Process of conveying liquid substance via the pipeline is the most common practice of transferring the liquid from one point to another point. Composite pipeline is becoming an option for liquid conveying purposed (instead of PVC, acrylic or metal) for its durability, longer lifetime and non-corrosive material in comparison with current pipeline. In order to ensure, the conveying process has a smooth flow rate without particle or bubble disturbance that could hinder good process flow, non-invasive monitoring system is always required. The ultrasonic measuring system is one of the monitoring options that could be applied. With proper designed for transmitting and conditioning circuitry, 300kHz ultrasonic frequencies are found as the optimal frequency needed to penetrate across the composite pipeline with full of liquid. The ultrasonic sensor response is being successfully differentiated between full flow (no material blockage) and with bulk material blockage (dry and wet sand).
High-precision Ultrasonic Flowmeter for Mining Applications based on Velocity...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The flowmeter is widely used in coal mining because of its higher measurement
precision and simple installation without channel project modification. In this paper, a flow
measurement method based on velocity-area is investigated, and a functional flowmeter for
mining applications with higher precision is designed. The two key parameters, the liquid level
and flow velocity are required to be obtained for achieving the proposed method. The proposed
flowmeter is composed of three main functional modules: (1) flow velocity detection module
based on ultrasonic time difference method, (2) liquid level detection module, and (3) mud level
detection module based on ultrasonic pulse echo method. All the measured data are transferred
to the monitoring station for analysis and displayed in real-time through M-BUS. The flowmeter
is designed focusing on mining applications, and has higher benefits for preventing water
disasters in coal mines.
A laboratory based study of hydraulic simulation of leakage in water distribu...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a laboratory study on hydraulic simulation of leakage in water distribution networks. The study used a small model network with pipes and instruments to measure pressure and flow at various points. Experiments were conducted with different initial water pressures, leakage volumes, and leakage locations. Pressure and flow data was collected and hydraulic modeling software was used to simulate the system and compare results. The goal was to validate an approach for detecting leakage location using pressure monitoring and hydraulic analysis.
IRJET- Intelligent Detection and Elimination of Blockage in Sewage pipes ...IRJET Journal
1) The document describes a robotic system designed to detect and clear blockages in sewage pipes as a safer alternative to human workers.
2) The robot uses ultrasonic sensors to detect blockages and then clears them using either high-pressure water pumping or a rotating cutting mechanism.
3) A wireless camera and other sensors allow a remote operator to monitor the robot's progress through the pipes. This robotic system aims to eliminate health and safety risks for human sewage workers.
This document discusses nanofluids and techniques for measuring their thermal conductivity. It defines nanofluids as fluids containing nanoparticles, which are typically metals, oxides, carbides or carbon nanotubes suspended in a base fluid like water or glycol. Two common measurement techniques are described: transient hot-wire method and 3-omega method. The transient hot-wire method is accurate but expensive, while the 3-omega method is less accurate due to factors affecting measurement but is inexpensive and easy to implement. General problems in measuring nanofluid thermal conductivity are also discussed, such as a lack of precise carbon nanotube models and many influencing factors.
Advanced gas leakage detection using acoustic sensors newYatheesh Kaggere
The document discusses methods for detecting gas leaks in pipelines. It begins with an introduction to the importance and challenges of monitoring vast pipeline networks transporting oil and gas. It then reviews several existing approaches for continuous and non-continuous leak detection, including pressure analysis, mass balance, and acoustic sensors. The document proposes a new hybrid system using both gas sensors and ultrasonic sensors to quickly detect leaks and pinpoint their location. It concludes that while technologies are advancing, the proposed system offers a more accurate and cost-effective solution compared to other current methods.
IRJET- Non-Invasive Blood Glucose Measurement Depending on the Blood Dielectr...IRJET Journal
This document describes a proposed non-invasive method for measuring blood glucose concentration using ultra-wideband technology. It discusses how blood glucose levels affect the dielectric properties of blood, specifically decreasing permittivity as glucose concentration increases. An experiment is described using an open-ended coaxial probe and vector network analyzer to measure the dielectric properties of blood samples with varying glucose levels. The results show an inverse relationship between permittivity and glucose concentration. This relationship could allow calculating glucose levels from dielectric measurements in a non-invasive manner using a single UWB transceiver attached to blood vessels.
Pipeline Monitoring Using Vibroacoustic Sensing – A ReviewIRJET Journal
This document reviews pipeline monitoring using vibroacoustic sensing. It discusses how vibroacoustic sensing uses acoustic and vibration sensors along pipelines to detect leaks, impacts, and other issues. A network of these sensors records signals that can identify locations of problems. The document outlines testing procedures used to simulate various events and evaluate the monitoring system's performance at detecting things like leaks, pig tracking, and impacts at different pressures and distances. It also reviews existing pipeline monitoring methods and the proposed use of acoustic waves to remotely monitor pipeline health by detecting abnormal wave propagation patterns from issues like leaks.
This document describes a pipeline monitoring system using a wireless sensor network. Piezoelectric sensors such as lead zirconate titanate (PZT) can be mounted on pipeline surfaces to generate and detect ultrasonic Lamb waves that propagate along the pipe to monitor the structural health. Lamb waves are dispersive guided waves that can propagate long distances in plates and pipes. The document discusses using signal processing techniques to deal with Lamb wave dispersion and detect, localize, and quantify leaks and anomalies. It also describes using acoustic sensors inside pipelines to detect leaks by measuring pressure fluctuations caused by leak-generated acoustic signals.
High-precision Ultrasonic Flowmeter for Mining Applications based on Velocity...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The flowmeter is widely used in coal mining because of its higher measurement
precision and simple installation without channel project modification. In this paper, a flow
measurement method based on velocity-area is investigated, and a functional flowmeter for
mining applications with higher precision is designed. The two key parameters, the liquid level
and flow velocity are required to be obtained for achieving the proposed method. The proposed
flowmeter is composed of three main functional modules: (1) flow velocity detection module
based on ultrasonic time difference method, (2) liquid level detection module, and (3) mud level
detection module based on ultrasonic pulse echo method. All the measured data are transferred
to the monitoring station for analysis and displayed in real-time through M-BUS. The flowmeter
is designed focusing on mining applications, and has higher benefits for preventing water
disasters in coal mines.
A laboratory based study of hydraulic simulation of leakage in water distribu...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a laboratory study on hydraulic simulation of leakage in water distribution networks. The study used a small model network with pipes and instruments to measure pressure and flow at various points. Experiments were conducted with different initial water pressures, leakage volumes, and leakage locations. Pressure and flow data was collected and hydraulic modeling software was used to simulate the system and compare results. The goal was to validate an approach for detecting leakage location using pressure monitoring and hydraulic analysis.
IRJET- Intelligent Detection and Elimination of Blockage in Sewage pipes ...IRJET Journal
1) The document describes a robotic system designed to detect and clear blockages in sewage pipes as a safer alternative to human workers.
2) The robot uses ultrasonic sensors to detect blockages and then clears them using either high-pressure water pumping or a rotating cutting mechanism.
3) A wireless camera and other sensors allow a remote operator to monitor the robot's progress through the pipes. This robotic system aims to eliminate health and safety risks for human sewage workers.
This document discusses nanofluids and techniques for measuring their thermal conductivity. It defines nanofluids as fluids containing nanoparticles, which are typically metals, oxides, carbides or carbon nanotubes suspended in a base fluid like water or glycol. Two common measurement techniques are described: transient hot-wire method and 3-omega method. The transient hot-wire method is accurate but expensive, while the 3-omega method is less accurate due to factors affecting measurement but is inexpensive and easy to implement. General problems in measuring nanofluid thermal conductivity are also discussed, such as a lack of precise carbon nanotube models and many influencing factors.
Advanced gas leakage detection using acoustic sensors newYatheesh Kaggere
The document discusses methods for detecting gas leaks in pipelines. It begins with an introduction to the importance and challenges of monitoring vast pipeline networks transporting oil and gas. It then reviews several existing approaches for continuous and non-continuous leak detection, including pressure analysis, mass balance, and acoustic sensors. The document proposes a new hybrid system using both gas sensors and ultrasonic sensors to quickly detect leaks and pinpoint their location. It concludes that while technologies are advancing, the proposed system offers a more accurate and cost-effective solution compared to other current methods.
IRJET- Non-Invasive Blood Glucose Measurement Depending on the Blood Dielectr...IRJET Journal
This document describes a proposed non-invasive method for measuring blood glucose concentration using ultra-wideband technology. It discusses how blood glucose levels affect the dielectric properties of blood, specifically decreasing permittivity as glucose concentration increases. An experiment is described using an open-ended coaxial probe and vector network analyzer to measure the dielectric properties of blood samples with varying glucose levels. The results show an inverse relationship between permittivity and glucose concentration. This relationship could allow calculating glucose levels from dielectric measurements in a non-invasive manner using a single UWB transceiver attached to blood vessels.
Pipeline Monitoring Using Vibroacoustic Sensing – A ReviewIRJET Journal
This document reviews pipeline monitoring using vibroacoustic sensing. It discusses how vibroacoustic sensing uses acoustic and vibration sensors along pipelines to detect leaks, impacts, and other issues. A network of these sensors records signals that can identify locations of problems. The document outlines testing procedures used to simulate various events and evaluate the monitoring system's performance at detecting things like leaks, pig tracking, and impacts at different pressures and distances. It also reviews existing pipeline monitoring methods and the proposed use of acoustic waves to remotely monitor pipeline health by detecting abnormal wave propagation patterns from issues like leaks.
This document describes a pipeline monitoring system using a wireless sensor network. Piezoelectric sensors such as lead zirconate titanate (PZT) can be mounted on pipeline surfaces to generate and detect ultrasonic Lamb waves that propagate along the pipe to monitor the structural health. Lamb waves are dispersive guided waves that can propagate long distances in plates and pipes. The document discusses using signal processing techniques to deal with Lamb wave dispersion and detect, localize, and quantify leaks and anomalies. It also describes using acoustic sensors inside pipelines to detect leaks by measuring pressure fluctuations caused by leak-generated acoustic signals.
This document discusses experiments carried out to study the effectiveness of using internal pipe measurements for leak detection in plastic pipes. Acoustic and pressure signals from simulated leaks of varying flow rates were measured using a hydrophone and pressure transducer inside a 4-inch plastic pipe. The results showed that both sensors could detect leaks as small as 2 liters per minute under low pipe flow rates. Increasing the ratio between pipe flow rate and leak flow rate diminished and lowered the frequency of the leak signals. Sensor location and direction relative to the leak were also found to impact the quality of the acquired signal.
IRJET- A Review on Boiler Tube Assessment in Power Plant using Ultrasonic Tes...IRJET Journal
This document discusses the use of non-destructive testing methods like ultrasonic testing and EMAT to assess the condition of boiler tubes in power plants. It reviews previous research that has aimed to develop improved methodologies for evaluating tube wall thickness, detecting damage from corrosion and overheating, and predicting remaining tube life. The key methods discussed are using EMAT to non-contact measure wall thickness and ultrasonics to measure internal oxide layers as indicators of microstructure degradation. The document proposes that combining the results from these two NDT methods can provide a better assessment of tube condition than considering damage mechanisms separately.
This document discusses the use of ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) testing to assess the condition of concrete structures over their lifespan. It provides background on UPV testing and how it can be used to detect flaws like cracks, voids, and honeycombing. The document then describes a case study where a random school building was tested using UPV before and after retrofitting repairs. The pre-retrofitting results showed doubtful concrete quality throughout. After recommended repairs, UPV testing showed the concrete was now of excellent quality. Graphs clearly illustrate the improvement, demonstrating UPV's effectiveness in evaluating concrete condition and guiding repair work to extend a structure's useful life.
Abstract: Leak detection in gas pipelines has always been a great challenge for engineers, which prompts us to develop much better ways to inspect pipelines efficiently. Saving time and money at the same time are priorities of the pipeline inspection. There have been numerous models around the world but performance varies on a wider range. Most of the inspection systems have limited applicability, are neither reliable nor robust, while others depend on the user experience. This project work consists of developing an ‘In Pipe Inspection Robot’ that move inside a pipeline and find the position of leakage. The need of a leak detecting system, types of leak detecting system are discussed in brief. Leak detection is done using the principle of pressure gradient around the leakage area and The robot chassis is incorporated with the electronic components for the movement of robot inside the pipeline.
Electric Resistance Weld (ERW) tubes and pipes are extensively used un many applications including Oil Country Tubular Goods (OCTG) and high quality structures. Efficient in-line nondestructive testing techniques are needed to ensure that the weld quality meets applications standards.
Concentration measurements of bubbles in a water column using an optical tomo...ISA Interchange
Optical tomography provides a means for the determination of the spatial distribution of materials with different optical density in a volume by non-intrusive means. This paper presents results of concentration measurements of gas bubbles in a water column using an optical tomography system. A hydraulic flow rig is used to generate vertical air–water two-phase flows with controllable bubble flow rate. Two approaches are investigated. The first aims to obtain an average gas concentration at the measurement section, the second aims to obtain a gas distribution profile by using tomographic imaging. A hybrid back-projection algorithm is used to calculate concentration profiles from measured sensor values to provide a tomographic image of the measurement cross-section. The algorithm combines the characteristic of an optical sensor as a hard field sensor and the linear back projection algorithm.
Ultra sonic pulse velocity test for concrete as nondestructive test method in...Mohammed Layth
Ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) testing provides non-destructive evaluation of concrete by transmitting ultrasonic pulses through the material. The pulse velocity is dependent on concrete density and elastic properties, which relate to quality and compressive strength. UPV can detect voids, cracks, and defects by measuring the time it takes pulses to travel between transducers placed on the surface. Well-trained operators using modern UPV equipment can reliably examine concrete interior and determine properties like uniformity, cracking, strength, layer thickness, and elastic modulus. However, UPV has limitations and cannot replace destructive testing.
Development of an FHMA-based Underwater Acoustic Communications System for Mu...Waqas Tariq
This paper describes the design of an underwater acoustic communications system for multiple underwater vehicles, based on frequency-hopping multiple-access (FHMA) and tamed spread-spectrum communications. The system makes used of the tamed spread-spectrum method, frequency hopping, 4FSK, and a rake receiver. In order to make the system more practical, the underwater channel and the effect of the number of users on the bit error ratio (BER) are also taken into account. Since the necessary proving experiments are not easily conducted in the ocean, a platform is developed that uses the sound card of a computer, combined with a sound box and microphone, to transduce energy for acoustic communications. Simulated and experimental results indicate that this system could provide reliable underwater communications between multiple underwater vehicles.
Ultrasonic waves can be used to measure the depth of the sea. A transducer transmits ultrasonic waves that travel through the water and reflect off the sea floor. The receiving transducer measures the time it takes for the echo to return. Using the known speed of sound in water, the depth can be calculated from this time measurement.
Ultrasonic waves have many applications, including over 20 described in the document. Examples include non-destructive testing to detect flaws in metals, medical uses like removing kidney stones, and uses in other fields such as cleaning jewelry. The wavelength and velocity of ultrasound in liquids can be measured using the liquid as a diffraction grating for light.
Piezoe
The document summarizes the development of an Intelligent Casing-Intelligent Formation Telemetry (ICIFT) system being developed by researchers at the University of Oklahoma. The system uses RFID and wireless sensor technologies to transmit downhole pressure, temperature, and flow sensor data through cement, rock formations, and drilling fluids in real-time. The researchers conducted background studies on borehole telemetry systems and sensors. They designed and tested RFID sensor and transceiver prototypes and evaluated their ability to transmit data through various media at distances of up to 24 inches. Laboratory experiments matched well with simulation models. The overall goal is to enhance downhole data gathering and transmission from outside the casing.
In this article from the January 2015 World Pipelines edition, Andre Lamarre, Business Development Manager - Power Generation and Pipeline Markets at Olympus NDT, writes about trusted UT inspection methods and new technique developments used to contribute to pipeline integrity.
More on Olympus ultrasonic flaw detectors: http://bit.ly/1zy3QUu
Contact us: http://bit.ly/1rDmq94
Sign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/1j5FOTy
A Comparative Study of Sensors for Road Traffic Density MeasurementIJSRD
Sensors plays a vital role for measurement of traffic density on road. To acquire the traffic data from road various sensor were used. Different sensors have their own advantages and limitation in terms of accuracy in measurement. However a sensor varies from parameter to parameter i.e range, location of installation, power consumption, number of scanned lanes, features etc. This paper describes about the conventional sensors that were used for traffic density measurement in automatic traffic control system. Also the comparison between different sensors has been discussed in this paper.
A DEEP LEARNING APPROACH FOR DENOISING AIR-COUPLEDULTRASONIC RESPONDS DATAijaia
Ensuring material quality is a central objective in production and manufacturing. Non-contact nondestructive testing methods without the use of coupling media are of particular interest with regard to mechanical or biochemical properties of the material. For this purpose, air-coupled ultrasonic is a useful method for quality control. The challenge is the poor signal-to-noise ratio, which makes it difficult to apply the classical approaches. This makes it impossible to distinguish between defect structures and noise. We are developing a method for denoising air-coupled ultrasonic data by applying deep neural networks by
using a geometry-analytical component that detects defect structures. During the evaluation we show that we are able to obtain the data almost free of noise, so that incorrectly classified noisy pixels are mainly located at the edges of the defect structures, which cannot be clearly delimited. It is shown that the quality of the data is significantly improved for detection processes.
A DEEP LEARNING APPROACH FOR DENOISING AIR-COUPLEDULTRASONIC RESPONDS DATAgerogepatton
The document describes a deep learning approach for denoising air-coupled ultrasonic response data to improve non-destructive defect detection. The approach uses a two-stage architecture: 1) An Ultrasonic Responds Analyzer classifies each pixel as damaged or undamaged using LSTM and 1D convolutional neural networks. 2) A Shape of Interest Analyzer further analyzes pixel patches using convolutional layers to separate defects from noise based on shape, improving data quality for detection tasks. The method achieves near noise-free data classification with mainly edge errors, significantly improving defect detection over traditional approaches.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document proposes an air pollution monitoring system based on wireless sensor networks. The system uses sensor nodes equipped with CO, SO2, and dust sensors that transmit pollution data via Zigbee to a central server. The simulation results show the sensor nodes successfully measuring pollution levels from two areas and transmitting the data via Zigbee to be displayed on the central server in real-time. The system is designed to remotely monitor industrial air pollution and could be deployed in production industries in Tanzania to provide pollution data for decision makers.
Design of Electronic Nose System Using Gas Chromatography Principle and Surfa...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Most gases are odorless, colorless and also hazard to be sensed by the human olfactory system.
Hence, an electronic nose system is required for the gas classification process. This study presents the
design of electronic nose system using a combination of Gas Chromatography Column and a Surface
Acoustic Wave (SAW). The Gas Chromatography Column is a technique based on the compound partition
at a certain temperature. Whereas, the SAW sensor works based on the resonant frequency change. In
this study, gas samples including methanol, acetonitrile, and benzene are used for system performance
measurement. Each gas sample generates a specific acoustic signal data in the form of a frequency
change recorded by the SAW sensor. Then, the acoustic signal data is analyzed to obtain the acoustic
features, i.e. the peak amplitude, the negative slope, the positive slope, and the length. The Support
Vector Machine (SVM) method using the acoustic feature as its input parameters are applied to classify
the gas sample. Radial Basis Function is used to build the optimal hyperplane model which devided into
two processes i.e., the training process and the external validation process. According to the result
performance, the training process has the accuracy of 98.7% and the external validation process has the
accuracy of 93.3%. Our electronic nose system has the average sensitivity of 51.43 Hz/mL to sense the
gas samples.
Dynamic Stand-Alone Gas Detection SystemIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a dynamic stand-alone gas detection system designed by R.G. Dhokte and Dr. M.H. Nerkar. The system aims to flexibly detect and monitor concentrations of toxic and combustible gases like carbon monoxide, LPG and methane using low-cost sensors. An AVR microcontroller and GSM module allow for control and communication. Compared to standard systems, the results from this system's sensors are approximately equal while being more cost-effective. The system requires 16-22 minutes to provide detection results.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
This document describes the development of a prototype pipe tracking robot that uses electronic nose technology to detect gas leaks. The robot is designed to automatically track and follow pipes using ultrasonic sensors. It also uses an MQ6 gas sensor to detect the presence of gas leaks, identify the type of gas, and transmit sensor data to an Arduino microcontroller and LCD display. The researchers tested the prototype's ability to track a PVC pipe, detect different gases, and display detection information. Test results showed the robot could successfully track a 10 cm diameter pipe from 5 cm away and detect gas leaks within 1 minute. The LCD also correctly displayed gas detection information.
This document summarizes a study that investigated the effect of roughness and Reynolds number on mean flow velocities in an open channel. Laboratory experiments were conducted in a flume with four different bed surfaces (smooth, rough with sand strips, continuous rough sand layer, permeable sand bed) and two Reynolds numbers. Laser Doppler anemometry was used to measure streamwise velocities. The results showed that mean velocities collapsed well across different bed surfaces and Reynolds numbers. Maximum velocities generally occurred below the free surface. The location of maximum velocity depended on roughness and Reynolds number. Friction coefficients were also found to depend on both roughness and Reynolds number.
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
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This document discusses experiments carried out to study the effectiveness of using internal pipe measurements for leak detection in plastic pipes. Acoustic and pressure signals from simulated leaks of varying flow rates were measured using a hydrophone and pressure transducer inside a 4-inch plastic pipe. The results showed that both sensors could detect leaks as small as 2 liters per minute under low pipe flow rates. Increasing the ratio between pipe flow rate and leak flow rate diminished and lowered the frequency of the leak signals. Sensor location and direction relative to the leak were also found to impact the quality of the acquired signal.
IRJET- A Review on Boiler Tube Assessment in Power Plant using Ultrasonic Tes...IRJET Journal
This document discusses the use of non-destructive testing methods like ultrasonic testing and EMAT to assess the condition of boiler tubes in power plants. It reviews previous research that has aimed to develop improved methodologies for evaluating tube wall thickness, detecting damage from corrosion and overheating, and predicting remaining tube life. The key methods discussed are using EMAT to non-contact measure wall thickness and ultrasonics to measure internal oxide layers as indicators of microstructure degradation. The document proposes that combining the results from these two NDT methods can provide a better assessment of tube condition than considering damage mechanisms separately.
This document discusses the use of ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) testing to assess the condition of concrete structures over their lifespan. It provides background on UPV testing and how it can be used to detect flaws like cracks, voids, and honeycombing. The document then describes a case study where a random school building was tested using UPV before and after retrofitting repairs. The pre-retrofitting results showed doubtful concrete quality throughout. After recommended repairs, UPV testing showed the concrete was now of excellent quality. Graphs clearly illustrate the improvement, demonstrating UPV's effectiveness in evaluating concrete condition and guiding repair work to extend a structure's useful life.
Abstract: Leak detection in gas pipelines has always been a great challenge for engineers, which prompts us to develop much better ways to inspect pipelines efficiently. Saving time and money at the same time are priorities of the pipeline inspection. There have been numerous models around the world but performance varies on a wider range. Most of the inspection systems have limited applicability, are neither reliable nor robust, while others depend on the user experience. This project work consists of developing an ‘In Pipe Inspection Robot’ that move inside a pipeline and find the position of leakage. The need of a leak detecting system, types of leak detecting system are discussed in brief. Leak detection is done using the principle of pressure gradient around the leakage area and The robot chassis is incorporated with the electronic components for the movement of robot inside the pipeline.
Electric Resistance Weld (ERW) tubes and pipes are extensively used un many applications including Oil Country Tubular Goods (OCTG) and high quality structures. Efficient in-line nondestructive testing techniques are needed to ensure that the weld quality meets applications standards.
Concentration measurements of bubbles in a water column using an optical tomo...ISA Interchange
Optical tomography provides a means for the determination of the spatial distribution of materials with different optical density in a volume by non-intrusive means. This paper presents results of concentration measurements of gas bubbles in a water column using an optical tomography system. A hydraulic flow rig is used to generate vertical air–water two-phase flows with controllable bubble flow rate. Two approaches are investigated. The first aims to obtain an average gas concentration at the measurement section, the second aims to obtain a gas distribution profile by using tomographic imaging. A hybrid back-projection algorithm is used to calculate concentration profiles from measured sensor values to provide a tomographic image of the measurement cross-section. The algorithm combines the characteristic of an optical sensor as a hard field sensor and the linear back projection algorithm.
Ultra sonic pulse velocity test for concrete as nondestructive test method in...Mohammed Layth
Ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) testing provides non-destructive evaluation of concrete by transmitting ultrasonic pulses through the material. The pulse velocity is dependent on concrete density and elastic properties, which relate to quality and compressive strength. UPV can detect voids, cracks, and defects by measuring the time it takes pulses to travel between transducers placed on the surface. Well-trained operators using modern UPV equipment can reliably examine concrete interior and determine properties like uniformity, cracking, strength, layer thickness, and elastic modulus. However, UPV has limitations and cannot replace destructive testing.
Development of an FHMA-based Underwater Acoustic Communications System for Mu...Waqas Tariq
This paper describes the design of an underwater acoustic communications system for multiple underwater vehicles, based on frequency-hopping multiple-access (FHMA) and tamed spread-spectrum communications. The system makes used of the tamed spread-spectrum method, frequency hopping, 4FSK, and a rake receiver. In order to make the system more practical, the underwater channel and the effect of the number of users on the bit error ratio (BER) are also taken into account. Since the necessary proving experiments are not easily conducted in the ocean, a platform is developed that uses the sound card of a computer, combined with a sound box and microphone, to transduce energy for acoustic communications. Simulated and experimental results indicate that this system could provide reliable underwater communications between multiple underwater vehicles.
Ultrasonic waves can be used to measure the depth of the sea. A transducer transmits ultrasonic waves that travel through the water and reflect off the sea floor. The receiving transducer measures the time it takes for the echo to return. Using the known speed of sound in water, the depth can be calculated from this time measurement.
Ultrasonic waves have many applications, including over 20 described in the document. Examples include non-destructive testing to detect flaws in metals, medical uses like removing kidney stones, and uses in other fields such as cleaning jewelry. The wavelength and velocity of ultrasound in liquids can be measured using the liquid as a diffraction grating for light.
Piezoe
The document summarizes the development of an Intelligent Casing-Intelligent Formation Telemetry (ICIFT) system being developed by researchers at the University of Oklahoma. The system uses RFID and wireless sensor technologies to transmit downhole pressure, temperature, and flow sensor data through cement, rock formations, and drilling fluids in real-time. The researchers conducted background studies on borehole telemetry systems and sensors. They designed and tested RFID sensor and transceiver prototypes and evaluated their ability to transmit data through various media at distances of up to 24 inches. Laboratory experiments matched well with simulation models. The overall goal is to enhance downhole data gathering and transmission from outside the casing.
In this article from the January 2015 World Pipelines edition, Andre Lamarre, Business Development Manager - Power Generation and Pipeline Markets at Olympus NDT, writes about trusted UT inspection methods and new technique developments used to contribute to pipeline integrity.
More on Olympus ultrasonic flaw detectors: http://bit.ly/1zy3QUu
Contact us: http://bit.ly/1rDmq94
Sign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/1j5FOTy
A Comparative Study of Sensors for Road Traffic Density MeasurementIJSRD
Sensors plays a vital role for measurement of traffic density on road. To acquire the traffic data from road various sensor were used. Different sensors have their own advantages and limitation in terms of accuracy in measurement. However a sensor varies from parameter to parameter i.e range, location of installation, power consumption, number of scanned lanes, features etc. This paper describes about the conventional sensors that were used for traffic density measurement in automatic traffic control system. Also the comparison between different sensors has been discussed in this paper.
A DEEP LEARNING APPROACH FOR DENOISING AIR-COUPLEDULTRASONIC RESPONDS DATAijaia
Ensuring material quality is a central objective in production and manufacturing. Non-contact nondestructive testing methods without the use of coupling media are of particular interest with regard to mechanical or biochemical properties of the material. For this purpose, air-coupled ultrasonic is a useful method for quality control. The challenge is the poor signal-to-noise ratio, which makes it difficult to apply the classical approaches. This makes it impossible to distinguish between defect structures and noise. We are developing a method for denoising air-coupled ultrasonic data by applying deep neural networks by
using a geometry-analytical component that detects defect structures. During the evaluation we show that we are able to obtain the data almost free of noise, so that incorrectly classified noisy pixels are mainly located at the edges of the defect structures, which cannot be clearly delimited. It is shown that the quality of the data is significantly improved for detection processes.
A DEEP LEARNING APPROACH FOR DENOISING AIR-COUPLEDULTRASONIC RESPONDS DATAgerogepatton
The document describes a deep learning approach for denoising air-coupled ultrasonic response data to improve non-destructive defect detection. The approach uses a two-stage architecture: 1) An Ultrasonic Responds Analyzer classifies each pixel as damaged or undamaged using LSTM and 1D convolutional neural networks. 2) A Shape of Interest Analyzer further analyzes pixel patches using convolutional layers to separate defects from noise based on shape, improving data quality for detection tasks. The method achieves near noise-free data classification with mainly edge errors, significantly improving defect detection over traditional approaches.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document proposes an air pollution monitoring system based on wireless sensor networks. The system uses sensor nodes equipped with CO, SO2, and dust sensors that transmit pollution data via Zigbee to a central server. The simulation results show the sensor nodes successfully measuring pollution levels from two areas and transmitting the data via Zigbee to be displayed on the central server in real-time. The system is designed to remotely monitor industrial air pollution and could be deployed in production industries in Tanzania to provide pollution data for decision makers.
Design of Electronic Nose System Using Gas Chromatography Principle and Surfa...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Most gases are odorless, colorless and also hazard to be sensed by the human olfactory system.
Hence, an electronic nose system is required for the gas classification process. This study presents the
design of electronic nose system using a combination of Gas Chromatography Column and a Surface
Acoustic Wave (SAW). The Gas Chromatography Column is a technique based on the compound partition
at a certain temperature. Whereas, the SAW sensor works based on the resonant frequency change. In
this study, gas samples including methanol, acetonitrile, and benzene are used for system performance
measurement. Each gas sample generates a specific acoustic signal data in the form of a frequency
change recorded by the SAW sensor. Then, the acoustic signal data is analyzed to obtain the acoustic
features, i.e. the peak amplitude, the negative slope, the positive slope, and the length. The Support
Vector Machine (SVM) method using the acoustic feature as its input parameters are applied to classify
the gas sample. Radial Basis Function is used to build the optimal hyperplane model which devided into
two processes i.e., the training process and the external validation process. According to the result
performance, the training process has the accuracy of 98.7% and the external validation process has the
accuracy of 93.3%. Our electronic nose system has the average sensitivity of 51.43 Hz/mL to sense the
gas samples.
Dynamic Stand-Alone Gas Detection SystemIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a dynamic stand-alone gas detection system designed by R.G. Dhokte and Dr. M.H. Nerkar. The system aims to flexibly detect and monitor concentrations of toxic and combustible gases like carbon monoxide, LPG and methane using low-cost sensors. An AVR microcontroller and GSM module allow for control and communication. Compared to standard systems, the results from this system's sensors are approximately equal while being more cost-effective. The system requires 16-22 minutes to provide detection results.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
This document describes the development of a prototype pipe tracking robot that uses electronic nose technology to detect gas leaks. The robot is designed to automatically track and follow pipes using ultrasonic sensors. It also uses an MQ6 gas sensor to detect the presence of gas leaks, identify the type of gas, and transmit sensor data to an Arduino microcontroller and LCD display. The researchers tested the prototype's ability to track a PVC pipe, detect different gases, and display detection information. Test results showed the robot could successfully track a 10 cm diameter pipe from 5 cm away and detect gas leaks within 1 minute. The LCD also correctly displayed gas detection information.
This document summarizes a study that investigated the effect of roughness and Reynolds number on mean flow velocities in an open channel. Laboratory experiments were conducted in a flume with four different bed surfaces (smooth, rough with sand strips, continuous rough sand layer, permeable sand bed) and two Reynolds numbers. Laser Doppler anemometry was used to measure streamwise velocities. The results showed that mean velocities collapsed well across different bed surfaces and Reynolds numbers. Maximum velocities generally occurred below the free surface. The location of maximum velocity depended on roughness and Reynolds number. Friction coefficients were also found to depend on both roughness and Reynolds number.
Similar to Development of Non-Invasive Ultrasonic Measuring System for Monitoring Multiphase Flow in Liquid Media within Composite Pipeline (20)
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
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the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
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metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
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for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
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Neural network optimizer of proportional-integral-differential controller par...IJECEIAES
Wide application of proportional-integral-differential (PID)-regulator in industry requires constant improvement of methods of its parameters adjustment. The paper deals with the issues of optimization of PID-regulator parameters with the use of neural network technology methods. A methodology for choosing the architecture (structure) of neural network optimizer is proposed, which consists in determining the number of layers, the number of neurons in each layer, as well as the form and type of activation function. Algorithms of neural network training based on the application of the method of minimizing the mismatch between the regulated value and the target value are developed. The method of back propagation of gradients is proposed to select the optimal training rate of neurons of the neural network. The neural network optimizer, which is a superstructure of the linear PID controller, allows increasing the regulation accuracy from 0.23 to 0.09, thus reducing the power consumption from 65% to 53%. The results of the conducted experiments allow us to conclude that the created neural superstructure may well become a prototype of an automatic voltage regulator (AVR)-type industrial controller for tuning the parameters of the PID controller.
An improved modulation technique suitable for a three level flying capacitor ...IJECEIAES
This research paper introduces an innovative modulation technique for controlling a 3-level flying capacitor multilevel inverter (FCMLI), aiming to streamline the modulation process in contrast to conventional methods. The proposed
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efficient control of multilevel inverters, enabling their widespread adoption and
integration into modern power electronic systems. Through the amalgamation of
sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) with a high-frequency square wave
pulse, this controlling technique attains energy equilibrium across the coupling
capacitor. The modulation scheme incorporates a simplified switching pattern
and a decreased count of voltage references, thereby simplifying the control
algorithm.
A review on features and methods of potential fishing zoneIJECEIAES
This review focuses on the importance of identifying potential fishing zones in seawater for sustainable fishing practices. It explores features like sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height (SSH), along with classification methods such as classifiers. The features like SST, SSH, and different classifiers used to classify the data, have been figured out in this review study. This study underscores the importance of examining potential fishing zones using advanced analytical techniques. It thoroughly explores the methodologies employed by researchers, covering both past and current approaches. The examination centers on data characteristics and the application of classification algorithms for classification of potential fishing zones. Furthermore, the prediction of potential fishing zones relies significantly on the effectiveness of classification algorithms. Previous research has assessed the performance of models like support vector machines, naïve Bayes, and artificial neural networks (ANN). In the previous result, the results of support vector machine (SVM) were 97.6% more accurate than naive Bayes's 94.2% to classify test data for fisheries classification. By considering the recent works in this area, several recommendations for future works are presented to further improve the performance of the potential fishing zone models, which is important to the fisheries community.
Electrical signal interference minimization using appropriate core material f...IJECEIAES
As demand for smaller, quicker, and more powerful devices rises, Moore's law is strictly followed. The industry has worked hard to make little devices that boost productivity. The goal is to optimize device density. Scientists are reducing connection delays to improve circuit performance. This helped them understand three-dimensional integrated circuit (3D IC) concepts, which stack active devices and create vertical connections to diminish latency and lower interconnects. Electrical involvement is a big worry with 3D integrates circuits. Researchers have developed and tested through silicon via (TSV) and substrates to decrease electrical wave involvement. This study illustrates a novel noise coupling reduction method using several electrical involvement models. A 22% drop in electrical involvement from wave-carrying to victim TSVs introduces this new paradigm and improves system performance even at higher THz frequencies.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
Bibliometric analysis highlighting the role of women in addressing climate ch...IJECEIAES
Fossil fuel consumption increased quickly, contributing to climate change
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the past ten years, women's involvement in society has grown dramatically,
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findings discussed the relevant to the sustainable development goals (SDGs),
particularly SDG 7 and SDG 13. The results considered contributions made
by women in the various sectors while taking geographic dispersion into
account. The bibliometric analysis delves into topics including women's
leadership in environmental groups, their involvement in policymaking, their
contributions to sustainable development projects, and the influence of
gender diversity on attempts to mitigate climate change. This study's results
highlight how women have influenced policies and actions related to climate
change, point out areas of research deficiency and recommendations on how
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The active and reactive load changes have a significant impact on voltage
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generator, and micro-turbine, are controlled. The micro-turbine generator is
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deployment of smart grids (SGs) is important to highlight possible
shortcomings that can be mitigated by developing new tools. This paper
contributes to the research trends mentioned above by focusing on two
objectives. First, a bibliometric analysis is presented to give an overview of
the current research level about smart grid deployment. Second, a survey of
the main technological approaches used for smart grid implementation and
their contributions are highlighted. To that effect, we searched the Web of
Science (WoS), and the Scopus databases. We obtained 5,663 documents
from WoS and 7,215 from Scopus on smart grid implementation or
deployment. With the extraction limitation in the Scopus database, 5,872 of
the 7,215 documents were extracted using a multi-step process. These two
datasets have been analyzed using a bibliometric tool called bibliometrix.
The main outputs are presented with some recommendations for future
research.
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comparison of all criteria together. Thus, it can be seen from the total weight
that hybrid approaches are the least suitable to be chosen, while signal
processing-based methods are the most appropriate islanding detection
method to be selected and implemented in power system with respect to the
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hierarchy model is studied and examined.
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The power generated by photovoltaic (PV) systems is influenced by
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solar cells' peak output. In this study, a single-stage grid-connected PV
system is designed to enhance power quality. Our approach employs fuzzy
logic in the direct power control (DPC) of a three-phase voltage source
inverter (VSI), enabling seamless integration of the PV connected to the
grid. Additionally, a fuzzy logic-based maximum power point tracking
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incremental conductance (INC) in enhancing solar cell efficiency and
minimizing the response time. Moreover, the inverter's real-time active and
reactive power is directly managed to achieve a unity power factor (UPF).
The system's performance is assessed through MATLAB/Simulink
implementation, showing marked improvement over conventional methods,
particularly in steady-state and varying weather conditions. For solar
irradiances of 500 and 1,000 W/m2
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method reduces the total harmonic distortion (THD) of the injected current
to the grid by approximately 46% and 38% compared to conventional
methods, respectively. Furthermore, we compare the simulation results with
IEEE standards to evaluate the system's grid compatibility.
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Photovoltaic systems have emerged as a promising energy resource that
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and cost-free nature. The power output of these systems relies on solar cell
radiation and temperature. In order to mitigate the dependence on
atmospheric conditions and enhance power tracking, a conventional
approach has been improved by integrating various methods. To optimize
the generation of electricity from solar systems, the maximum power point
tracking (MPPT) technique is employed. To overcome limitations such as
steady-state voltage oscillations and improve transient response, two
traditional MPPT methods, namely fuzzy logic controller (FLC) and perturb
and observe (P&O), have been modified. This research paper aims to
simulate and validate the step size of the proposed modified P&O and FLC
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Robot manipulators have become important equipment in production lines, medical fields, and transportation. Improving the quality of trajectory tracking for
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challenging problem because robot manipulators are complex nonlinear systems
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article proposes an adaptive synchronous sliding control scheme to improve trajectory tracking performance for a robot manipulator. The proposed controller
ensures that the positions of the joints track the desired trajectory, synchronize
the errors, and significantly reduces chattering. First, the synchronous tracking
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Smart monitoring technique for solar cell systems using internet of things ba...IJECEIAES
Rapidly and remotely monitoring and receiving the solar cell systems status parameters, solar irradiance, temperature, and humidity, are critical issues in enhancement their efficiency. Hence, in the present article an improved smart prototype of internet of things (IoT) technique based on embedded system through NodeMCU ESP8266 (ESP-12E) was carried out experimentally. Three different regions at Egypt; Luxor, Cairo, and El-Beheira cities were chosen to study their solar irradiance profile, temperature, and humidity by the proposed IoT system. The monitoring data of solar irradiance, temperature, and humidity were live visualized directly by Ubidots through hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) protocol. The measured solar power radiation in Luxor, Cairo, and El-Beheira ranged between 216-1000, 245-958, and 187-692 W/m 2 respectively during the solar day. The accuracy and rapidity of obtaining monitoring results using the proposed IoT system made it a strong candidate for application in monitoring solar cell systems. On the other hand, the obtained solar power radiation results of the three considered regions strongly candidate Luxor and Cairo as suitable places to build up a solar cells system station rather than El-Beheira.
An efficient security framework for intrusion detection and prevention in int...IJECEIAES
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KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
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UNLOCKING HEALTHCARE 4.0: NAVIGATING CRITICAL SUCCESS FACTORS FOR EFFECTIVE I...amsjournal
The Fourth Industrial Revolution is transforming industries, including healthcare, by integrating digital,
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countries. Healthcare is evolving significantly, with varied objectives across nations aiming to improve
population health. The study explores stakeholders' perceptions on critical success factors, identifying
challenges such as insufficiently trained personnel, organizational silos, and structural barriers to data
exchange. Facilitators for integration include cost reduction initiatives and interoperability policies.
Technologies like IoT, Big Data, AI, Machine Learning, and robotics enhance diagnostics, treatment
precision, and real-time monitoring, reducing errors and optimizing resource utilization. Automation
improves employee satisfaction and patient care, while Blockchain and telemedicine drive cost reductions.
Successful integration requires skilled professionals and supportive policies, promising efficient resource
use, lower error rates, and accelerated processes, leading to optimized global healthcare outcomes.
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International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning an...gerogepatton
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2. IJECE ISSN: 2088-8708
Development of Non-Invasive Ultrasonic Measuring System for Monitoring …. (Mohd Fadzli Abd Shaib)
3077
pipeline. Since air is lighter than water, when the pipe is filled with liquid which initially full of air, air will
accumulate at the highest point of the pipeline. As the air continues accumulates at the highest point, the fluid
velocity increases force into the smaller opening which finally leads stoppage of the flow. Due to this
problem, real time monitoring system is able to observe the existence of air bubble in liquid flow, so that the
proper air valve could be designed at specific location to release air trapped in the pipeline.
Non-Invasive ultrasonic measurement system is one of the methods to observe internal activities
inside the pipeline. The main advantage of this system is the capability to image two or more component
flow in real time manners based on the arrangement of the ultrasonic sensors around the periphery of the
system to be observed. In addition, the distribution or flow pattern could be analysed quantitative and
qualitative without disrupting the flow of the system (non-invasive and non-intrusively) [1]. The ultrasonic
system depends on the sensitivity towards changes of sound energy density (or sound density) where
different material or substance owns a different of sound energy density. With this characteristic difference, it
will be able to differentiate distribution of different component flow inside the pipeline or the system.
The capability of the ultrasonic sensor depends on the strength of the frequency on each ultrasonic
sensor to penetrate the medium. However, the higher the strength of ultrasonic frequency, the projection
beam becomes smaller, which not good enough to cover a larger area. Hence, this will affect the
measurement accuracy within the coverage area of the pipeline, especially when it involves image
construction based data obtained at the receivers. However, this will not become a main problem if it doesn’t
involve image analysis.
For multiphase flow monitoring system, the capability of the ultrasonic sensor is being explored
with different frequency strength and different medium. The type of multiphase flow includes the mixture of
liquid and gas, liquid and solid, liquid and liquid or liquid, solid and gas flow within the cross section of the
pipeline. The research towards monitoring multiphase flows using ultrasonic measurement system is
remaining active up until present days as in Table 1.
Table 1. Meta-analysis for multiphase flow detection via ultrasonic measurement system
Types of
multiphase flow
Authors Year Application
Liquid–solid-gas
[2] 2004 Solid and gas flow in liquid(0.1 to 30MHz ultrasonic frequencies)
[3],[4] 2013 Sand-gas-liquid flow in liquid (100kHz to 750kHz ultrasonic frequencies) via steel
pipeline.
Liquid–solid
[5] 2010 PVC-water flow –different size of PVC size been explored (40kHz).
[6] 2011 Oil-Sand flow (5-10MHz ultrasonic frequency) via pulse echo techniques
[7] 2012 PVC/Ceramic/Steel-water flow (20kHz ultrasonic frequency)
[8] 2012 Water-glass bead (2-12MHz ultrasonic frequency) in high shear flow
[9] 2015 Water/heavy –Sand flow (100-500kHz ultrasonic frequency)
Liquid-liquid
[10] 2007 Oil-water flow (40kHz ultrasonic frequency)
[11] 2009 Corn oil/Soy bean oil/Palm oil-water flow(40kHz ultrasonic frequency)
[12] 2009 Water-Oil flow-time of flight technique
Liquid–gas [13] 2007 Liquid-gas flow (2MHz ultrasonic frequency)- methyl- methacrylate material for
rectangular container.
[14] 2010 Liquid-gas flow(4Mhz ultrasonic frequency) using three type ultrasound interface
detection techniques
[15] 2010 Liquid-gas flow (40kHz ultrasonic frequency)-simulation on optimum number of
ultrasonic sensor.
[16], [17] 2013,
2014
Liquid-Gas flow (40kHz and 333kHz ultrasonic frequency)
[18] 2014 Liquid-gas flow (150-750kHz) , measure slug velocity
[19]–[22] 2008-
2014
Liquid-gas flow(333kHz ultrasonic frequency)-32 transceivers
[23]–[25] 2010-
2013
Liquid-gas flow(333kHz ultrasonic frequency)-16 pairs
2. SYSTEM OVERVIEW
In developing the ultrasonic measurement system, it will be divided into two major parts which are
hardware and software part as in Figure 1. The main process of constructing the hardware is selecting the
right frequency of ultrasonic transducers. The frequency selection of ultrasonic transducers is one of the main
factors to observe the penetration capability inside the pipeline. However, there are also other factors
involved in signal penetration which are the types of pipe used and the type of distribution of material in the
liquid flow. The arrangement of ultrasonic transducers around the periphery of the pipeline is vital to achieve
the best results. The minimum pairs of ultrasonic transducer is only one pair if does not involve image
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construction (only signal analysis) and the maximum pairs is depends on the circumference size of the
pipeline. The object could be single or more than one component or substance. The signal will be excited
from the ultrasonic transducer as a transmitter and other ultrasonic transducer will act as a receiver. The
transmitting and receiving signal is controlled via microcontroller for further analysis.
Figure 1. The whole concept of Ultrasonic measurement system
Generally, most pipelines for conveying the substance (in liquid form) made from acrylic, PVC and
metal. However, due to the limitation and weaknesses of the characteristics of the currents pipe possessed,
most of the industry starts to explore other potential pipe that can offer better strength to meet industrial
expectation. There are several other alternative pipes available in the market and one of it is the composite
pipe. Due to the good feature of the composite pipe, which has longer lifetime, non-corrosive and strong
enough to withstand with high pressure, this pipe has been chosen as an alternative pipe for process of
conveying material.
Polyethylene (Poly) Aluminum (Al) composite pipe is used in this research. This composite pipe
mainly consists of three layers of material, which are the internal layer (Polyethylene), middle layer
(Aluminum) and outer layer (Polyethylene). Between each layer of the composite pipe, there is a thin
adhesive layer to ensure the polyethylene and aluminum layer are intact. The thickness of each polyethylene
and aluminum layer is different. The thickness of Polyethylene Aluminium composite pipe is shown in
Figure 2. The outer layer and internal of Polyethylene is 3mm and 3.5mm thickness consecutively. The
aluminium layer at the middle layer is 1mm which strengthens the structure of the composite pipe. Generally,
this composite pipe is 7.5mm thickness where internal diameter is 60mm and outer diameter is 75mm.
Figure 2. Polyethylene Aluminium composite multiple layer thickness
For ultrasonic wave propagates from one medium to another medium, it need to travel through
several boundaries before reaching at the receiver. The ultrasonic signal is either transmitted or reflected
depends on the acoustic impedance of each material. If the acoustic impedance between one materials very
high compared with other material, more signals will be reflected. When the acoustic impedance of two
materials is almost the same, the signal will be more transmitted. The total amount of ultrasonic signal
reflected and transmitted must be equal to the total amount of incident energy.
60mm
3.5m
m
1mm
3mm
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In case of the penetration capability of ultrasonic sensor through Polyethylene Aluminium
composite pipe, there are several layers of boundaries need to be considered where pairs of ultrasonic sensors
are being located at the periphery of the pipeline as in Figure 3. The amount of reflected or transmitted signal
is determined from the Equation (1) and Equation (2) based on the different acoustic impedance on every
boundary layer.
Figure 3. Cut of Section of Polyethylene Aluminium composite pipe
( )
( )
2
(1)
( )
( )
=
1-R (2)
Where
R is reflected coefficient
T is transmitted coefficient
Z1 is acoustic impedance of material 1
Z2 is acoustic impedance of material 2
For each boundary layer, when the ultrasonic signal travelling a distance and block by an obstacle,
the signals will be transmitted or reflected which is depends on the acoustic impedance of the material or
obstacle as visualised in Figure 4. Means, only part of the signal will be received by ultrasonic receiver and
the rest of the signal will be reflected.
Figure 4. Ultrasonic signal pattern when blocked with an obstacle
3. CONSTRUCTION OF ULTRASONIC MEASUREMENT SYSTEM
The ultrasonic sensor contains a piezoelectric crystal that will vibrate in the form of the frequency
wave with the triggered by pulse voltage. The lower the frequency of ultrasonic sensors will have higher
wavelength and penetration capability into the material. However, the higher the frequency will lead to lower
wavelength, hence, lower penetration capability of the material with higher resolution compared with the
lower frequency ultrasonic sensor. This is the reason, the ultrasonic sensor with lower frequency is being
chosen to construct this ultrasonic measurement system due to its capability for deeper penetration.
3.1. The Measuring Process for Ultrasonic Measuring System
Ultrasonic transceivers model MCUSD13A300B09RS with a frequency of 300kHz with central
frequency of 300kHz + 15kHz is being chosen in this project. This type of ultrasonic sensors can transmit or
receive the signal at the same time. For developing the ultrasonic measurement system, involves the
integration of hardware and software part. The hardware part includes the setup of the hardware arrangement
as in Figure 5. Pairs of ultrasonic sensor are attached at the circumference of the composite pipeline full with
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liquid (water) using glycerine. Each ultrasonic sensor connected with its unique circuity for the purposed of
transmitting and receiving ultrasonic signal.
The circuitry of the ultrasonic system includes the integration between PC and microcontrollers,
excitation and signal conditioning circuit with the set of ultrasonic sensors as shown in Figure 6. For this
system to operate, simple C programming languages are developed via MicroC compiler to generate pulses to
dsPIC30F6010A microcontroller. The generated pulse will be sent to analogue switches. The sensor will act
as a transmitter or as a receiver depends on the signal obtained from the analogue switches. For pairs of
ultrasonic transceivers, in order to determine the sensor as a transmitter or a receiver, different configuration
of analogue switches needs to be set. From Figure 7, two analogue switches model MAX319 are needed to
set the first sensor (S1) as the transmitter and second sensor (S2) as receiver. The first analogue switch is
injected with a positive pulse at port 6. This will cause port 1 and port 8 is short circuited. Hence, sensor 1
(located at port 1) and transmitter circuit (located at port 8) is connected which make S1 as transmitter.
Ultrasonic signal transmission across the composite pipe is occurring. On a contrary, there is no pulse is
injected at port 6. Sensor S2 (located at port 1) and receiver circuit (located at port 2) is connected makes
sensor S2 as a receiver. The received signal is being processed through the receiver (signal conditioning)
circuit and the data will be collected to a PC through the microcontroller.
Figure 5. Arrangement of
ultrasonic sensor on the
periphery of the composite
pipeline
Figure 6. Process of obtain data from ultrasonic sensor
Figure 7. Configuration of analogue switches for S1 as transmitter and S2 as receiver
As for another configuration, S2 as transmitter and S1 as receiver, the arrangement is reverse compared from
Figure 7 which is shown in Figure 8.
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Figure 8. Configuration of analogue switches for S1 as receiver and S2 as transmitter
4. DESIGNING TRANSMITTER AND SIGNAL CONDITIONING CIRCUIT
In order to operate the ultrasonics transceiver, two type of circuitry need to be designed which is
transmitter and signal conditioning circuit.
4.1. Transmitter Circuit
In activating ultrasonic sensor as transmitting purpose, dual pulse with 30V in amplitude and
300kHz frequency need to be triggered at the sensor every 100Hz of period. This is important so that
reverberation effect totally finish before new excitation start. Hence, to meet the requirement, comparator
circuit need to be constructed as in Figure 9.
Figure 9. Transmitter circuit
In design of comparator circuit, below formula is followed:
If V+
> Vref , then Vout= +Vcc
If V+
< Vref , then Vout= -Vcc
Where
Vref = (R2/R1+R2) x Vcc
=(1k/1k+20k)x 15
=0.7V
Since non-inverting input voltage obtains pulse swing from 0V to 5V, the comparator will generate
approximately 30V peak to peak voltage at 300kHz as shown in Figure 10. This 30V peak to peak voltage
will be injected to ultrasonic transducers which will act as the transmitter.
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(a)
(b)
Figure 10. Dual Pulse Generated via dsPIC30F6014A (a) Original signal from dsPIC30F6014A, (b) Signal
been amplified by comparator circuit
4.2. Signal Conditioning Circuit
When the ultrasonic sensor transmits the signal through the composite pipe, it needs to travels
through several obstacles which are composite pipe, liquid, bubble and other impurities in the liquid in order
to reach the receiver. This will cause very small signal that will be arriving and detected at the receiver. Most
of the signal will be reflected by the obstacle. Since the detected signal is extremely small which is several
microvolts, this signal need to be amplified. Hence, the most suitable amplifier is being designed to meet the
requirement. In order to design inverting amplifier, high speed amplifier model LT1226 is selected based on
its high gain bandwidth product which is 1GHz. This inverting amplifier has gain of -100. The gain chosen
must be within the acceptable range, or else the signal will be clipped when it reach the saturation level.
From Figure 11, Channel 1(Yellow colour signal) represents first amplified signal from the amplifier circuit
as in Figure 11(b) and Channel 2(Green colour signal) represents transmitting signal. From Figure 11(b)
which the zoom image of the amplified signal, the travelling time from the transmitter to reach the receiver
(based from the first highest signal magnitude) is 54us. The signal at the receiver before the signal is
transmitted is ignored since it is considered as a noise. The first highest peak signal contains high noise,
hence, need to be filtered before being amplified for the second time. The first highest magnitude of the
receivers is only 612.5mV where the composite pipe is contained with plain water. This magnitude is still
considered very small which need to be further amplified.
(a) (b)
Figure 11. First amplification stage (a) Inverting amplifier, (b) Amplified ultrasonic signal
Since the first amplification stage from Figure 11 contained high noise and very small signal, it need
to be filtered via bandpass filter. The type of filter to reduce the noise is a Multiple Feedback Bandpass Filter
where the centre frequency is chosen as 300kHz which is the same as the frequency of the ultrasonic
transducers as in Figure 12. The magnitude of the signal after being filtered is 156.25mV. This means the
signal is further reduced when passing this Multiple Feedback Bandpass Filter. However, the filtered signal
as in Figure 12(b) is free from signal other than 300kHz which is considered as noise.
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In order to design Multiple Feedback Bandpass Filter as in Figure 12(a), there are several aspects
need to be considered which are Centre Frequency, Bandwidth and Quality Factor. In this case, since the
frequency of the ultrasonic transducers is 300kHz, centre of frequency should be 300kHz where upper
frequency is 315kHz and lower frequency is 285kHz. In the calculation of value of resistors and capacitors
needed, Equation (1) till Equation (5) is considered [26]. However, the capacitance value of C1 and C2 are
considered the same which is 100pF.
(1)
(2)
( )( )
(3)
( )
( ( ) ) ( )( )
(4)
( ) ( )( )
(5)
where
= Frequency bandwidth
= Centre frequency
= Upper frequency
= Lower frequency
Q= Quality Factor
So, based on the Equation (1) till (5), the value of the nearest available resistor is chosen for design Multiple
Bandpass Filter circuit.
(a) (b)
Figure 12. Filtering stage (a) Multiple Feedback Bandpass Filter circuit, (b) Filtered signal (after passing
Multiple Feedback Bandpass Filter)
The small magnitude of the signal obtained after passing the Multiple Feedback Bandpass Filter
need to be amplified further by the second amplifier. This is vital so that the signal obtained will be
significant to be transferred to the PC to be analysed. After being amplified for gain of -53.6, the first highest
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magnitude is increase from 156.25mV to 6.75V which considered significant enough for further analysis as
in Figure 13(b). The amplified signal consists of information signal and carrier signal (300kHz) which is
called modulated signal. This modulated signal will pass through a peak detector circuit that will eliminate
the carrier signal which detects the unmodulated signal. This unmodulated signal is only consists of
information signal after passing through the envelope detector circuitry.
From Peak Detector circuit based on Figure 14(a), the diode, D1 is to eliminate the negative side of
the amplified signal from Figure 14(b) and the combination of C4 parallel with R13 is to eliminate carrier
signal.
(a) (b)
Figure 13. Second amplification stage (a) Inverting Amplifier circuit, (b) Amplified signal
(a) (b)
Figure 14. Information detecting stage (a) Peak Detector circuit, (b) Information signal
(a) (b)
Figure 15. Sampling stage (a) Sample & Hold circuit, (b) Sampling signal
In order for the information signal to be sent to PC for further analysis, the desired signal should be
identified before being transferred. Based from Figure 15(a), in order the sample and hold the accurate signal,
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another pulse need to be injected to pin 8 of monolithic sample and hold circuit. Hence, the highest peak of
the magnitude of the chosen signal will be sampled and hold the same state before being fed to
microcontroller dsPIC30F6010A. As a result, the sampling signal is obtained as in Figure 15(b). The output
signals of the sample and hold circuit is 5V which is then transferred to a PC through Analog to Digital
Converter port. This value is obtained when there is no bubble or material blockage between the paths
between two ultrasonic transceivers that is mounted on the wall of the composite pipe. Whenever, there is a
blockage between it, the magnitude of the ultrasonic transceiver will be reduced.
5. DESIGNING TRANSMITTER AND SIGNAL CONDITIONING CIRCUIT
Based on the previous section, the signal of the ultrasonic transceiver is being observed when the
composite pipe full with water without any impurities such as bubble, sand or other particle. In this section,
the impurities are introduced and being placed at the middle diameter of the pipeline and the magnitude is
observed. For simplicity, inside the composite pipe which is full with water, in the middle of the diameter of
the composite pipe, the cylinder made from hollow thin acrylic is being placed. For simplicity, the hollow of
acrylic cylinder pipe is placed at the middle of the centre of the acrylic pipe. This hollow pipe is filled with
sand as in Figure 16. It is assumed full sand flow occurred in the middle of the pipeline. Difference size in
term of diameter of sand flow in bulk is considered.
Figure 16. Location of the obstacle inside the composite pipeline
Several diameters of hollow pipe with different diameter fill with full of sand has been tested. There
are two types of sand has been tested, which are dry and wet sand. From the voltage distribution between two
types of sand as in Figure 17, as the diameter of the sand in bulk is increased, the magnitude of the voltage is
decreased for both types of sand. However, in comparison of voltage between dry and wet sand, wet send
contributes higher voltage reading in comparison with dry sand. This is due to a lot of air void between the
sand particles for the dry sands, which hinder the ultrasonic signal in reaching the receiver of the ultrasonic
transducer. However, for wet sand, the air void has reduced, hence the higher amount of ultrasonic signal
could reach the receiver. The voltage reading is dropped to zero when the diameter of bulk of sand more than
22mm indicates the ultrasonic signal is fully blocked by the impurities.
Figure 17. Voltage distribution of Ultrasonic signal for different group of sand in bulk
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6. CONCLUSION
From the circuitry design for transmitting and receiving the ultrasonic signals, it is proved that this
signal from 300kHz ultrasonic transducers are capable to penetrate the wall of the Polyethylene Aluminium
composite pipeline. However, the received signal is too small when reach at the receiver even though has
been amplified with a certain amount of gain. This weak ultrasonic needs multiple amplification and filtering
technique to obtain an acceptable range of voltage that can be processed further for analogue to digital
conversion by the microcontroller before being fed to the PC. The received signal showed a significance
difference when the composite pipe is only full with water and when the signal is obstructed with bulk of
sand. In addition, whenever the bulk of sand changes its size, the voltage reading of the signal also decreases
whenever the size of bulk of sand increase. This indicates, this system could differentiate different kinds of
the size of the particle that exists in bulk forms.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The author would like to thank to Universiti Teknologi Malaysia and Universiti Tun Hussein Onn
Malaysia for supporting the facilities and funding for this research.
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BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS
Mohd Fadzli Abd Shaib received his first degree in B.Eng. Electrical & Electronics
Engineering from Universiti Tenaga Nasional (UNITEN), Master in Electrical Engineering in
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM) and currently pursuing his studies in the same
university. He is an academic in Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM) in
Mechatronic and Robotics Department. His current research interests are process tomography
and industrial automation.
Ruzairi Abdul Rahim received a B. Eng. degree with Honours in Electronic System and
Control Engineering in 1992 from Sheffield City Polytechnic, UK. He received his Ph.D. in
Instrumentation & Electronics Engineering from Sheffield Hallam University, UK in 1996. At
present he is a Professor and a Deputy Vice-Chancellor (Research), Universiti Tun Hussein
Onn Malaysia. His current research interests are Process Tomography and Sensor Technology.
S.Z.M. Muji received her M.Sc. degree in Electric and Electronic Engineering from Universiti
Sains Malaysia in 2004 and his PhD degree in Electronic Instrumentation at Universiti
Teknologi Malaysia in 2012. She is currently a Associate Professor at the Faculty of Electrical
and Electronic Engineering at Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, focusing on Optical
Tomography and application.