Content: 1. The concept of Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMAs) and how they can be developed in the agriculture and other land use sector. 2. An overview of financing, tools and stakeholder involvement. 3. Greenhouse gas emissions and projected emissions in Zambia as well as the country’s policy framework and mitigation options. 4. The use of Monitoring, Reporting and Verification to assess the progress of a NAMA towards mitigation and sustainable development goals. 5. Links to tools, including the FAO online learning tool on NAMAs in the agriculture, forestry and land use sector. The presentation looks at data issues in Zambia and proposed solutions including the Institutionalizing of greenhouse gas inventory preparation and the incorporation of greenhouse gas data requirements as part of periodic national surveys conducted by Central Statistics Office. The talk was given by Dr Kaisa Karttunen, Senior Natural Resources Officer, FAO on 26 March 2015 at the Climate-Smart Agriculture Project Knowledge Sharing Event, Chrismar Hotel Lusaka, Zambia. © FAO www.fao.org

1. Climate-Smart Agriculture Project Knowledge
Sharing Event
Chrismar Hotel Lusaka, Zambia - 26 March 2015
Dr Kaisa Karttunen, FAO
Dr Armine Avagyan, FAO
Highlights of the process for
developing Nationally Appropriate
Mitigation Actions in agriculture

2. Outline
• NAMA background
• Overview of NAMA planning process
• GHG emissions from agriculture and land use
• Mitigation options
• Stakeholders engagement
• Financing questions
• Monitoring, reporting and verification
• NAMA tool

3. UNFCCC climate change negotiations and
road to NAMAs
In 1992,
countries
joined an
international
treaty to
address
climate
change.
(195 Parties)
In 1997, the
Kyoto Protocol
legally binded
developed
countries to
emission
reduction
target
(192 Parties)
In 2007 Bali
Action Plan
the NAMA
concept was
introduced.
In 2009 114
Parties committed
to undertaking
mitigation actions
as part of a
shared
responsibility to
reduce GHGs.
Also, NAMA
concept was
specified.
In Cancun in
2010, developed
countries agreed
to provide $30
billion in fast-
start financing
and mobilise
$100 billion per
year by 2020 to
finance
mitigation and
adaptation in
developing
countries.
In 2011 the
Green Climate
Fund (GCF)
was launched
and the NAMA
registry was
establishment.
In 2012 a as a part
of the agreed
outcome, developing
country Parties will
take NAMAs in
the context of
sustainable
development.
The UK and
Germany announced
the establishment of
the “NAMA Facility”
to facilitate financial
flows for NAMAs.

4. NAMAs – Nationally Appropriate
Mitigation Actions
• NAMA concept first introduced in 2007 in UNFCCC’s Bali
Action Plan: …”Nationally appropriate mitigation actions by
developing country parties in the context of sustainable
development, supported and enabled by technology, financing
and capacity building, in a measurable, reportable and
verifiable way. “
• A relatively new concept in agriculture -> substantial
awareness raising and readiness building needed
• An opportunity for countries to maintain and enhance
agricultural productivity while reducing GHG emissions
• Other sectors, including energy, transport and construction
are more advanced in NAMA development

5. NAMA key characteristics
NAMAs

6. NAMA benefits
Many agricultural practices reduce or remove GHG emissions.
They can also provide many other important benefits, such as:
•supporting climate change adaptation
•fostering food security
•addressing agriculture as a driver of deforestation and other land use
changes
•reducing agriculture’s contribution to non-point pollution of water
sources
•providing social benefits through improved land tenure and governance
reform
•increasing the potential for scaling up CSA practices
•promoting access to energy in rural areas

7. Application for financing
Identify options
Evaluate and
prioritize options
Identify
stakeholders
Engage key
stakeholders
Agree on
responsibilities
Identify financing
sources
Develop a
concept note
Design NAMA
Implement
Collect data for
monitoring
Evaluate, report
and verify
Involve all
stakeholders
Identify financing
options
Apply for proposal
development funds
Apply for
implementation funds
Apply for capacity
development

8. Fast track NAMA development
8
It may also be possible to build NAMA elements in an ongoing
agriculture / livestock development programme.

9. GHG emissions from agriculture

10. GHG emissions: background
Carbon dioxide CO2, methane CH4 and nitrous oxide N2O
•Sources in agriculture:
• CH4 and N2O from livestock (enteric fermentation, manure);
• N2O from agricultural soils;
• CH4 from rice cultivation;
• CH4 and N2O from burning agriculture waste; and
• CH4and N2O from savannah burning
•Sources in land use/change/forestry: mainly CO2 (N2O) from forest clearing,
on-site burning, off-site burning, on-site biomass decay, managed organic
soils, application of lime.
•Sinks: carbon uptake and biomass increment, dry matter, forest/biomass
area abandoned over 20 years and annual growth

11. GHG emissions in Zambia
Source: National Communication 2014
Emissions by sector (%), 1994 Emissions by sector (%), 2000
Significant
increase in GHG
emissions from
agriculture

12. Zambia, projected emissions
Source: National Communication 2014
GHGemissionsinCO2eq,Gg
Year

13. Step by step NAMA development
Identify options
Evaluate and
prioritize options
Identify
stakeholders
Engage key
stakeholders
Agree on
responsibilities
Identify financing
sources
Develop a
concept note
Design NAMA
Implement
Collect data for
monitoring
Evaluate, report
and verify
Involve all
stakeholders

14. GHG emissions from the livestock sector
Total: 5.26 Mt CO2eq
Source: GLEAM
*Excluding post farm emissions < 0.1 Mt CO2eq

15. FAOSTAT Database
The FAOSTAT database www.faostat.org
•contains country and regional data on agriculture and forestry,
•estimates GHG emissions based on activity data reported by member countries.
If needed, time series are completed with data from international sources and
calculated through estimation methods.
Users can access FAOSTAT for GHG emissions data resulting from
•enteric fermentation;
•manure management,
•rice cultivation,
•agricultural soils (synthetic fertilizers, manure applied to soil,
•crop residues, cultivated organic soils, manure left on pastures),
•prescribed burning of savannas and burning of crop residues;
•changes in land use, including net forest conversion to other
•land and drainage of organic soils.
15

16. Mitigation options in agriculture

17. Policy framework in Zambia
Policy framework:
•The 6th
National Development Plan 2011-2015;
•Zambia National Climate Change Response Strategy 2010-2015; National
Communications to UNFCCC 2004 and 2014;
•National Agricultural Policy 2004-2015;
• National Programme of Action
on Adaptation to Climate
Change (NAPA) 2007;
• National Policy Environmental
& Environmental Management
Act;
• Strategic Programme for
Climate Resilience …

18. Mitigation options in Zambia
The National Communication (2014) provides several options for
reduced and removed GHG emissions. For instance,
•biogas production from manure and waste
•green manure crops and conservation farming
•reduced deforestation and forest degradation through
improved cooking stoves;
•sustainable agriculture and improved charcoal production
Less attention to livestock, in particular enteric fermentation
and pasture management, although there’s considerable
potential

19. Mitigation options in Zambia
Utilizing carbon sinks in agriculture, e.g.
•sustainable crop and grazing land management: Limitation- the saturation
effect, i.e. after 20 years no additional carbon can be stored in soils.
•Agroforestry: Advantage - the above ground biomass will continue storing
carbon (agrosilviculture, alley cropping, woodlots…). The vast agriculture and
pasture land area in Zambia -> an important option.
Livestock related emission reductions (no saturation) when compared to an
alternative sector development path (baseline scenario):
– Reduced enteric fermentation by addressing feeding, animal health
and breeding……will reduce emission per unit of milk and meat
– Manure management e.g. use of manure for biogas
– Improved pasture management (link to the first option)
•Need for transparent MRV methodologies for setting the baseline and
monitoring the changes
Source: EPIC policy brief, forthcoming

20. The FAO EX-ACT tool
• Analyses needed to identify
potential agriculture subsectors,
policies and measures for
mitigation and their mitigation
potential. The mitigation priority
setting is influenced by the
economic mitigation potential
and other characteristics of the
possible actions, including their
feasibility, trade-offs with other
policy objectives, donor’s
financing priorities and MRV
requirements.
• Tools are available for screening the
technical mitigation potential of
different actions. E.g. the FAO EX-
Ante Carbon balance Tool
(http://www.fao.org/tc/exact/ex-
act-home/en/) calculates estimates
of the impact of agriculture and
forestry development projects and
policies on the carbon-balance. Also
specifies the type of carbon pool
(biomass, soil, other) or
GHG that is involved.
The results help project
designers to prioritize
project activities.

21. Assessment of non-GHG benefits
In addition to GHG benefits, NAMAs should also deliver sustainable
development benefits that are not related to the carbon balance and
that are in line with national development priorities.

22. Stakeholder engagement

23. Stakeholder mapping and engagement
The identification, planning and implementation of mitigation actions must
involve several stakeholders:
• smallholders and large-scale farmers, forest users, fishers,
fish farmers (both men and women) and their organizations
• civil society organizations, NGOs
• private processors, transporters, wholesalers and retailers
• research and extension/development institutions
• national and local governments, including agricultural planners
• policy makers and administration
• other ministries (e.g. environment, finance, planning, land, natural
resources, statistics)
• climate change focal points and coordination units and the Parliament;
• international partners
• domestic and international financing agencies
23

24. NAMA Financing

25. Sources of financing
NAMAs can be financed from domestic, bilateral and multilateral sources.

26. Criteria considered by climate finance institutions
Source: Comstock and Davis, 2012, adapted by Wilkes et al. 2013b

27. NAMA registry
• Online platform under UNFCCC
• For NAMA concepts and more advanced NAMA plans seeking
recognition or financing for planning or implementation
• Additional information on sources of financing:
http://www4.unfccc.int/sites/nama/

28. Monitoring/Measuring,
Reporting and Verifying
MRV

29. MRV – what does it stand for?
MRV assess the progress of a NAMA towards its mitigation and
sustainable development goals.

30. What is MRV needed for?
Is it to:
• respond to donors’ requirements?
• monitor policy performance and guide policy making?
– Should the MRV system focus on the GHG and/or non-GHG impacts?
– Accuracy requirements? How much uncertainty can be accepted?
– Should the estimation/monitoring be on-site, or do official statistics exist
and can they be utilized?
– Who is going to use the results?
• comply with UNFCCC reporting requirements?
– Through which channels will the results be reported (i.e. how local project
level data collection can be organised in a consistent manner with other
projects, and how the local data can be centrally stored and utilised)?
– Is it going to inform farmers / extension staff to track performance and
benchmark production systems?

31. Estimation of GHG emissions/removals
Activity data: E.g. livestock type and numbers; area of managed agriculture
land, pastures or forests; amount of synthetic or organic fertilizer applied;
area of paddy rice; area of burned land…….
Emission factor: A coefficient/multiplier that quantifies the emissions or
removals of GHG per unit of activity (e.g. emissions per ha). E.g. IPCC
emission factors database or national emission factors through
measurements and modeling
Source: 2006 IPCC Guidelines; FAOSTAT manual
Activity
Data
Activity
Data
Emission
Factor
Emission
Factor
Emissions /removalsEmissions /removals

32. Preparing MRV plan
MRV plan for NAMA should include e.g. :
1.The objective(s), activities and timelines of the NAMA e.g. reduce emissions by 40 %
2.Geographical scope: province, national
3.Indicators for objectives (and activities);
– Including description of methods for monitoring changes
– Sources of information (measured/monitored) and assumptions
– Targeted accuracy and certainty requirements
1.Frequency of monitoring and reporting e.g. livestock population-annual, animal health
improvements- every 3 years, job creation- every 4 years
2.Responsible entities: who is doing what?
3.Information on how data will be reported, centrally aggregated and stored
4.Details on quality assurance and verification
Overall, the MRV plan should enable provision of a credible NAMA which is
consistent, complete, accurate and transparent.

33. What to monitor?
E.g. Goals of a Livestock NAMA
• Scale: From piloting in one district to scaling up
• Sinks: Additional carbon storage through rotational grazing,
live fences and improvement of pastures
• GHGs: Emission reduction through manure management and
reduced enteric fermentation
• Economy: Private-sector engagement and investments
• Cost-Effectiveness: Increased livestock productivity
• Sustainable Development: Strengthened capacities of male
and female producers

34. Baseline for MRV
A baseline is essential as it
– describes the situation without the intervention (e.g. NAMA)
– provides a reference level to monitor the targeted and real GHG emission
reductions and other NAMA benefits
It is a data-intensive exercise:
– The main challenge to establishing baseline emissions lies in the data
which may not exist or are incomplete or out-dated.
Data needed for the NAMA and the baseline may have been collected for
other purposes (e.g. annual national surveys)
Important to identify
– existing monitoring and MRV schemes (e.g. GHG inventories),
– other data collection/reporting systems nationally and internationally

35. Zambia, Data issues
• Inadequate land cover maps
• Inadequate capture of information from existing crop survey forms
• Inadequate data on slash-and burn practices
• Inadequate categorization of improved pastures (liming, manure
management, irrigation, improved seeds…)
What to do?
• Using the Integrated Land Use Assessment (ILUA) to generate land
cover maps for various time series
• Involving institutions to provide data, e.g. Remote Sensing Centre,
Meteorological Department…
Source: Michael Phiri’s presentation Nov 2014

36. Proposed solutions
• Institutionalizing GHG inventory preparation
• Including GHG inventory costs as part of national budget
• Incorporation of GHG data requirements as part of periodic
national surveys conducted by Central Statistics Office
• Involvement of Academia for specific research needs
• Review of mandatory data requirement format submitted to
Environmental Agency
Source: Michael Phiri’s presentation Nov
2014

37. Data generation and reporting structure
Source: Michael Phiri’s presentation Nov 2014

38. NAMA tool

39. Why a NAMA Learning tool?
• Generic NAMA guides and tools do not
address specific questions related to
agriculture and land use.
• FAO–CCAFS joint publications are among the
only ones targeting NAMAs in agriculture:
National integrated mitigation planning in
agriculture – A review paper, 2013
National planning for GHG mitigation in
agriculture – A guidance document, 2013

40. FAO’s new learning tool for the
development of NAMAs in the agriculture,
forestry and other land use sector
Structure of the tool
FAO NAMA tool aims to help
agriculture sector actors get started
with NAMA identification and planning.
Format
Web-based detailed guidance,
Available for individual learning from
June 2015.

41. Thank you very much!
For more information:
Kaisa.Karttunen@fao.org
Armine.Avagyan@fao.org
micca@fao.org
www.fao.org/climatechange/micca/policies-namas/