Hilton, Timothy: Comparison of atmospheric observations to high-resolution fossil fuel and biogenic CO2 flux models for Auckland, New Zealand

This document summarizes research comparing atmospheric observations of carbon dioxide (CO2) in Auckland, New Zealand to high-resolution models of fossil fuel and biogenic CO2 fluxes. Measurements of CO2 and its carbon-14 (14CO2) isotope were collected from sites across Auckland. The ratio of biogenic to fossil fuel CO2 indicated that on average, biogenic uptake removed around 40% of fossil fuel CO2 emissions during the day. A bottom-up fossil fuel emissions inventory model (Mahuika-AKL) and urban vegetation photosynthesis and respiration model (urbanVPRM) were able to replicate the observed seasonal and spatial patterns of CO2 in Auckland. The high-resolution models provide valuable data for

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Comparison of atmospheric observations to
high-resolution fossil fuel and biogenic CO2
flux models for Auckland, New Zealand
Timothy W. Hilton
t.hilton@gns.cri.nz
Elizabeth Keller, Sapthala
Karalliyadda, Adrian Benson,
Lucas Domingues, Harrison
O'Sullivan-Moffat, Hayden
Young, Jeremy Parry-
Thompson, Nikita Turton, Lucy
Hutyra, Kevin Gurney, Jocelyn
Turnbull

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Carbon cycle primer
~800 GtC in the form of CO2
400 ppm CO2
~60 GtC
~62 GtC
~92 GtC ~90 GtC 10 GtC/yr

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Carbon cycle – more realistic
~800 GtC in the form of CO2 400 ppm CO2
~60 GtC
10 GtC/yr
~62 GtC
~92 GtC ~90 GtC
oceans
Terrestrial biosphere
Fossil fuels
Photo: Hutt City Council

4 / 23
Carbon cycle – bottom up inventory
Keller et al, Geoscience Data Journal, 2022 (under review)
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6395226

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Measure 14
C in tree rings
Compare to long-term Baring
Head clean air
Lower D14
CO2 in urban area due to
addition of 14
C-free fossil fuel CO2
Kings Crescent
Central Lower Hutt
Baring Head clean air station
Near Wellington
Ansell et al, 2016
Getting FF CO2 right: 14CO2

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Comparison with New Zealand petrol/diesel
usage
Ansell et al, 2016
Observed fossil fuel CO2 concentration in Lower Hutt tracks with petrol/diesel usage
NZ fuel usage increased by 60% from 1972 to 2012
- by far largest area of increase in greenhouse gas emissions for New Zealand
Getting FF CO2 right: 14CO2

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CarbonWatch-Auckland
integrated network observations
Wind
direction
In situ network
In situ CO2, CO, CH4
Weekly flasks CO2, CO, CH4, 14
CO2, COS
In situ
Getting FF CO2 right: 14CO2

8 / 23
Auckland flask
measurements
Ratio CO2bio:CO2ff
CO2bio
No pattern in CO2ff by time of day
Clear but variable afternoon drawdown in CO2bio
Expect daily cycle of photosynthetic CO2 removal
during the daylight hours, and respiration CO2 source
at night
For this daytime dataset, net biogenic uptake removes
~40% of fossil fuel CO2 emissions (does not account
for nighttime when photosynthetic uptake does not
occur)
Median CO2bio:CO2ff = -0.4
Forest
Suburban
Industrial
Downwind
Urban
Motorway
CO2ff
Getting FF CO2 right: 14CO2

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Ratio CO2bio:CO2ff
Median CO2bio:CO2ff = -0.4

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urbanVPRM NEE for Auckland Region, 15 Jan 2017

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urbanVPRM NEE for Auckland Region, 15 Jan 2017
Image by Pedro Szekely
Licensed under creative commons CC BY-SA 2.0

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UrbanVPRM – annual timeseries for Central Auckland

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UrbanVPRM – annual timeseries for Botany Downs (has an eddy covariance tower!)

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UrbanVPRM – annual timeseries for Botany Downs (has an eddy covariance tower!)
Weissert et al., Atmospheric Environment, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2016.08.044

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Thanks!
Mahuika-AKL bottom-up inventory data are freely available online:
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6395226
References
Keller, E. D., Hilton, T. W., Benson, A., Karalliyadda, S., Xie, S., Gurney, K., & Turnbull, J.
C. (2022). Mahuika-Auckland: A spatially and temporally resolved fossil fuel CO₂
emissions data product for Auckland, New Zealand. Geoscience Data Journal. Under
review.
Weissert, L. F., Salmond, J. A., Turnbull, J. C., & Schwendenmann, L. (2016). Temporal
variability in the sources and fluxes of CO2
in a residential area in an evergreen
subtropical city. Atmospheric Environment, 143, 164–176.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2016.08.044

ODIAC 1km
Oda & Maksyutov, 2015. doi:10.17595/20170411.001
Mahuika 500m FF emissions
EDGAR 0.1º
Crippa et al., 2019 doi: 10.2760/687800
Comparison to global
products

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Getting biogenic CO2 right: OCS
GPP was
Northerly
Nope, GPP was
southeasterly!
Hilton et al., Nat Clim Ch, 2017

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