The Council of Trent definitively reaffirmed the Catholic Church's doctrine of Purgatory in 1563. It taught that Purgatory exists and souls there are aided by prayers, Masses, and alms from the faithful. The Council also addressed Protestant criticisms of indulgences by condemning abuses but upholding the Church's power to grant them. This settled the doctrines of Purgatory and indulgences as official Catholic dogma despite the theological disputes of the Reformation era.
Throughout the centuries of Rome's existence, the popes have regularly claimed to be divine. As the supposed successor of Peter, the Pope claims infallibility, the position of God on Earth, and ability to judge and excommunicate angels.
The Catholic Council of Trent in 1545 declared this:
We define that the Holy Apostolic See and the Roman Pontiff hold primacy over the whole world.
His 101 chapter 10a religious & intellectual developments 1100 1300dcyw1112
The document summarizes key events and figures in the relationship between the Papacy and European monarchs from the 11th-14th centuries. Pope Gregory VII asserted papal supremacy over clerical appointments, leading to the Investiture Controversy with Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV. This established the Pope's authority but also strained relations between church and state. The 13th century Popes took on more attributes of kings, launching inquisitions and conflicts with rulers like Philip IV of France, while new theological methods like scholasticism emerged to reconcile authorities.
There was widespread corruption, immorality, and cruelty throughout the history of the papacy. Many popes engaged in murder, nepotism, selling positions in the church, and other sins. They persecuted those deemed heretics, resulting in the torture and deaths of thousands over 600 years. However, the doctrine of papal infallibility was introduced, despite clear contradictions between popes on important doctrines and practices. The Bible does not support the claim that popes or any leaders are infallible or should be revered as "Holy Father".
Art and Culture - Module 10 - Reformation and Counter-ReformationRandy Connolly
Tenth module for GNED 1201 (Aesthetic Experience and Ideas). This one mainly covers the Reformation and Counter-Reformation of the 16th and early 17th Century. It also covers aesthetic responses to the Reformation, especially Caravaggio and Bernini.
This course is a required general education course for all first-year students at Mount Royal University in Calgary, Canada. My version of the course is structured as a kind of Art History and Culture course. Some of the content overlaps with my other Gen Ed course.
This document provides an editorial introduction and the first chapter of a magazine discussing the doctrine of righteousness by faith. The introduction notes that the Pauline doctrine of righteousness by faith has suffered erosion in modern churches. Chapter 1 discusses how the doctrine was understood during the Reformation. It notes that prior to Luther, righteousness by faith was often confused with sanctification. Luther initially followed Augustine in this view as a young Catholic theologian, but had a breakthrough experience where he understood righteousness as entirely outside of works, being credited to believers through faith in Christ alone. This realization marked Luther becoming a true Protestant and the birth of Protestantism. The chapter examines how Luther came to clearly distinguish righteousness by faith and righteousness of life, with salvation wholly
A Geo Strategic Overview of The Greatest Century of ReformationPeter Hammond
1) Martin Luther challenges the corruption of the Catholic Church by posting his 95 Theses criticizing the selling of indulgences.
2) At the Diet of Worms in 1521, Luther refuses to recant his writings, declaring that his "conscience is captive to the Word of God."
3) Luther is declared an outlaw by the Holy Roman Empire but protected by Prince Frederick of Saxony. He goes into hiding where he translates the New Testament into German.
This document provides the contents and introductions to the book "Theology and Sanity" by Frank J. Sheed. The book contains theology aimed at providing readers with the essential minimum information needed to live mentally in the real world. The foreword discusses the author's goal of teaching those who know less theology than himself. The preface to the revised edition, written 33 years later, discusses how the book was shaped by feedback from audiences and discusses important developments in theology and the Church since the original publication.
Throughout the centuries of Rome's existence, the popes have regularly claimed to be divine. As the supposed successor of Peter, the Pope claims infallibility, the position of God on Earth, and ability to judge and excommunicate angels.
The Catholic Council of Trent in 1545 declared this:
We define that the Holy Apostolic See and the Roman Pontiff hold primacy over the whole world.
His 101 chapter 10a religious & intellectual developments 1100 1300dcyw1112
The document summarizes key events and figures in the relationship between the Papacy and European monarchs from the 11th-14th centuries. Pope Gregory VII asserted papal supremacy over clerical appointments, leading to the Investiture Controversy with Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV. This established the Pope's authority but also strained relations between church and state. The 13th century Popes took on more attributes of kings, launching inquisitions and conflicts with rulers like Philip IV of France, while new theological methods like scholasticism emerged to reconcile authorities.
There was widespread corruption, immorality, and cruelty throughout the history of the papacy. Many popes engaged in murder, nepotism, selling positions in the church, and other sins. They persecuted those deemed heretics, resulting in the torture and deaths of thousands over 600 years. However, the doctrine of papal infallibility was introduced, despite clear contradictions between popes on important doctrines and practices. The Bible does not support the claim that popes or any leaders are infallible or should be revered as "Holy Father".
Art and Culture - Module 10 - Reformation and Counter-ReformationRandy Connolly
Tenth module for GNED 1201 (Aesthetic Experience and Ideas). This one mainly covers the Reformation and Counter-Reformation of the 16th and early 17th Century. It also covers aesthetic responses to the Reformation, especially Caravaggio and Bernini.
This course is a required general education course for all first-year students at Mount Royal University in Calgary, Canada. My version of the course is structured as a kind of Art History and Culture course. Some of the content overlaps with my other Gen Ed course.
This document provides an editorial introduction and the first chapter of a magazine discussing the doctrine of righteousness by faith. The introduction notes that the Pauline doctrine of righteousness by faith has suffered erosion in modern churches. Chapter 1 discusses how the doctrine was understood during the Reformation. It notes that prior to Luther, righteousness by faith was often confused with sanctification. Luther initially followed Augustine in this view as a young Catholic theologian, but had a breakthrough experience where he understood righteousness as entirely outside of works, being credited to believers through faith in Christ alone. This realization marked Luther becoming a true Protestant and the birth of Protestantism. The chapter examines how Luther came to clearly distinguish righteousness by faith and righteousness of life, with salvation wholly
A Geo Strategic Overview of The Greatest Century of ReformationPeter Hammond
1) Martin Luther challenges the corruption of the Catholic Church by posting his 95 Theses criticizing the selling of indulgences.
2) At the Diet of Worms in 1521, Luther refuses to recant his writings, declaring that his "conscience is captive to the Word of God."
3) Luther is declared an outlaw by the Holy Roman Empire but protected by Prince Frederick of Saxony. He goes into hiding where he translates the New Testament into German.
This document provides the contents and introductions to the book "Theology and Sanity" by Frank J. Sheed. The book contains theology aimed at providing readers with the essential minimum information needed to live mentally in the real world. The foreword discusses the author's goal of teaching those who know less theology than himself. The preface to the revised edition, written 33 years later, discusses how the book was shaped by feedback from audiences and discusses important developments in theology and the Church since the original publication.
This document provides an overview of Christianity, including its origins, major beliefs, divisions, and history. It discusses that Christianity began as a Jewish sect in the 1st century AD and spread throughout the Roman Empire. The three largest Christian groups are the Catholic Church, Eastern Orthodox Church, and various Protestant denominations. It also summarizes key events like the Protestant Reformation in the 16th century and discusses the prevalence of Christianity in countries like the Philippines.
Martin Luther posts his 95 theses criticizing the Catholic Church's sale of indulgences in 1517, sparking the Protestant Reformation. The theses argue that salvation comes through faith alone, not works or Church authority, and criticize the Church's financial exploitation of indulgences. Luther's ideas spread rapidly through the printing press, gaining popularity. The Church excommunicates Luther but he finds protection from German princes seeking independence from Rome. Luther translates the Bible to German, allowing common people to read it. The Reformation gains political support and spreads to England when King Henry VIII breaks with Rome to annul his marriage and seize Church lands.
Martin Luther was a German monk and priest who sparked the Protestant Reformation in 1517. Some key events in Luther's life include discovering the doctrine of justification by faith alone through studying the book of Romans, nailing his 95 Theses criticizing the Catholic Church's sale of indulgences to the door of the Wittenberg Cathedral in 1517, defending his beliefs at the Diet of Worms in 1521 where he refused to recant, translating the Bible into German in 1522, and marrying Katharina von Bora in 1525 which broke with Catholic rules of clerical celibacy. Luther's rediscovery of justification by faith and emphasis on scripture alone had wide-reaching impacts that reformed both
The document summarizes the key events and figures that led to the Protestant Reformation starting in 1517 with Martin Luther posting his 95 Theses criticizing the Catholic Church's sale of indulgences. It describes the political, religious, and social factors that weakened the Church's authority and paved the way for reformers like Luther to challenge Church doctrine and practices. It then outlines the spread of Luther's ideas and the formation of Lutheranism as a new denomination, as well as some negative aspects like Luther's anti-Semitism.
The document summarizes the history of the Catholic Church during the Middle Ages, covering major events and developments from the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 CE to the Protestant Reformation in the 16th century. Key events included the rise of the Frankish kingdom under Charlemagne in the 8th century, the Great Schism that divided the Church in 1054, the Gregorian reforms of the 11th century, and the Counter Reformation in response to the Protestant Reformation in the 16th century.
Martin Luther profoundly changed marriage and the family through his teachings during the Reformation. He rejected the Catholic tradition of celibacy and asceticism, seeing marriage as both natural and necessary. Luther placed high importance on marriage, women, children, and the home. He taught that the home should be the center of life and introduced practices like daily Bible reading, hymn singing, and catechism that made religion a central part of family life. Luther's views permanently altered how Christians viewed and conducted marriage, parenting, and the family role.
The document provides background on the Protestant Reformation that began in the 16th century. It discusses several factors that weakened the authority of the Catholic Church and paved the way for Martin Luther to post his 95 Theses criticizing the sale of indulgences in 1517. This sparked the wider Reformation movement in Germany and other parts of Europe. King Henry VIII later broke England away from the Catholic Church to allow for his divorce and establish himself as the head of the Church of England. The Reformation had political as well as religious impacts across Europe.
This summary provides the context and purpose for Paul's letter to the Romans in 3 sentences:
Paul wrote Romans around 55-57 AD to the gentile Christian community in Rome to explain his gospel and theology, particularly the concept of the "righteousness of God" which is revealed through faith. Romans served to provide a complete exposition of Paul's message as Christianity had grown significantly in Rome within a decade, establishing a community despite persecution from the dominant pagan Roman society for their rejection of traditional gods. The letter had a profound impact on Christian thought and various theological doctrines have been derived from it.
Let us vote on each of the sayings on Jesus, a red bead for each truly authentic saying of Jesus, a pink bead when the saying sure sounds like Jesus, gray, maybe, a black bead for a saying Jesus could not have said, although centuries of biblical scholars thought and taught otherwise.
Using this voting method, the self-appointed members of the Jesus Seminar in 1985 pronounced that only fifteen sayings were truly said by Jesus, while another seventy-five sayings were probably words of Jesus. There were a few eminent scholars in the group, most were middling academics, none were from the most eminent theological universities. But it was great television, great headlines, great press, controversial conspiracies, grabbing ten minutes of fame for this or that ignorant expert.
The original attendees of the Jesus Seminar have mostly been forgotten, with only a spare mention by Dr Wikipedia, but unfortunately the historical Jesus baton was passed to Bart Ehrman, one of the foremost textual critics of the New Testament, which means his specialty is examining the ancient Greek manuscript texts for variants. Dr Timothy Johnson wrote a book disputing the claims of the historical Jesus, The Real Jesus, which will be our main source. This book first looks back to the history of the church since the Reformation, and in the United States since World War II and the GI Bill, to understand how such beliefs can become widespread.
In addition to Professor Johnson's book, The Real Jesus, we will be consulting other works. If you wish to purchase these books, these links will help support our channel with a small affiliate commission:
The Real Jesus: The Misguided Quest for the Historical Jesus and the Truth of the Traditional Gospels, by Luke Timothy Johnson
https://amzn.to/3b0f77J
The Jesus Quest: The Third Search for the Jew of Nazareth, by Ben Witherington III
https://amzn.to/3C82S4O
Scripture in Tradition: The Bible and Its Interpretation in the Orthodox Church, by John Breck
https://amzn.to/3E5Kmuh
The History of Christian Theology, Audiobook, by Phillip Cary, The Great Courses
https://amzn.to/3m3l8qu
The Historical Jesus: The Life of a Mediterranean Jewish Peasant, by John Dominic Crossan
https://amzn.to/3CaZaYi
Meeting Jesus Again for the First Time: The Historical Jesus and the Heart of Contemporary Faith, by Marcus Borg
https://amzn.to/3puaHyk
The History of the Bible: The Making of the New Testament Canon, Audiobook, by Bart D. Ehrman, The Great Courses
https://amzn.to/3C6zQT2
The Greatest Controversies of Early Christian History, Audiobook, by Bart D. Ehrman, The Great Courses
https://amzn.to/2Zgcps4
These are my blogs on this topic:
https://wp.me/pachSU-5Z
https://wp.me/pachSU-63
https://wp.me/pachSU-7O
https://wp.me/pachSU-97
IMHO, you cannot truly understand the history and theology of the modern Catholic Church until you read John O’Malley’s excellent histories, Trent, What Happened at the Council, and What Happened at Vatican II.
Was the Council of Trent a reactionary council? This is a common perception, that the Council of Trent initiated the Catholic Counter-Reformation to defend the Catholic Church from the influences of the Protestant Reformation started by Martin Luther, and that the Vatican II Council was a rejection of Trent, steering the Catholic Church in a more liberal direction. Father O’Malley’s history leads to a different conclusion, that the actual Council of Trent, as opposed to the later impressions of Trent, is really a progressive council that is a precursor to Vatican II. Indeed, the documents of Vatican II and the subsequent Catholic Catechism both cite the Council of Trent extensively.
The post Reformation polemics are to blame for this misunderstanding of the nature of the Council of Trent. In Father O’Malley’s words, “When Pope Pius IV confirmed the council’s decrees, he forbade the printing of commentaries or notes on them without explicit permission of the Holy See.” The Pope really had no choice, the Catholic Church was besieged, had the Pope not restricted access to the minutes of the Council of Trent, protestants would have taken out of context and distorted the debates to discredit the Church. But this prevented balanced scholarship on Trent for four hundred years, until long after Pope Leo XIII opened the Vatican Archives in 1880.
Please read our blog on the Council of Trent:
http://www.seekingvirtueandwisdom.com/council-of-trent-the-reform-council-foreshadowing-vatican-ii/
Please click on the Amazon links to purchase these books and support our channel:
Trent: What Happened at the Council, by John W. O'Malley
https://amzn.to/3B748US , Kindle: https://amzn.to/2XVjFZF
What Happened at Vatican II Paperback, by John W. O'Malley
https://amzn.to/3lY5xJb , Kindle: https://amzn.to/2XVjFZF
And the Learn25 video lectures:
https://www.learn25.com/product/the-council-of-trent-answering-the-reformation-and-reforming-the-church/
Marcus Aurelius was truly the philosopher-king that Plato dreamed of, he was both one of the good Roman Emperors and a Stoic Philosopher who ruled out of a sense of duty while living the modest stoic life.
The paradox of Marcus Aurelius is that as Roman Emperor he likely oversaw the brutal persecution of Christians, but as a Stoic philosopher his main work, the Meditations, offers a Stoic philosophy that reflects many Christian values and teachings. This paradox led some ancient Christians to hope that he indeed was a friend to Christians, including Tertullian and St Justin the Martyr, who was himself martyred under the reign of Marcus Aurelius. This paradox was explored by the ancient church historian Eusebius in his work Church History or Ecclesiastical History.
We review the history behind Marcus Aurelius, how he was the adopted son of his predecessor, Antonius Pius, who had been adopted by Hadrian. We learn how his marriage to the daughter of Antonius Pius, Faustina, led to the birth of Commodus, who succeeded him as emperor and began the decline of the Roman Empire due to his neglect of his responsibilities, he preferred performing as a gladiator to serving as a stoic Roman Emperor.
We review the history of the persecutions from Nero to Diocletian, and the series of letters between Pliny and Trajan discussing how Christians should be properly persecuted.
We review how modern historians view this paradox, including Henry Chadwick, Walter Kaufman, Matthew Arnold, Copleston, and McGuckin.
YouTube video:
https://youtu.be/-uQxq1O9xSY
Our blog: https://wp.me/pachSU-aC
Please support our channel, purchase these from Amazon, we earn a small affiliate commission:
Meditations (Dover Thrift Editions), by Marcus Aurelius
https://amzn.to/2W3nxqt
Practical Philosophy: The Greco-Roman Moralists
https://amzn.to/3rmSlOx
Famous Romans, Audiobook, by J. Rufus Fears, The Great Courses
https://amzn.to/3D6mMgE
The Meditations of Marcus Auerlius: Selections Annotated & Explained (SkyLight Illuminations)
https://amzn.to/3BsYgWR
A History of Philosophy, Vol. 1: Greece and Rome From the Pre-Socratics to Plotinus, by Frederick Copleston
https://amzn.to/2Wuh6wX
The History of the Church: From Christ to Constantine, by Eusebius (263-339), Penguin Classic, introduction by Andrew Louth
https://amzn.to/3eRbZgK
The Path of Christianity: The First Thousand Years Hardcover, by John Anthony McGuckin
https://amzn.to/2UHXMeW
The Early Church, by Henry Chadwick
https://amzn.to/36W9OUB
St. Nicholas Orthodox Church in Cedarburg, Wisconsin is celebrating its 20th anniversary. Founded in 1989 by Fr. Bill Olnhausen who converted from Episcopalianism, the mission started with 6 families and has now grown to over 100 families and 225 people. In 1994, the congregation purchased a church building and became St. Nicholas Antiochian Orthodox Church. The anniversary celebrations will include the blessing of new icons and talks by bishops who helped establish the church.
This document provides an overview of church history from the 1st century AD to the present. It summarizes the writings of the Apostolic Fathers from 100-180 AD, which show that church practices had changed little from the New Testament model. The document also outlines the persecutions faced by the early church from Roman emperors from Nero in 54 AD to Diocletian in the early 4th century AD. It notes that after Constantine issued the Edict of Milan in 313 AD granting religious freedom to Christians, unscriptural changes began to emerge in church practices and governance.
Reformation Day Party 2011, Martin Luthersandiferb
This document provides background information on Martin Luther and the Protestant Reformation. It discusses Luther's spiritual crisis and breakthrough understanding of justification by faith alone. It describes how Luther initially intended his 95 Theses to spark academic debate but it led to controversy. Luther was eventually declared a wanted man by the Pope and faced trial before the Emperor, where he refused to recant his writings and teachings.
Martin Luther published his 95 Theses in 1517 as an invitation to academic debate about the selling of indulgences by priests like Johan Tetzel. The Theses criticized the Church's position that indulgences absolve sins and ensure salvation. While Luther did not intend a split from the Church, his arguments questioning the authority of the Pope and Church traditions moved in a heretical direction. After the Theses spread widely, Luther was summoned by Church authorities but refused to recant his positions that challenged the Church's power over salvation and interpretation of scripture.
Reigion timeline presentation: Early Churchsfriess10
The document provides an overview of the Early Church from 100-790 CE. It discusses the transition from pagan Roman Empire to a Christian Roman/Byzantine Empire after Constantine legalized Christianity in 313 CE. It also describes key figures like Justin Martyr, Ignatius of Antioch, Augustine of Hippo, and Benedict of Nursia. The document concludes by covering the Second Council of Nicaea in 787 CE which addressed the issue of iconoclasm in the Byzantine Empire.
This document provides a condensed timeline of key events during the Protestant Reformation from 1440 to 1564. It highlights the roles of important figures like Martin Luther, John Calvin, Henry VIII and key Anabaptist leaders. Major events included Luther posting his 95 Theses in 1517, his appearance before the Diet of Worms in 1521 where he refused to recant, the Peasant's War from 1524-1526, and the publication of Calvin's Institutes of the Christian Religion in 1536. The timeline also notes the growing persecution of Anabaptists and their beliefs in martyrdom, as well as developments like the English Act of Supremacy in 1534 that made Henry VIII the head of
The Roman Catholic Church dominated many aspects of medieval European society, including education, morality, literacy, and communication. In the 15th century, some individuals like Jan Huss and John Wycliffe began challenging the authority and corruption of the Catholic Church. Martin Luther also had doubts about practices like indulgences and the authority of the Pope. He posted his 95 Theses in 1517, criticizing indulgences and corruption in the Catholic Church, which helped spark the Protestant Reformation.
This document provides an overview of key events and developments during the Renaissance period in Europe between the 11th and 16th centuries. It discusses political events like the Investiture Controversy and Magna Carta, military battles such as Crecy that ended the Age of Chivalry, the Black Death plague, and the Protestant Reformation started by Martin Luther. Culturally and intellectually, it covers the development of perspective in art, printing press inventions, circulation of ancient Greek texts, and establishment of nation states. Key locations in Italy, Germany, England, Portugal and the Low Countries that contributed to the Renaissance are also listed.
This document provides an overview of Christianity, including its origins, major beliefs, divisions, and history. It discusses that Christianity began as a Jewish sect in the 1st century AD and spread throughout the Roman Empire. The three largest Christian groups are the Catholic Church, Eastern Orthodox Church, and various Protestant denominations. It also summarizes key events like the Protestant Reformation in the 16th century and discusses the prevalence of Christianity in countries like the Philippines.
Martin Luther posts his 95 theses criticizing the Catholic Church's sale of indulgences in 1517, sparking the Protestant Reformation. The theses argue that salvation comes through faith alone, not works or Church authority, and criticize the Church's financial exploitation of indulgences. Luther's ideas spread rapidly through the printing press, gaining popularity. The Church excommunicates Luther but he finds protection from German princes seeking independence from Rome. Luther translates the Bible to German, allowing common people to read it. The Reformation gains political support and spreads to England when King Henry VIII breaks with Rome to annul his marriage and seize Church lands.
Martin Luther was a German monk and priest who sparked the Protestant Reformation in 1517. Some key events in Luther's life include discovering the doctrine of justification by faith alone through studying the book of Romans, nailing his 95 Theses criticizing the Catholic Church's sale of indulgences to the door of the Wittenberg Cathedral in 1517, defending his beliefs at the Diet of Worms in 1521 where he refused to recant, translating the Bible into German in 1522, and marrying Katharina von Bora in 1525 which broke with Catholic rules of clerical celibacy. Luther's rediscovery of justification by faith and emphasis on scripture alone had wide-reaching impacts that reformed both
The document summarizes the key events and figures that led to the Protestant Reformation starting in 1517 with Martin Luther posting his 95 Theses criticizing the Catholic Church's sale of indulgences. It describes the political, religious, and social factors that weakened the Church's authority and paved the way for reformers like Luther to challenge Church doctrine and practices. It then outlines the spread of Luther's ideas and the formation of Lutheranism as a new denomination, as well as some negative aspects like Luther's anti-Semitism.
The document summarizes the history of the Catholic Church during the Middle Ages, covering major events and developments from the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 CE to the Protestant Reformation in the 16th century. Key events included the rise of the Frankish kingdom under Charlemagne in the 8th century, the Great Schism that divided the Church in 1054, the Gregorian reforms of the 11th century, and the Counter Reformation in response to the Protestant Reformation in the 16th century.
Martin Luther profoundly changed marriage and the family through his teachings during the Reformation. He rejected the Catholic tradition of celibacy and asceticism, seeing marriage as both natural and necessary. Luther placed high importance on marriage, women, children, and the home. He taught that the home should be the center of life and introduced practices like daily Bible reading, hymn singing, and catechism that made religion a central part of family life. Luther's views permanently altered how Christians viewed and conducted marriage, parenting, and the family role.
The document provides background on the Protestant Reformation that began in the 16th century. It discusses several factors that weakened the authority of the Catholic Church and paved the way for Martin Luther to post his 95 Theses criticizing the sale of indulgences in 1517. This sparked the wider Reformation movement in Germany and other parts of Europe. King Henry VIII later broke England away from the Catholic Church to allow for his divorce and establish himself as the head of the Church of England. The Reformation had political as well as religious impacts across Europe.
This summary provides the context and purpose for Paul's letter to the Romans in 3 sentences:
Paul wrote Romans around 55-57 AD to the gentile Christian community in Rome to explain his gospel and theology, particularly the concept of the "righteousness of God" which is revealed through faith. Romans served to provide a complete exposition of Paul's message as Christianity had grown significantly in Rome within a decade, establishing a community despite persecution from the dominant pagan Roman society for their rejection of traditional gods. The letter had a profound impact on Christian thought and various theological doctrines have been derived from it.
Let us vote on each of the sayings on Jesus, a red bead for each truly authentic saying of Jesus, a pink bead when the saying sure sounds like Jesus, gray, maybe, a black bead for a saying Jesus could not have said, although centuries of biblical scholars thought and taught otherwise.
Using this voting method, the self-appointed members of the Jesus Seminar in 1985 pronounced that only fifteen sayings were truly said by Jesus, while another seventy-five sayings were probably words of Jesus. There were a few eminent scholars in the group, most were middling academics, none were from the most eminent theological universities. But it was great television, great headlines, great press, controversial conspiracies, grabbing ten minutes of fame for this or that ignorant expert.
The original attendees of the Jesus Seminar have mostly been forgotten, with only a spare mention by Dr Wikipedia, but unfortunately the historical Jesus baton was passed to Bart Ehrman, one of the foremost textual critics of the New Testament, which means his specialty is examining the ancient Greek manuscript texts for variants. Dr Timothy Johnson wrote a book disputing the claims of the historical Jesus, The Real Jesus, which will be our main source. This book first looks back to the history of the church since the Reformation, and in the United States since World War II and the GI Bill, to understand how such beliefs can become widespread.
In addition to Professor Johnson's book, The Real Jesus, we will be consulting other works. If you wish to purchase these books, these links will help support our channel with a small affiliate commission:
The Real Jesus: The Misguided Quest for the Historical Jesus and the Truth of the Traditional Gospels, by Luke Timothy Johnson
https://amzn.to/3b0f77J
The Jesus Quest: The Third Search for the Jew of Nazareth, by Ben Witherington III
https://amzn.to/3C82S4O
Scripture in Tradition: The Bible and Its Interpretation in the Orthodox Church, by John Breck
https://amzn.to/3E5Kmuh
The History of Christian Theology, Audiobook, by Phillip Cary, The Great Courses
https://amzn.to/3m3l8qu
The Historical Jesus: The Life of a Mediterranean Jewish Peasant, by John Dominic Crossan
https://amzn.to/3CaZaYi
Meeting Jesus Again for the First Time: The Historical Jesus and the Heart of Contemporary Faith, by Marcus Borg
https://amzn.to/3puaHyk
The History of the Bible: The Making of the New Testament Canon, Audiobook, by Bart D. Ehrman, The Great Courses
https://amzn.to/3C6zQT2
The Greatest Controversies of Early Christian History, Audiobook, by Bart D. Ehrman, The Great Courses
https://amzn.to/2Zgcps4
These are my blogs on this topic:
https://wp.me/pachSU-5Z
https://wp.me/pachSU-63
https://wp.me/pachSU-7O
https://wp.me/pachSU-97
IMHO, you cannot truly understand the history and theology of the modern Catholic Church until you read John O’Malley’s excellent histories, Trent, What Happened at the Council, and What Happened at Vatican II.
Was the Council of Trent a reactionary council? This is a common perception, that the Council of Trent initiated the Catholic Counter-Reformation to defend the Catholic Church from the influences of the Protestant Reformation started by Martin Luther, and that the Vatican II Council was a rejection of Trent, steering the Catholic Church in a more liberal direction. Father O’Malley’s history leads to a different conclusion, that the actual Council of Trent, as opposed to the later impressions of Trent, is really a progressive council that is a precursor to Vatican II. Indeed, the documents of Vatican II and the subsequent Catholic Catechism both cite the Council of Trent extensively.
The post Reformation polemics are to blame for this misunderstanding of the nature of the Council of Trent. In Father O’Malley’s words, “When Pope Pius IV confirmed the council’s decrees, he forbade the printing of commentaries or notes on them without explicit permission of the Holy See.” The Pope really had no choice, the Catholic Church was besieged, had the Pope not restricted access to the minutes of the Council of Trent, protestants would have taken out of context and distorted the debates to discredit the Church. But this prevented balanced scholarship on Trent for four hundred years, until long after Pope Leo XIII opened the Vatican Archives in 1880.
Please read our blog on the Council of Trent:
http://www.seekingvirtueandwisdom.com/council-of-trent-the-reform-council-foreshadowing-vatican-ii/
Please click on the Amazon links to purchase these books and support our channel:
Trent: What Happened at the Council, by John W. O'Malley
https://amzn.to/3B748US , Kindle: https://amzn.to/2XVjFZF
What Happened at Vatican II Paperback, by John W. O'Malley
https://amzn.to/3lY5xJb , Kindle: https://amzn.to/2XVjFZF
And the Learn25 video lectures:
https://www.learn25.com/product/the-council-of-trent-answering-the-reformation-and-reforming-the-church/
Marcus Aurelius was truly the philosopher-king that Plato dreamed of, he was both one of the good Roman Emperors and a Stoic Philosopher who ruled out of a sense of duty while living the modest stoic life.
The paradox of Marcus Aurelius is that as Roman Emperor he likely oversaw the brutal persecution of Christians, but as a Stoic philosopher his main work, the Meditations, offers a Stoic philosophy that reflects many Christian values and teachings. This paradox led some ancient Christians to hope that he indeed was a friend to Christians, including Tertullian and St Justin the Martyr, who was himself martyred under the reign of Marcus Aurelius. This paradox was explored by the ancient church historian Eusebius in his work Church History or Ecclesiastical History.
We review the history behind Marcus Aurelius, how he was the adopted son of his predecessor, Antonius Pius, who had been adopted by Hadrian. We learn how his marriage to the daughter of Antonius Pius, Faustina, led to the birth of Commodus, who succeeded him as emperor and began the decline of the Roman Empire due to his neglect of his responsibilities, he preferred performing as a gladiator to serving as a stoic Roman Emperor.
We review the history of the persecutions from Nero to Diocletian, and the series of letters between Pliny and Trajan discussing how Christians should be properly persecuted.
We review how modern historians view this paradox, including Henry Chadwick, Walter Kaufman, Matthew Arnold, Copleston, and McGuckin.
YouTube video:
https://youtu.be/-uQxq1O9xSY
Our blog: https://wp.me/pachSU-aC
Please support our channel, purchase these from Amazon, we earn a small affiliate commission:
Meditations (Dover Thrift Editions), by Marcus Aurelius
https://amzn.to/2W3nxqt
Practical Philosophy: The Greco-Roman Moralists
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Famous Romans, Audiobook, by J. Rufus Fears, The Great Courses
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The Meditations of Marcus Auerlius: Selections Annotated & Explained (SkyLight Illuminations)
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A History of Philosophy, Vol. 1: Greece and Rome From the Pre-Socratics to Plotinus, by Frederick Copleston
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The History of the Church: From Christ to Constantine, by Eusebius (263-339), Penguin Classic, introduction by Andrew Louth
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The Path of Christianity: The First Thousand Years Hardcover, by John Anthony McGuckin
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The Early Church, by Henry Chadwick
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St. Nicholas Orthodox Church in Cedarburg, Wisconsin is celebrating its 20th anniversary. Founded in 1989 by Fr. Bill Olnhausen who converted from Episcopalianism, the mission started with 6 families and has now grown to over 100 families and 225 people. In 1994, the congregation purchased a church building and became St. Nicholas Antiochian Orthodox Church. The anniversary celebrations will include the blessing of new icons and talks by bishops who helped establish the church.
This document provides an overview of church history from the 1st century AD to the present. It summarizes the writings of the Apostolic Fathers from 100-180 AD, which show that church practices had changed little from the New Testament model. The document also outlines the persecutions faced by the early church from Roman emperors from Nero in 54 AD to Diocletian in the early 4th century AD. It notes that after Constantine issued the Edict of Milan in 313 AD granting religious freedom to Christians, unscriptural changes began to emerge in church practices and governance.
Reformation Day Party 2011, Martin Luthersandiferb
This document provides background information on Martin Luther and the Protestant Reformation. It discusses Luther's spiritual crisis and breakthrough understanding of justification by faith alone. It describes how Luther initially intended his 95 Theses to spark academic debate but it led to controversy. Luther was eventually declared a wanted man by the Pope and faced trial before the Emperor, where he refused to recant his writings and teachings.
Martin Luther published his 95 Theses in 1517 as an invitation to academic debate about the selling of indulgences by priests like Johan Tetzel. The Theses criticized the Church's position that indulgences absolve sins and ensure salvation. While Luther did not intend a split from the Church, his arguments questioning the authority of the Pope and Church traditions moved in a heretical direction. After the Theses spread widely, Luther was summoned by Church authorities but refused to recant his positions that challenged the Church's power over salvation and interpretation of scripture.
Reigion timeline presentation: Early Churchsfriess10
The document provides an overview of the Early Church from 100-790 CE. It discusses the transition from pagan Roman Empire to a Christian Roman/Byzantine Empire after Constantine legalized Christianity in 313 CE. It also describes key figures like Justin Martyr, Ignatius of Antioch, Augustine of Hippo, and Benedict of Nursia. The document concludes by covering the Second Council of Nicaea in 787 CE which addressed the issue of iconoclasm in the Byzantine Empire.
This document provides a condensed timeline of key events during the Protestant Reformation from 1440 to 1564. It highlights the roles of important figures like Martin Luther, John Calvin, Henry VIII and key Anabaptist leaders. Major events included Luther posting his 95 Theses in 1517, his appearance before the Diet of Worms in 1521 where he refused to recant, the Peasant's War from 1524-1526, and the publication of Calvin's Institutes of the Christian Religion in 1536. The timeline also notes the growing persecution of Anabaptists and their beliefs in martyrdom, as well as developments like the English Act of Supremacy in 1534 that made Henry VIII the head of
The Roman Catholic Church dominated many aspects of medieval European society, including education, morality, literacy, and communication. In the 15th century, some individuals like Jan Huss and John Wycliffe began challenging the authority and corruption of the Catholic Church. Martin Luther also had doubts about practices like indulgences and the authority of the Pope. He posted his 95 Theses in 1517, criticizing indulgences and corruption in the Catholic Church, which helped spark the Protestant Reformation.
This document provides an overview of key events and developments during the Renaissance period in Europe between the 11th and 16th centuries. It discusses political events like the Investiture Controversy and Magna Carta, military battles such as Crecy that ended the Age of Chivalry, the Black Death plague, and the Protestant Reformation started by Martin Luther. Culturally and intellectually, it covers the development of perspective in art, printing press inventions, circulation of ancient Greek texts, and establishment of nation states. Key locations in Italy, Germany, England, Portugal and the Low Countries that contributed to the Renaissance are also listed.
This document provides an overview of key events and developments during the Renaissance period in Europe between the 11th and 16th centuries. It discusses political events like the Investiture Controversy and Magna Carta, military battles such as Crecy that ended the Age of Chivalry, the Black Death plague, and the Protestant Reformation started by Martin Luther. Culturally and intellectually, it covers the development of perspective in art, printing press inventions, circulation of ancient Greek texts, and establishment of nation states. Key locations in Italy, Germany, England, Portugal and the Low Countries that contributed to Renaissance thought are also mentioned.
The document is a summary of 10 acts from the book "Battle for the Soul of Europe, 1520-1536" by James Reston Jr. It describes the political and religious landscape in Europe during this period, when Christianity and Islam vied for influence. Key events included Charles V becoming Holy Roman Emperor, the rise of Protestantism, multiple popes gaining and losing power, the alliance between France and the Ottoman Empire, and Henry VIII's divorce from Catherine of Aragon. The summary touches on multiple countries and leaders maneuvering for power and territory across Europe and between Europe and the Ottoman Empire.
The document provides an overview of important people and events during the Italian Renaissance from 1300-1527. It summarizes the rise of Florence as the center of the Renaissance under the Medici family and their patronage of the arts. It also discusses the power struggles between foreign powers like France and Spain vying for control of the Italian peninsula, the rise and fall of various popes, and the start of the Protestant Reformation challenging the Catholic Church.
We didn't talk about these slides in class, but they might be useful for your responses. Going through them will give you a better understanding of the Reformation (new religious leaders challenging the Pope's power), the Printing Press, and new philosophers.
Martin Luther was a German monk who in 1517 nailed his 95 Theses criticizing the Catholic Church's practices, especially selling indulgences, to a church door in Wittenberg. He wanted to reform the Church and believed salvation came through faith alone rather than good works. Though excommunicated, Luther's ideas spread rapidly through pamphlets and the printing press. This led to the establishment of Lutheranism and the Protestant Reformation, dividing Western Christianity between Catholic and Protestant denominations.
Christianity & monasticism in medieval agesJuliya Yulin
Christianity was established by Jesus and his 12 apostles in the 1st century AD. It grew from a small Jewish sect to a major world religion, influenced by the teachings of Jesus and the martyrdom of early Christians. The religion further expanded after Emperor Constantine legalized Christianity in the 4th century, and it became the dominant faith in Europe during the Middle Ages, shaping its culture and society. The papacy also rose to power and authority during this time.
Louis XIV ruled France from 1643 to 1715, the longest reign of any monarch in European history. He centralized power in France and pursued an aggressive foreign policy, fighting several major wars. As a young king, he faced opposition from nobles in the Fronde civil wars, but eventually consolidated absolute rule over France. He enacted important reforms in the military and legal system and pursued lavish construction projects, most notably expanding the Palace of Versailles.
Louis XIV ruled France from 1643 to 1715, the longest reign of any monarch in European history. He began personal rule in 1661 after the death of his chief minister. Louis sought to strengthen the French monarchy and centralized state power. He enacted significant legal and administrative reforms. Louis was also known for his numerous wars against other European powers such as the Netherlands, Spain, and the Holy Roman Empire in an effort to expand French territory and influence.
This document provides a summary of Thomas More's book "Utopia". It describes how More was sent as an ambassador to Flanders and became acquainted with Raphael Hythloday, a well-travelled Portuguese man. Hythloday tells More about the island of Utopia, which has an ideal society with unusual social and political institutions. The summary outlines some of Utopia's unconventional customs, such as common ownership of property and a lack of money. It also notes Utopia was intended by More as a critique of issues in his own society.
This document provides a summary of Thomas More's book "Utopia". It describes how More was sent as an ambassador to Flanders and became acquainted with Raphael Hythloday, a well-travelled Portuguese man. Hythloday tells More about the island of Utopia, which has an ideal society with unusual social and political institutions. The summary outlines some of Utopia's unconventional customs, such as common ownership of property and a lack of money. It also notes Utopia was intended by More as a critique of issues in his own society.
This document is an excerpt from Thomas More's 1516 book "Utopia", which describes More's fictional island of Utopia. It provides background on More and how he came to write the book after traveling to the Low Countries as an ambassador. It then shares an excerpt from the book where the character Raphael Hythloday describes in detail the governmental and social systems of Utopia, including their communal lifestyle and absence of private property.
The Renaissance Period began in 1485 in England with the crowning of Henry Tudor as King Henry VII, marking the beginning of the Tudor dynasty. This era saw a renewed interest in classical antiquity and humanism. Henry VIII broke from the Catholic Church after the Pope refused to annul his marriage, establishing the Church of England with himself as its head. His daughter Elizabeth I was one of England's greatest rulers, restoring stability during her reign and defeating the Spanish Armada.
The document summarizes the major events and figures of the Protestant Reformation. It describes how Martin Luther protested abuses within the Catholic Church and sparked the growth of Protestantism. Over time, various Protestant denominations emerged like Lutheranism, Calvinism, and Anglicanism under leaders such as Luther, John Calvin, and Henry VIII respectively. The Reformation destroyed unity within Christianity and led to religious conflicts across Europe for over a century.
Similar to Purgatory... part 6... The Council of Trent (18)
This document provides an historical and theological analysis of the concept of Purgatory from its roots in early Christian tradition through its development in the Catholic Church and rejection by Protestantism. It examines the views of key figures like Augustine, Luther, and Dante and traces how the concept evolved from the patristic period through the Middle Ages and Reformation, becoming formalized as Catholic dogma while being dismissed by Protestants. It also discusses how the doctrine differs between Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy in the aftermath of the Great Schism of 1054.
Purgatory... part 5...martin luther, indulgences, his excommunication, and hi...Edward Hahnenberg
1) In 1517, Martin Luther nailed 95 theses criticizing the Catholic Church's practice of selling indulgences to the castle church door in Wittenberg, Germany to spark academic debate.
2) Luther was motivated to do this because he disagreed with the commercialization of indulgences by Johann Tetzel to raise funds for the construction of St. Peter's Basilica in Rome.
3) Tetzel's preaching promoted that indulgences could redeem souls from purgatory and absolve people from sins, which Luther believed undermined the Catholic doctrine of salvation by faith alone.
Purgatory... part 4...the councils... florence and lateran vEdward Hahnenberg
Part 4 examines the ecumenical councils of Florence and Lateran V and their contribution, or lack thereof, to codifying Purgatory as dogma in the Catholic Church.
Purgatory part 3 ... dante & the council of lyons iiEdward Hahnenberg
The document discusses the history and theology of Purgatory through analyzing Dante's Divine Comedy and the Council of Lyons II. It describes how Dante depicted the seven levels of Purgatory corresponding to the seven deadly sins. The Council of Lyons II encouraged crusaders to liberate the Holy Land and granted plenary indulgences, or full remission of temporal punishment due to sin, to those who financially supported the crusade. This set a precedent that Luther later criticized regarding indulgences being sold for money.
Purgatory part 2 ... the belief in purgatory in church theological writings...Edward Hahnenberg
The document discusses the Catholic doctrine of Purgatory and its origins in Church tradition and writings of early Church fathers. It provides numerous quotes and summaries of writings from figures like Tertullian, Origen, Augustine, and Catherine of Genoa that describe their beliefs in an intermediate state after death where some sins are purified before entering heaven. It also discusses how later theologians like Aquinas further developed the concept, and how the belief in Purgatory became firmly established in the Church by the 6th century.
Purgatory part 1 ... introduction & early biblical conceptsEdward Hahnenberg
This document provides an overview of the Catholic doctrine of Purgatory, including its roots in Roman Catholic tradition and early biblical concepts. It discusses the evolution of beliefs around Purgatory over time, including Martin Luther's initial acceptance and later rejection of the concept. Key points made include that Purgatory is meant to purify souls not totally rejected by God before they enter heaven, and the Catholic Church continues to observe All Souls Day in commemoration of those believed to be in Purgatory.
Understanding The Bible Part Five Psalms, Isaiah, Tobit, Judith, and EstherEdward Hahnenberg
Part Five presents the classification of Psalms as well as the possible borrowing of textual material from the Ugaritic culture. The Book of Isaiah is discussed as three separate texts with three different authors. Also discussed are the Books of Tobit, Judith, and Esther.
Understanding The Bible Part Four Chapters 1 11 GenesisEdward Hahnenberg
Part Four examines some of the stories and consequent theology of the first eleven chapters of Genesis from the viewpoint of the historical-critical scholar.
Understanding The Bible Part Three Literal, Poetic, Symbolic, And Histori...Edward Hahnenberg
Part Three examines selected biblical stories which are better understood using the historical-critical method rather than the literal, fundamentalist approach.
This document discusses several apocryphal texts including the Life of Adam and Eve, Assumption of Moses, Protevangelium of James, and Gospel of Thomas. It provides overview information and sample passages from each text. The Life of Adam and Eve and Assumption of Moses were written between 100 BC-100 AD and contain details not found in the biblical accounts. The Protevangelium of James from the 2nd century AD expands on Mary and Joseph's story. The Gospel of Thomas reflects Greek influence and may draw from the canonical gospels.
Understanding The Bible Part One The Canons Of The BibleEdward Hahnenberg
The first in a six-part series examining how to understand the Bible using the historical-critical method. The subject of Part One is the Canons of the Old and New Testament, how they were decided, and the difference between the Catholic and Protestant canons.
Jupiter has 63 moons including the largest moons Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto. Saturn has 59 moons including Titan which has methane clouds and landscapes similar to Earth. Uranus has 27 moons including Miranda which has a heavily cratered and fractured surface. Neptune has 13 moons including Triton which has geysers that shoot ice 5 miles high.
Hahnenberg Observatory in Michigan presents information for those interested in building a domed observatory, learning about the different kinds of telescopes and CCD cameras available. Sample astrophotographs, and types of CCD software, are also included in the presentation.
Elevate Your Nonprofit's Online Presence_ A Guide to Effective SEO Strategies...TechSoup
Whether you're new to SEO or looking to refine your existing strategies, this webinar will provide you with actionable insights and practical tips to elevate your nonprofit's online presence.
THE SACRIFICE HOW PRO-PALESTINE PROTESTS STUDENTS ARE SACRIFICING TO CHANGE T...indexPub
The recent surge in pro-Palestine student activism has prompted significant responses from universities, ranging from negotiations and divestment commitments to increased transparency about investments in companies supporting the war on Gaza. This activism has led to the cessation of student encampments but also highlighted the substantial sacrifices made by students, including academic disruptions and personal risks. The primary drivers of these protests are poor university administration, lack of transparency, and inadequate communication between officials and students. This study examines the profound emotional, psychological, and professional impacts on students engaged in pro-Palestine protests, focusing on Generation Z's (Gen-Z) activism dynamics. This paper explores the significant sacrifices made by these students and even the professors supporting the pro-Palestine movement, with a focus on recent global movements. Through an in-depth analysis of printed and electronic media, the study examines the impacts of these sacrifices on the academic and personal lives of those involved. The paper highlights examples from various universities, demonstrating student activism's long-term and short-term effects, including disciplinary actions, social backlash, and career implications. The researchers also explore the broader implications of student sacrifices. The findings reveal that these sacrifices are driven by a profound commitment to justice and human rights, and are influenced by the increasing availability of information, peer interactions, and personal convictions. The study also discusses the broader implications of this activism, comparing it to historical precedents and assessing its potential to influence policy and public opinion. The emotional and psychological toll on student activists is significant, but their sense of purpose and community support mitigates some of these challenges. However, the researchers call for acknowledging the broader Impact of these sacrifices on the future global movement of FreePalestine.
Andreas Schleicher presents PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Thinking - 18 Jun...EduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher, Director of Education and Skills at the OECD presents at the launch of PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Minds, Creative Schools on 18 June 2024.
Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.pptHenry Hollis
The History of NZ 1870-1900.
Making of a Nation.
From the NZ Wars to Liberals,
Richard Seddon, George Grey,
Social Laboratory, New Zealand,
Confiscations, Kotahitanga, Kingitanga, Parliament, Suffrage, Repudiation, Economic Change, Agriculture, Gold Mining, Timber, Flax, Sheep, Dairying,
How Barcodes Can Be Leveraged Within Odoo 17Celine George
In this presentation, we will explore how barcodes can be leveraged within Odoo 17 to streamline our manufacturing processes. We will cover the configuration steps, how to utilize barcodes in different manufacturing scenarios, and the overall benefits of implementing this technology.
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
This presentation was provided by Rebecca Benner, Ph.D., of the American Society of Anesthesiologists, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
How to Manage Reception Report in Odoo 17Celine George
A business may deal with both sales and purchases occasionally. They buy things from vendors and then sell them to their customers. Such dealings can be confusing at times. Because multiple clients may inquire about the same product at the same time, after purchasing those products, customers must be assigned to them. Odoo has a tool called Reception Report that can be used to complete this assignment. By enabling this, a reception report comes automatically after confirming a receipt, from which we can assign products to orders.
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
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إضغ بين إيديكم من أقوى الملازم التي صممتها
ملزمة تشريح الجهاز الهيكلي (نظري 3)
💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀
تتميز هذهِ الملزمة بعِدة مُميزات :
1- مُترجمة ترجمة تُناسب جميع المستويات
2- تحتوي على 78 رسم توضيحي لكل كلمة موجودة بالملزمة (لكل كلمة !!!!)
#فهم_ماكو_درخ
3- دقة الكتابة والصور عالية جداً جداً جداً
4- هُنالك بعض المعلومات تم توضيحها بشكل تفصيلي جداً (تُعتبر لدى الطالب أو الطالبة بإنها معلومات مُبهمة ومع ذلك تم توضيح هذهِ المعلومات المُبهمة بشكل تفصيلي جداً
5- الملزمة تشرح نفسها ب نفسها بس تكلك تعال اقراني
6- تحتوي الملزمة في اول سلايد على خارطة تتضمن جميع تفرُعات معلومات الجهاز الهيكلي المذكورة في هذهِ الملزمة
واخيراً هذهِ الملزمة حلالٌ عليكم وإتمنى منكم إن تدعولي بالخير والصحة والعافية فقط
كل التوفيق زملائي وزميلاتي ، زميلكم محمد الذهبي 💊💊
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2. Purgatory – Part 6: The Council of Trent In 1530, Charles V, Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, called together the princes and cities of his German territories in a Diet at Augsburg. He sought unity among them to fend of the attacks of Turkish armies in Eastern Austria. He called upon the Lutheran nobility to explain their religious convictions, with the hope that the controversy swirling around the challenge of the Reformation might be resolved. To this end, Philip Melanchthon, a close friend of Martin Luther and a Professor of New Testament at Wittenberg University, was called upon to draft a common confession for the Lutheran Lords and Free Territories. The resulting document, the Augsburg Confession was presented to the emperor on June 25, 1530.
3. Augsburg Confession In effect, the Augsburg Confession threw out the need for the sacrament of Penance, sacramental penances, temporal punishment due to forgiven sins, indulgences, and Purgatory. In 1537, Luther published a significant work, the Smalcald Articles, requesting a “Christian” council to discuss the beliefs of himself and other reformers, although by this time Luther had become increasingly hostile toward any action of any pope, and considered the papacy the “Antichrist.”
4. Melanchthon Philip Melanchthon, who had authored the Augsburg Confession, signed the Articles with the almost conciliatory qualification: “I, Philip Melanchthon, approve the foregoing Articles as pious and Christian. But in regard to the Pope, I hold that, if he would admit the Gospel, we might also permit him, for the sake of peace and the common concord of Christendom, to exercise, by human right, his present jurisdiction over the bishops, who are now or may hereafter be under his authority.” Despite the fact the Melanchthon and Luther took different directions later in life, with Melanchthon hoping for reunion with the Catholic church, the beginning of the Protestant rejection of Purgatory had been doctrinalized.
5. Rome responds… The Catholic Church’s response was indeed a general council as Luther had requested, but on its terms, not those of Luther. Pope Paul III (1468-1549) who reigned from 1534-1549 attempted to convene a general council, planned first to begin in Mantua in May, 1537, but because of opposition of the Protestant princes and the refusal of the Duke of Mantua to assume the responsibility of maintaining order Paul convoked, for a second time, a council at Vicenza, scheduled to begin May 1, 1538.
6. The role of Charles V Political frustrations again delayed the Vicenza council’s opening, since the Protestants would have no part in a council presided over by the pope, Emperor Charles V was resolved to reduce the princes to obedience by force of arms. To this Paul did not object, and promised to aid him with three hundred thousand ducats and twenty thousand infantry. Interestingly, in 1520, Charles, who began as Charles I of Spain, left Spain to take possession of the German Empire to which he had been elected. The French king, Francis I, had been his rival for the dignity; Leo X had thought that his interests in Italy were endangered by Charles' election. In spite of the opposition of Rome and France, Charles was elected (June, 1519), and everywhere received the title of "Emperor Elect.”
7. Pre-history to Trent - 1 The death of Leo X in 1521, brought Adrian VI to the papacy. He inherited the debts of Leo, as well as the corruption of the Roman Curia, which he openly acknowledged, to the delight of the Protestant movement. He truly stood alone, ignored in his appeals to prevent the eventual fall of Rhodes to the Muslims. His energies depleted, Adrian died after only two years in the papacy. His successor was Clement VII (1478-1534), who reigned as pope from 1523 to his death in 1534. If there was a weaker pope in a time of multiple crises within the Church, it would be difficult to name one. Clement was a vacillating political leader for one thing. His on-again, off-again alliance with Charles led to the famous Sack of Rome in 1527. When Clement assumed the papacy, Francis I and the Emperor Charles V were at war.
8. Pre-history to Trent - 2 It is difficult to imagine the distractions that being head of the Papal States led to Clement’s ineffectiveness in dealing with the Protestant revolt. The Pope's wavering politics also caused the rise of military factions inside his own Curia: Pompeo Cardinal Colonna’s soldiers pillaged the Vatican and gained control of the whole of Rome in his name. Totally humiliated by his own cardinal, Clement promised therefore to bring the Papal States to the military cardinal’s side. But soon after, Colonna left the siege and went to Naples, leaving Clement alone in Italy to face the horde of Landsknechts. It seems probable that the Landsknechte, a very large proportion of whom were Lutherans, had really got completely out of hand, and that they practically forced the Constable Bourbon, now in supreme command, to lead them against Rome.
9. Pre-history to Trent - 3 On May 5, 1527, they reached the walls, which, owing to the pope’s confidence in the truce he had concluded, were defended by only 5000 soldiers. Clement had barely time to take refuge in the Castle of Sant’ Angelo, and for eight days the "Sack of Rome" continued. After the execution of some 1,000 defenders, the pillage began. Churches and monasteries, but also palaces of prelates and cardinals, were destroyed and robbed. Nuns and other women were raped; surviving men were tortured and killed. Even cardinals had to pay to save their riches from the invading mercenaries.
10. Pre-history to Trent - 4 It is possible that Charles V was really not aware of the horrors which took place, but he should have had an idea of what mostly Protestant mercenaries under his authority might do. Still he had no objection against the pope bearing the full consequences of his shifty diplomacy, and he allowed him to remain a virtual prisoner in the Castle of Sant’ Angelo for more than seven months. After having bribed some soldiers, Clement escaped disguised as a peddler, and took shelter in Orvieto, and then in Viterbo. He came back to a depopulated and devastated Rome in October, 1528. However, before the end of July, 1529, terms favorable to the pope were arranged with Charles. Clement solemnly crowned Charles as Emperor on February 24, 1530, and, by whatever motives the pontiff was swayed, this settlement certainly had the effect of restoring to Italy a much-needed peace.
11. Pre-history to Trent - 5 Meanwhile in England in 1527, Henry VIII sought a divorce from Catherine of Aragon, whom he had married in 1509 with a dispensation from Julius II, following the Catherine’s short-lived marriage to Henry’s older brother Arthur who died. Henry’s representative went to Rome to seek an annulment of Julius II’s dispensation, but since Clement was imprisoned and Henry’s wife Catherine strongly objected to the idea, claiming that her brief marriage to Arthur had not been consummated, not much was accomplished. However, Clement met at Orvieto with the king‘s envoy. Clement was anxious to gratify Henry, and he opted for a preliminary decision by the English episcopate. However, the Emperor Charles, whose origins lay in Spain, home to Catherine, put Clement between a rock and a hard place. How far the pope was influenced by Charles V in his resistance, it is difficult to say; but it is clear that his own sense of justice tipped his vacillation toward the pleas of Queen Catherine.
12. Pre-history to Trent - 6 Clement ultimately decided not to withdraw the dispensation granted by Julius, and so Henry followed Thomas Cromwell’s suggestion to throw off papal supremacy, and make himself the supreme head of his own religion. This was in fact the course which from the latter part of 1529 Henry undeviatingly followed.
13. Pre-history to Trent - 7 Obviously, because of the chaotic state of Europe during the first half of the sixteenth century, little thought was given by popes to the issue of Purgatory or to its rejection by Lutherans in the Augsburg Confessions. This turmoil is well to remember as one looks to the eventual general council, the Council of Trent, which reaffirmed both Lyons and Florence in the matter of Purgatory. In other words, Purgatory was not on top of the list of Protestant heresies which would be evaluated and judged.
14. Pre-history to Trent - 8 After the death of Pope Clement VII in 1534, Emperor Charles informed the newly-elected Pope Paul that only the immediate summoning of a general council could bring about peace. He had always desired this; henceforth it became one of his principal aims, of which he never lost sight. Throughout Charles’ reign, he had to deal with much political and religious unrest in Europe as well as an attack of the Turks, which came in 1532, on land. Charles was successful in forcing them back, and in recovering a large part of Hungary.
15. The Council of Trent convenes…and Purgatory is again defined as dogma. Finally, the Council of Trent opened on December 13, 1545. After the most historic general council ever to convene in such extremely difficult circumstances, and after eighteen years of deliberations on a wide scope of dogmatic and disciplinary issues, the doctrine of Purgatory was clearly defined December 4, 1563 in Session 25:
16. Trent’s clear definition re: Purgatory Whereas the Catholic Church, instructed by the Holy Ghost, has, from the sacred writings and the ancient tradition of the Fathers, taught, in sacred councils, and very recently in this ecumenical Synod, that there is a Purgatory, and that the souls there detained are helped by the suffrages of the faithful, but principally by the acceptable sacrifice of the altar; the holy Synod enjoins on bishops that they diligently endeavor that the sound doctrine concerning Purgatory, transmitted by the holy Fathers and sacred councils, be believed, maintained, taught, and every where proclaimed by the faithful of Christ. But let the more difficult and subtle questions, and which tend not to edification, and from which for the most part there is no increase of piety, be excluded from popular discourses before the uneducated multitude. In like manner, such things as are uncertain, or which labor under an appearance of error, let them not allow to be made public and treated of. While those things which tend to a certain kind of curiosity or superstition, or which savor of filthy lucre, let them prohibit as scandals and stumbling-blocks of the faithful. But let the bishops take care, that the suffrages of the faithful who are living, to wit the sacrifices of masses, prayers, alms, and other works of piety, which have been wont to be performed by the faithful for the other faithful departed, be piously and devoutly performed, in accordance with the institutes of the church; and that whatsoever is due on their behalf, from the endowments of testators, or in other way, be discharged, not in a perfunctory manner, but diligently and accurately, by the priests and ministers of the church, and others who are bound to render this (service).
17. Trent and Indulgences - 1 The Council of Trent is often cited as offering the final definitive magisterial teaching on Purgatory. With regard to indulgences, Trent offered this statement in the same Session: Whereas the power of conferring Indulgences was granted by Christ to the Church; and she has, even in the most ancient times, used the said power, delivered unto her of God; the sacred holy Synod teaches, and enjoins, that the use of Indulgences, for the Christian people most salutary, and approved of by the authority of sacred Councils, is to be retained in the Church; and It condemns with anathema those who either assert, that they are useless; or who deny that there is in the Church the power of granting them. In granting them, however, It desires that, in accordance with the ancient and approved custom in the Church, moderation be observed; lest, by excessive facility, ecclesiastical discipline be enervated.
18. Trent and Indulgences - 2 And being desirous that the abuses which have crept therein, and by occasion of which this honorable name of Indulgences is blasphemed by heretics, be amended and corrected, It ordains generally by this decree, that all evil gains for the obtaining thereof,--whence a most prolific cause of abuses amongst the Christian people has been derived,--be wholly abolished. But as regards the other abuses which have proceeded from superstition, ignorance, irreverence, or from whatsoever other source, since, by reason of the manifold corruptions in the places and provinces where the said abuses are committed, they cannot conveniently be specially prohibited; It commands all bishops, diligently to collect, each in his own church, all abuses of this nature, and to report them in the first provincial Synod; that, after having been reviewed by the opinions of the other bishops also, they may forthwith be referred to the Sovereign Roman Pontiff, by whose authority and prudence that which may be expedient for the universal Church will be ordained; that this the gift of holy Indulgences may be dispensed to all the faithful, piously, holily, and incorruptly.
19. Dogma settled From official Catholic Church teaching, therefore, the doctrine of Purgatory is to be accepted by Roman and Eastern Rite Catholics, as is the efficacy of indulgences. How many souls there are in Purgatory, no one knows ... nor is there any definitive teaching about the manner of purgation.
20. Further thoughts… Certainly, Purgatory and indulgences are not on the top of that hierarchy of truths, considering the historical circumstances in which these official teachings of the Catholic faith were formulated. However, to be fair to how dogmas are defined in the Catholic Church, it has, from its beginnings, relied on the guidance of the Holy Spirit in calling councils and synods to clarify its beliefs when confronted with what its leaders consider erroneous teaching, in spite of the turmoil of the times.