Popes took on more attributes of kings, launching inquisitions and conflicts with rulers like Philip IV of France, while new theological methods like scholasticism emerged to reconcile authorities.

1. Henry IV of Germany
Pope Gregory VII

2.  Changes in the church
 Papacy: dominant organizational force in western
Christianity
 Pope Leo IX a reformer, appointed by his cousin, German Emperor
Henry III
 Outlawed Simony: buying church offices
 Tried to enforce priestly celibacy (in the year 1000, majority of parish
priests were married)
 1059 Pope Nicholas II papal decree—only Cardinals could elect the
Pope
 Middle ages—neither Kings nor Popes could imagine a separation of
powers of church and state
 Decree of 1059 raised concerns about the nature of cooperation
between church leaders and state leaders
 Both Kings and Popes were corrupt by today’s standards

3. Pope LEO IX Pope Nicholas II

4.  Pope Gregory VII (1073-1085)
 Election violently supported by a mob of Romans
 Violated terms of Papal decree of 1059
 Caused friction between Pope and Henry IV
 Could a lay person appoint Bishops or Abbots?
 Gregory VII prohibited all clerics from accepting church offices
from a layman even if the layman was a king
 Henry IV refused to accept this and appointed a new archbishop in
Milan
 Gregory reminded Henry that Gregory was the successor to St. Peter
and Henry owed Gregory the same obedience
 Gregory renounced his obedience to Gregory reminding Gregory
that his election as Pope violated the decree of 1059
 Gregory excommunicated Henry and called on his subjects to rebel
 Saxon Nobility renewed their civil war
 Henry must humble himself at Canossa

5.  Henry forbidden to invest Bishops or Abbots with the
symbols of their religious office (staff and ring)
 Henry was permitted to invest Bishops and Abbots with the
symbols of their secular office (lance)
 Monastery lands owed rents to the King
 Monastery’s were required to support the King in times of war
or rebellion
 Kings permitted to be present at investiture of Bishops (to
mediate over disputes)
 Papal victory
 Strengthened the Papal claim to supremacy over the clergy
 Population rejected Bishops, Priests and Abbots who had
purchased their office
 Population rejected married Priests

6.  Increase in number of parish churches
 Married Priests had to leave wives or leave the church
 Establishment of cannon courts in which litigants
could appeal to the Pope (outside the jurisdiction of
the Kings)

7.  Cluny freed itself from obligation to noble families by
placing itself under the direct protection of the pope.
 Benefactor of Cluny relinquished control over Cluny
property.
 Cluny benefactor and family granted special spiritual
privileges including guarantee of heaven.

9.  Became Pope at 37
 Goal: bring all of Christendom under Papal hegemony
and to recover Jerusalem from the Muslims
 Believed that Pope had the right to discipline Kings
who sinned
 Engineered the accession of Frederick II to power as
Emperor of Germany
 Increased church lands in Northern Italy of which
Pope was the secular Prince
 Vatican City
 Power to tax parishes

10.  Heresy is the assertion of a controversial or novel
change to the established dogma of a religion
 Pope Innocent III supported the Medieval Inquisition
to stamp out Christian heresy
 Cathars
 Waldensians
 Episcopal Inquisition
 Medieval Inquisition
 Torture permitted after 1252
 Could not result in bloodshed, births, mutilation or death
 Could only be used once
 Full Confessions

12.  13th century Popes acted more like Kings and less like
Christ’s Representative on Earth
 Failure of the Crusades
 Inquisitions
 Conflict with Frederick II involved the church in purely
political controversy over who had secular control over
territories in Italy
 Pope Boniface III (1294-1303)
 National monarchies had gained more loyalty than papal
power
 Clerical taxation
 Conflict with King Philip IV of France

13.  Increased emphasis on differences between Christians and
non-Christians
 Distinctive badges identified Jews, Muslims and Heretics in
most Western Kingdoms
 Expulsion of Jews
 England 1290
 France 1306

14.  Philip IV of France levied taxes on French Clergy up to
½ of income from Church property
 Pope Boniface III issued decree forbidding clergy from
transferring any property to the French crown
 Philip called a meeting of Bishops, Aristocrats and
merchants to condemn the Pope
 Boniface arrested and held in France
 Boniface died (1303), Benedict XI died in 1304.
 French Cardinals narrowly elected Clement V and
moved the seat of the Papacy to Avignon in France

16.  Scholasticism: a method of reconciling the claims of
competing authorities by applying Aristotle’s
principles of logic to them
 Some early scholastics called this method “dialectic”
 Dialectic= thesis + antithesis = synthesis
 Abelard
 The Story of My Calamities
 Sic et Nom (Yes and No)
 Peter Lombard
 Book of Sentences theological questions, apparently
contradictory answers from the Bible and Christian
teachings; synthesis in answers

17. Here there arises a question. For it has been said … and
completely fortified by authorities, that the Will of God,… and (which) is
called His “Good Pleasure”, cannot be cancelled, because by that Will …
He has done in Heaven and on Earth: Which, according to the testimony
of the Apostle, nothing resists.
Therefore, it is asked, in what manner is what the Apostles says of
the Lord, “Who wills that all men to come to be saved,” is to be
accepted? For since not all come to be saved, but more are damned, it
seems, … what God wills to be done, a human will impeding the Will of
God…. The Gospel says: How often I willed to gather thy children together,
just as the hen gathers her chicks under (her) wings, and thou wouldst
not! Thus these are said, as if God’s Will has been overcome by the will of
men, and (as if) … the Most Powerful One could not do, what He wanted.
Where is, therefore, that omnipotence, by which, according to the
Prophet, all whatsoever He has willed, He has done in Heaven and on
Earth?
Lombard, Peter. The Four Books of Sentences. Ad Claras Aquas, 1882, Vol.
1, pp. 814-818. http://www.franciscan-archive.org/lombardus/opera/ls1-
46.html. (Accessed 11/6/2011).

18.  Summa Theologica
 God created the world
 Study of the natural
world can lead to
knowledge of God
 Reason supports faith

19. La Divina Commedia di Dante (Dante and the Divine Comedy). 1465 fresco, in the dome of the Florence
Cathedral.

20.  Describes Dante’s journey through hell, purgatory and
earth
 Guides: Roman poet Virgil and Dante’s deceased love,
Beatrice
 Virgil represents reason and classical learning
 Guides Dante through hell and purgatory
 Beatrice represents Christian wisdom and blessedness
 Guides Dante through Paradise

22. "... But to that second circle of sad hell,
Where ‘mid the gust, the whirlwind, and the
flaw
Of rain and hail-stones, lovers need not tell
Their sorrows. Pale were the sweet lips I saw,
Pale were the lips I kiss’d, and fair the form
I floated with, about that melancholy
storm."

25. "… I saw multitudes
to every side of me; their howls were loud
while, wheeling weights, they used their
chests to push.
They struck against each other; at that point,
each turned around and, wheeling back
those weights,
cried out: Why do you hoard? Why do you
squander?' "

27. "From these two, art and nature, it is fitting,
if you recall how Genesis begins,
for men to make their way, to gain their
living;
and since the usurer prefers another
pathway, he scorns both nature in herself
and art her follower; his hope is elsewhere."
Of every malice gaining the hatred of Heaven,
injustice is the goal;
and every such goal injures someone
either with force or fraud.

29. Violent against people
And property.
Submerged in boiling
River guarded by
Centaurs. Alexander
The Great is buried up
To his chin.

36. Chartres Cathedral

37. Cologne Cathedral France

38. Upper Chapel at Saint
Chappelle Cathedral,
France

39. Façade intended to demonstrate to
Approaching worshippers, both the
Might of God and the
Might of the institution.
Western Façade of the Cathedral of
Notre Dame in Paris

41.  Carry water away from the walls
 Divide the flow of rainwater away from the roof
 Adopted from ancient Egyptians and Greeks
 Used by the Church as a representation of evil
 Frighten worshippers
 Remind them that the end is near
 Assured worshippers that evil is kept outside the church
 Lions most used image
 Chimeras: combination of animal body parts to create new
creatures.
 Chimeras remind the people not to underestimate the devil

42. Drogo’s Sacramentary

43.  Virile and unpolished warrior society
 Bloody
 Heroic warfare
 Honor
 Loyalty
 Women subordinate to men
 Song of Roland (French)
 Song of the Nibelungs (German)
 Poem of the Cid (Spanish)

44.  Not merely revival of classical learning
 Adapted classical ideas to new, Christian culture