Herbal drugs, Crude drugs, Pharmacognosy
•
4 likes•313 views
Herbal drugs, Crude drugs, Pharmacognosy, D Pharm, B Pharm, GPAT, Pharmacist notes
Report
Share
Report
Share
Download to read offline
Recommended
Gums & mucilage pharmacognosy
This document defines gums and mucilage, and discusses several common plant gums - tragacanth, acacia, sodium alginate, agar, and pectin. It provides information on the biological source, description, preparation method, chemical constituents, and uses of each gum. Tragacanth is obtained from Astragalus shrubs and is used as a suspending agent. Acacia gum comes from Acacia trees and is used as an emulsifier. Sodium alginate is derived from brown seaweed and is a thickening and stabilizing agent. Agar is obtained from red algae and is used in microbiology and food applications. Pectin comes from cit
Colorants in Pharmaceutics
Colorants or coloring agents are mainly used to impart a distinctive appearance to the pharmaceutical dosage forms.
We can also say that the colorants are the cosmetics for the pharmaceutical preparations, because the aesthetic appearance of dosage forms can be enhanced by using suitable colorants.
Phytoconstituents pharmacognosy
Medicinal plants are important and basic drugs sources from ancient times. In this presentation we discussed some of the phytoconstituents of plants which are useful in daily life.
9c. carminatives and gastro intestinal regulators
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help boost feelings of calmness and well-being.
Bitter almond
Cyanogenetic glycosides are plant compounds containing hydrocyanic acid. Amygdalin, isolated from bitter almonds in 1830, is a prominent example. These glycosides contain derivatives of mandelonitrile that yield hydrocyanic acid and benzaldehyde upon hydrolysis. Over 110 plant families contain cyanogenetic glycosides, with Rosaceae being prominent. While not exhibiting specific pharmacological activity, some cyanogenetic glycosides like amygdalin and prunasin are used as flavorings. Identification involves hydrolysis releasing hydrocyanic acid, changing sodium picrate to sodium purpurate. Bitter almonds contain the cyanogenetic glycoside amygdalin, which produces hydrocyanic acid and benzaldehyde upon
Sutures and surgical dressings
Study of source, preparation and identification of fibers used in sutures and surgical dressings-cotton ,silk,
wool and regenerated fibers.
Pharmacognosy of Cotton
UNIT V - Study of biological source, chemical nature and uses of drugs of
natural origin containing the following drugs
(a) Plant Products:
Fibers - Cotton,
Herbal formulation by pooja
This document provides information on the preparation of various Ayurvedic formulations including Asava, Arishta, Taila, Churna, and Bhasma. It describes the ingredients and processes used to make each type of formulation. Key points include:
- Asava and Arishta are herbal wines made by fermenting herbs in sugar or juice for several days.
- Taila involves mixing herbal pastes and juices with oils at different temperatures to extract active compounds.
- Churna involves grinding herbs into fine powders.
- Bhasma involves highly specialized processes including purification, grinding, and incineration to reduce metals and minerals to an ultra-fine ash
Recommended
Gums & mucilage pharmacognosy
This document defines gums and mucilage, and discusses several common plant gums - tragacanth, acacia, sodium alginate, agar, and pectin. It provides information on the biological source, description, preparation method, chemical constituents, and uses of each gum. Tragacanth is obtained from Astragalus shrubs and is used as a suspending agent. Acacia gum comes from Acacia trees and is used as an emulsifier. Sodium alginate is derived from brown seaweed and is a thickening and stabilizing agent. Agar is obtained from red algae and is used in microbiology and food applications. Pectin comes from cit
Colorants in Pharmaceutics
Colorants or coloring agents are mainly used to impart a distinctive appearance to the pharmaceutical dosage forms.
We can also say that the colorants are the cosmetics for the pharmaceutical preparations, because the aesthetic appearance of dosage forms can be enhanced by using suitable colorants.
Phytoconstituents pharmacognosy
Medicinal plants are important and basic drugs sources from ancient times. In this presentation we discussed some of the phytoconstituents of plants which are useful in daily life.
9c. carminatives and gastro intestinal regulators
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help boost feelings of calmness and well-being.
Bitter almond
Cyanogenetic glycosides are plant compounds containing hydrocyanic acid. Amygdalin, isolated from bitter almonds in 1830, is a prominent example. These glycosides contain derivatives of mandelonitrile that yield hydrocyanic acid and benzaldehyde upon hydrolysis. Over 110 plant families contain cyanogenetic glycosides, with Rosaceae being prominent. While not exhibiting specific pharmacological activity, some cyanogenetic glycosides like amygdalin and prunasin are used as flavorings. Identification involves hydrolysis releasing hydrocyanic acid, changing sodium picrate to sodium purpurate. Bitter almonds contain the cyanogenetic glycoside amygdalin, which produces hydrocyanic acid and benzaldehyde upon
Sutures and surgical dressings
Study of source, preparation and identification of fibers used in sutures and surgical dressings-cotton ,silk,
wool and regenerated fibers.
Pharmacognosy of Cotton
UNIT V - Study of biological source, chemical nature and uses of drugs of
natural origin containing the following drugs
(a) Plant Products:
Fibers - Cotton,
Herbal formulation by pooja
This document provides information on the preparation of various Ayurvedic formulations including Asava, Arishta, Taila, Churna, and Bhasma. It describes the ingredients and processes used to make each type of formulation. Key points include:
- Asava and Arishta are herbal wines made by fermenting herbs in sugar or juice for several days.
- Taila involves mixing herbal pastes and juices with oils at different temperatures to extract active compounds.
- Churna involves grinding herbs into fine powders.
- Bhasma involves highly specialized processes including purification, grinding, and incineration to reduce metals and minerals to an ultra-fine ash
Adulteration
Adulteration it is a practice of substituting the original crude drug partially or fully with other substances which is either free from or inferior in therapeutic and chemical properties or addition of low grade or spoiled drugs or entirely different drug similar to that of original drug substituted with an intention of enhancement of profits.
adulteration may be defined as mixing or substituting the original drug material with other spurious, inferior, defective, spoiled, useless other parts of same or different plant or harmful substances or drug which do not confirm with the official standards
HERBAL COSMETICS.pptx
HERBAL DRUG TECHNOLOGY
Herbal Cosmetics
Sources and description of raw materials of herbal origin used via, fixed oils, waxes, gums
colours, perfumes, protective agents, bleaching agents, antioxidants in products such as skin
care, hair care and oral hygiene products.
Parenteral production and aseptic area
The document discusses the requirements and layout for producing sterile parenterals. It describes the different sections needed - cleanup, compounding, aseptic, quarantine, and packing/labeling. Specific requirements for the aseptic area are outlined, including environmental controls like particle counting, slit to agar sampling, and Rodac plates to evaluate air quality. Floors, walls, and benches must be smooth, impervious, and easy to clean. Proper ventilation and filtration of air is essential to maintain sterility. Sources of contamination and prevention methods are also covered.
Volatile oils
Its a pharmacognosy presentation on the topic of volatile oils.
introduction, extraction, and use of them.
Opium: Biological source, Cultivation and collection, Morphology
This document provides information about the module on opium presented by Sonia Singh, Assistant Professor at GLA University, Mathura. It discusses the biological source of opium as the dried latex obtained from incisions made on unripe capsules of Papaver somniferum. The cultivation and collection process involves growing opium poppy from November to March with seeds sown in fertile soil, and incising mature capsules to extract latex which is collected and dried. The major geographical sources of opium include India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Turkey, Russia, China and Iran. Sonia Singh provides details on the macroscopic features, varieties and historical uses of opium.
Illustration of the manufacturing process of hard gelatin capsule shell form ...
Illustration of the manufacturing process of hard gelatin capsule shell form ...MD. Mehedi Hasan Shawon
In this document i tried to give information about manufacturing process and shell form of hard gelatin capsule. i hope it will help you a lot.Soft gelatin capsule
Thank you for the presentation on soft gelatin capsules. I have learned a lot about this unique drug delivery system.
Standardization of herbal formulation.pdf
This document discusses herbal formulations and Ayurvedic medicine. It addresses the challenges in developing herbal formulations, including standardization, safety and efficacy assessments, and constraints such as quality of starting materials. It also describes different types of Ayurvedic formulations like gutika, churna, bhasma, lehya, arista and asava. The key steps in preparing these formulations are provided. Finally, the document outlines important standardization parameters for assessing the quality of herbal formulations.
Pharmacognosy Volatile oils
The document discusses volatile oils and resins, noting that volatile oils are extracted from plants through distillation or solvent extraction and are mixtures of organic compounds used for things like flavoring, perfumes, and medicine, while resins are solid plant extracts that are insoluble in water but soluble in alcohol and used in things like pharmaceuticals and perfumery. Resins can be natural exudates from plants or prepared extracts and are often associated with volatile oils, gums, or both in combinations like oleoresins, gum-resins, and oleo-gum-resins.
Glycosides
This document discusses glycosides, which are organic compounds derived from the replacement of a hydrogen atom of a cyclic hemiacetal by an organic radical. Glycosides are obtained from plant or animal sources and contain a sugar moiety (glycone) and non-sugar moiety (aglycone or genin). Important examples discussed include digitoxin, a cardiac glycoside used to treat congestive heart failure, sennoside which is a laxative anthraquinone glycoside, and diosgenin which is a steroid sapogenin extracted from yams and used to synthesize progesterone and cortisone. The document also covers classification, structures, properties and tests for various types of glycosides
Anthraquinone Glycosides
This slide contains sources, collection process, constituents and uses of some important plants for making medicine containing anthraquinone glycosides like Senna, Cascara Sagrada, Aloe, Rhubarb, Chrysarobin.
Drugs Acting on Nervous System
The document discusses several drugs that act on the nervous system. It provides details on the composition, chemical constituents, uses and other information about drugs like hyoscyamus, datura, belladonna, aconite, ashwagandha, ephedra, opium, cannabis, and nux vomica. The drugs described include analgesics, sedatives, stimulants and others that act on different parts of the nervous system like the central nervous system, autonomic nervous system and more.
Adulteration of crude drugs
Adulteration of herbal drugs involves substituting or mixing the original drug with inferior substitutes to increase profits. This can be done intentionally through addition of low-grade drugs, or unintentionally through improper collection, storage, or mixing. Adulteration poses many risks like reducing the potency of the drug, introducing harmful adulterants, and causing side effects ranging from mild reactions to death. It is important to select high quality herbal materials and carefully control the drying and storage process to avoid accidental adulteration.
Alkaloidal amines ephedra, colchicum Pharmacognostic study
This document provides information on the alkaloidal plants Ephedra and Colchicum. It describes their biological sources, geographical sources, cultivation methods, macroscopic and microscopic features, main chemical constituents including Ephedrine in Ephedra and Colchicine in Colchicum, chemical tests to identify the constituents, and traditional uses including as a bronchodilator and to treat gout respectively.
CURCUMIN (Curcuma longa)
Turmeric is obtained from the dried rhizomes of the plant Curcuma longa. It contains the yellow chemical curcumin, which makes up 50-60% of turmeric. Curcumin can be isolated from turmeric powder through extraction with alcohol or hexane followed by acetone. Curcumin is identified through chemical tests where it produces a crimson color with sulfuric acid or a reddish brown color with boric acid that turns greenish blue with alkali. Curcumin content can be analyzed using methods like HPLC, where it shows peaks at specific retention times when separated using a Nucleosil NH2 column with ethanol mobile phase and UV detection at 254nm.
Fibres- B pharm(4th Sem)
This document provides information about various plant-based fibers including cotton, jute, and hemp. It discusses the biological source, chemical composition, uses, and preparation processes for each fiber. Cotton fibers come from the seeds of cotton plants and are mainly used for absorbent cotton, surgical dressings, and filtering. The document outlines the ginning and scouring processes used to prepare cotton fibers. Jute fibers come from the stems of jute plants and are composed primarily of cellulose. They are used for wrapping bales. The retting process is described for extracting jute fibers from the stems. Identification tests are also listed to distinguish between different types of fibers.
Quality control and quality assurance
This document discusses quality control of herbal drugs. It begins by defining quality control and quality assurance, noting that QA aims to prevent defects by focusing on the production process, while QC focuses on identifying defects in the final product. Several parameters for quality control of herbal drugs are then outlined, including organoleptic evaluation, microscopic evaluation, ash value testing, determining heavy metal contamination, testing for microbes and aflatoxins, screening for pesticides and fumigants, and checking for radioactive material. The document stresses the importance of quality control to ensure herbal drugs are efficacious and safe.
Industrial production,estimation and utilization of Diosgenin
The document discusses diosgenin, a precursor used in pharmaceuticals like oral contraceptives. It is commonly extracted from Dioscorea zingiberensis tubers using acid hydrolysis. The document outlines methods to extract and isolate diosgenin from plant materials like seeds and hairy roots, such as refluxing with sulfuric acid and eluting with hexane. Analytical methods to analyze diosgenin are also presented, including thin layer chromatography using antimony trichloride as a detecting agent. Diosgenin is useful as it can be used in progesterone semi-synthesis and produces estrogenic activity.
Liquid orals.pptx
The document provides information on liquid oral dosage forms. It discusses monophasic and biphasic liquid dosage forms, as well as the vehicles, excipients, and formulation considerations involved in producing liquid oral medications. Specifically, it covers emulsions, suspensions, syrups, and elixirs - the main types of liquid oral dosage forms. It also addresses the advantages and disadvantages of liquid dosage forms, as well as best practices for manufacturing, evaluating, and packaging these drug formulations.
Vinca : Chemical constituents, commercial products and uses
This document discusses the chemical constituents, therapeutic uses, and commercial products of Vinca. It details that Vinca contains various alkaloids, with the most important being vinblastine and vincristine which have anticancer activity. Therapeutically, vinblastine is used to treat Hodgkin's disease and vincristine is used to treat leukemia in children. Commercially, vinca alkaloids are an ingredient in the preparation Cytocristin. The objective of the class is to cover the chemical constituents, therapeutic uses, and commercial products of Vinca.
Promoting Wellbeing - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotes
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
More Related Content
What's hot
Adulteration
Adulteration it is a practice of substituting the original crude drug partially or fully with other substances which is either free from or inferior in therapeutic and chemical properties or addition of low grade or spoiled drugs or entirely different drug similar to that of original drug substituted with an intention of enhancement of profits.
adulteration may be defined as mixing or substituting the original drug material with other spurious, inferior, defective, spoiled, useless other parts of same or different plant or harmful substances or drug which do not confirm with the official standards
HERBAL COSMETICS.pptx
HERBAL DRUG TECHNOLOGY
Herbal Cosmetics
Sources and description of raw materials of herbal origin used via, fixed oils, waxes, gums
colours, perfumes, protective agents, bleaching agents, antioxidants in products such as skin
care, hair care and oral hygiene products.
Parenteral production and aseptic area
The document discusses the requirements and layout for producing sterile parenterals. It describes the different sections needed - cleanup, compounding, aseptic, quarantine, and packing/labeling. Specific requirements for the aseptic area are outlined, including environmental controls like particle counting, slit to agar sampling, and Rodac plates to evaluate air quality. Floors, walls, and benches must be smooth, impervious, and easy to clean. Proper ventilation and filtration of air is essential to maintain sterility. Sources of contamination and prevention methods are also covered.
Volatile oils
Its a pharmacognosy presentation on the topic of volatile oils.
introduction, extraction, and use of them.
Opium: Biological source, Cultivation and collection, Morphology
This document provides information about the module on opium presented by Sonia Singh, Assistant Professor at GLA University, Mathura. It discusses the biological source of opium as the dried latex obtained from incisions made on unripe capsules of Papaver somniferum. The cultivation and collection process involves growing opium poppy from November to March with seeds sown in fertile soil, and incising mature capsules to extract latex which is collected and dried. The major geographical sources of opium include India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Turkey, Russia, China and Iran. Sonia Singh provides details on the macroscopic features, varieties and historical uses of opium.
Illustration of the manufacturing process of hard gelatin capsule shell form ...
Illustration of the manufacturing process of hard gelatin capsule shell form ...MD. Mehedi Hasan Shawon
In this document i tried to give information about manufacturing process and shell form of hard gelatin capsule. i hope it will help you a lot.Soft gelatin capsule
Thank you for the presentation on soft gelatin capsules. I have learned a lot about this unique drug delivery system.
Standardization of herbal formulation.pdf
This document discusses herbal formulations and Ayurvedic medicine. It addresses the challenges in developing herbal formulations, including standardization, safety and efficacy assessments, and constraints such as quality of starting materials. It also describes different types of Ayurvedic formulations like gutika, churna, bhasma, lehya, arista and asava. The key steps in preparing these formulations are provided. Finally, the document outlines important standardization parameters for assessing the quality of herbal formulations.
Pharmacognosy Volatile oils
The document discusses volatile oils and resins, noting that volatile oils are extracted from plants through distillation or solvent extraction and are mixtures of organic compounds used for things like flavoring, perfumes, and medicine, while resins are solid plant extracts that are insoluble in water but soluble in alcohol and used in things like pharmaceuticals and perfumery. Resins can be natural exudates from plants or prepared extracts and are often associated with volatile oils, gums, or both in combinations like oleoresins, gum-resins, and oleo-gum-resins.
Glycosides
This document discusses glycosides, which are organic compounds derived from the replacement of a hydrogen atom of a cyclic hemiacetal by an organic radical. Glycosides are obtained from plant or animal sources and contain a sugar moiety (glycone) and non-sugar moiety (aglycone or genin). Important examples discussed include digitoxin, a cardiac glycoside used to treat congestive heart failure, sennoside which is a laxative anthraquinone glycoside, and diosgenin which is a steroid sapogenin extracted from yams and used to synthesize progesterone and cortisone. The document also covers classification, structures, properties and tests for various types of glycosides
Anthraquinone Glycosides
This slide contains sources, collection process, constituents and uses of some important plants for making medicine containing anthraquinone glycosides like Senna, Cascara Sagrada, Aloe, Rhubarb, Chrysarobin.
Drugs Acting on Nervous System
The document discusses several drugs that act on the nervous system. It provides details on the composition, chemical constituents, uses and other information about drugs like hyoscyamus, datura, belladonna, aconite, ashwagandha, ephedra, opium, cannabis, and nux vomica. The drugs described include analgesics, sedatives, stimulants and others that act on different parts of the nervous system like the central nervous system, autonomic nervous system and more.
Adulteration of crude drugs
Adulteration of herbal drugs involves substituting or mixing the original drug with inferior substitutes to increase profits. This can be done intentionally through addition of low-grade drugs, or unintentionally through improper collection, storage, or mixing. Adulteration poses many risks like reducing the potency of the drug, introducing harmful adulterants, and causing side effects ranging from mild reactions to death. It is important to select high quality herbal materials and carefully control the drying and storage process to avoid accidental adulteration.
Alkaloidal amines ephedra, colchicum Pharmacognostic study
This document provides information on the alkaloidal plants Ephedra and Colchicum. It describes their biological sources, geographical sources, cultivation methods, macroscopic and microscopic features, main chemical constituents including Ephedrine in Ephedra and Colchicine in Colchicum, chemical tests to identify the constituents, and traditional uses including as a bronchodilator and to treat gout respectively.
CURCUMIN (Curcuma longa)
Turmeric is obtained from the dried rhizomes of the plant Curcuma longa. It contains the yellow chemical curcumin, which makes up 50-60% of turmeric. Curcumin can be isolated from turmeric powder through extraction with alcohol or hexane followed by acetone. Curcumin is identified through chemical tests where it produces a crimson color with sulfuric acid or a reddish brown color with boric acid that turns greenish blue with alkali. Curcumin content can be analyzed using methods like HPLC, where it shows peaks at specific retention times when separated using a Nucleosil NH2 column with ethanol mobile phase and UV detection at 254nm.
Fibres- B pharm(4th Sem)
This document provides information about various plant-based fibers including cotton, jute, and hemp. It discusses the biological source, chemical composition, uses, and preparation processes for each fiber. Cotton fibers come from the seeds of cotton plants and are mainly used for absorbent cotton, surgical dressings, and filtering. The document outlines the ginning and scouring processes used to prepare cotton fibers. Jute fibers come from the stems of jute plants and are composed primarily of cellulose. They are used for wrapping bales. The retting process is described for extracting jute fibers from the stems. Identification tests are also listed to distinguish between different types of fibers.
Quality control and quality assurance
This document discusses quality control of herbal drugs. It begins by defining quality control and quality assurance, noting that QA aims to prevent defects by focusing on the production process, while QC focuses on identifying defects in the final product. Several parameters for quality control of herbal drugs are then outlined, including organoleptic evaluation, microscopic evaluation, ash value testing, determining heavy metal contamination, testing for microbes and aflatoxins, screening for pesticides and fumigants, and checking for radioactive material. The document stresses the importance of quality control to ensure herbal drugs are efficacious and safe.
Industrial production,estimation and utilization of Diosgenin
The document discusses diosgenin, a precursor used in pharmaceuticals like oral contraceptives. It is commonly extracted from Dioscorea zingiberensis tubers using acid hydrolysis. The document outlines methods to extract and isolate diosgenin from plant materials like seeds and hairy roots, such as refluxing with sulfuric acid and eluting with hexane. Analytical methods to analyze diosgenin are also presented, including thin layer chromatography using antimony trichloride as a detecting agent. Diosgenin is useful as it can be used in progesterone semi-synthesis and produces estrogenic activity.
Liquid orals.pptx
The document provides information on liquid oral dosage forms. It discusses monophasic and biphasic liquid dosage forms, as well as the vehicles, excipients, and formulation considerations involved in producing liquid oral medications. Specifically, it covers emulsions, suspensions, syrups, and elixirs - the main types of liquid oral dosage forms. It also addresses the advantages and disadvantages of liquid dosage forms, as well as best practices for manufacturing, evaluating, and packaging these drug formulations.
Vinca : Chemical constituents, commercial products and uses
This document discusses the chemical constituents, therapeutic uses, and commercial products of Vinca. It details that Vinca contains various alkaloids, with the most important being vinblastine and vincristine which have anticancer activity. Therapeutically, vinblastine is used to treat Hodgkin's disease and vincristine is used to treat leukemia in children. Commercially, vinca alkaloids are an ingredient in the preparation Cytocristin. The objective of the class is to cover the chemical constituents, therapeutic uses, and commercial products of Vinca.
What's hot (20)
Opium: Biological source, Cultivation and collection, Morphology
Opium: Biological source, Cultivation and collection, Morphology
Illustration of the manufacturing process of hard gelatin capsule shell form ...
Illustration of the manufacturing process of hard gelatin capsule shell form ...
Alkaloidal amines ephedra, colchicum Pharmacognostic study
Alkaloidal amines ephedra, colchicum Pharmacognostic study
Industrial production,estimation and utilization of Diosgenin
Industrial production,estimation and utilization of Diosgenin
Vinca : Chemical constituents, commercial products and uses
Vinca : Chemical constituents, commercial products and uses
Recently uploaded
Promoting Wellbeing - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotes
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
DECLARATION OF HELSINKI - History and principles
This SlideShare presentation provides a comprehensive overview of the Declaration of Helsinki, a foundational document outlining ethical guidelines for conducting medical research involving human subjects.
Cervical Disc Arthroplasty ORSI 2024.pptx
Indication and installation of a mobile cervical disc prosthesis. Benefits of the PRODISC C VIVO mobile disc prosthesis (Centinel Spine)
LOW BIRTH WEIGHT. PRETERM BABIES OR SMALL FOR DATES BABIES
low birth weight presentation. Low birth weight (LBW) infant is defined as the one whose birth weight is less than 2500g irrespective of their gestational age. Premature birth and low birth weight(LBW) is still a serious problem in newborn. Causing high morbidity and mortality rate worldwide. The nursing care provide to low birth weight babies is crucial in promoting their overall health and development. Through careful assessment, diagnosis,, planning, and evaluation plays a vital role in ensuring these vulnerable infants receive the specialize care they need. In India every third of the infant weight less than 2500g.
Birth period, socioeconomical status, nutritional and intrauterine environment are the factors influencing low birth weight
Breast cancer: Post menopausal endocrine therapy
Breast cancer in postmenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive (HR+) status is a common and complex condition that necessitates a multifaceted approach to management. HR+ breast cancer means that the cancer cells grow in response to hormones such as estrogen and progesterone. This subtype is prevalent among postmenopausal women and typically exhibits a more indolent course compared to other forms of breast cancer, which allows for a variety of treatment options.
Diagnosis and Staging
The diagnosis of HR+ breast cancer begins with clinical evaluation, imaging, and biopsy. Imaging modalities such as mammography, ultrasound, and MRI help in assessing the extent of the disease. Histopathological examination and immunohistochemical staining of the biopsy sample confirm the diagnosis and hormone receptor status by identifying the presence of estrogen receptors (ER) and progesterone receptors (PR) on the tumor cells.
Staging involves determining the size of the tumor (T), the involvement of regional lymph nodes (N), and the presence of distant metastasis (M). The American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system is commonly used. Accurate staging is critical as it guides treatment decisions.
Treatment Options
Endocrine Therapy
Endocrine therapy is the cornerstone of treatment for HR+ breast cancer in postmenopausal women. The primary goal is to reduce the levels of estrogen or block its effects on cancer cells. Commonly used agents include:
Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs): Tamoxifen is a SERM that binds to estrogen receptors, blocking estrogen from stimulating breast cancer cells. It is effective but may have side effects such as increased risk of endometrial cancer and thromboembolic events.
Aromatase Inhibitors (AIs): These drugs, including anastrozole, letrozole, and exemestane, lower estrogen levels by inhibiting the aromatase enzyme, which converts androgens to estrogen in peripheral tissues. AIs are generally preferred in postmenopausal women due to their efficacy and safety profile compared to tamoxifen.
Selective Estrogen Receptor Downregulators (SERDs): Fulvestrant is a SERD that degrades estrogen receptors and is used in cases where resistance to other endocrine therapies develops.
Combination Therapies
Combining endocrine therapy with other treatments enhances efficacy. Examples include:
Endocrine Therapy with CDK4/6 Inhibitors: Palbociclib, ribociclib, and abemaciclib are CDK4/6 inhibitors that, when combined with endocrine therapy, significantly improve progression-free survival in advanced HR+ breast cancer.
Endocrine Therapy with mTOR Inhibitors: Everolimus, an mTOR inhibitor, can be added to endocrine therapy for patients who have developed resistance to aromatase inhibitors.
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy is generally reserved for patients with high-risk features, such as large tumor size, high-grade histology, or extensive lymph node involvement. Regimens often include anthracyclines and taxanes.
10 Benefits an EPCR Software should Bring to EMS Organizations
The benefits of an ePCR solution should extend to the whole EMS organization, not just certain groups of people or certain departments. It should provide more than just a form for entering and a database for storing information. It should also include a workflow of how information is communicated, used and stored across the entire organization.
Artificial Intelligence Symposium (THAIS)
Artificial Intelligence Symposium (THAIS). Parc Taulí. Sabadell
Know the difference between Endodontics and Orthodontics.
Your smile is beautiful.
Let’s be honest. Maintaining that beautiful smile is not an easy task. It is more than brushing and flossing. Sometimes, you might encounter dental issues that need special dental care. These issues can range anywhere from misalignment of the jaw to pain in the root of teeth.
Top Travel Vaccinations in Manchester
Travel vaccination in Manchester offers comprehensive immunization services for individuals planning international trips. Expert healthcare providers administer vaccines tailored to your destination, ensuring you stay protected against various diseases. Conveniently located clinics and flexible appointment options make it easy to get the necessary shots before your journey. Stay healthy and travel with confidence by getting vaccinated in Manchester. Visit us: www.nxhealthcare.co.uk
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptx
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.Pollen and Fungal allergy: aeroallergy.pdf
Pollen and Fungal allergy: aeroallergy.pdfChulalongkorn Allergy and Clinical Immunology Research Group
Pollen and Fungal allergy
Presented by Chaloemchai Chumsaengchotsakul, MD.
June 14, 2024Hemodialysis: Chapter 5, Dialyzers Overview - Dr.Gawad
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/Pt1nA32sdHQ
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/uFdc9F0rlP0
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Ageing, the Elderly, Gerontology and Public Health
Challenges associated with ageing from a public health perspective
SENSORY NEEDS B.SC. NURSING SEMESTER II.
Sensation is the neurological process by which we become aware of surrounding environment.
NARCOTICS- POLICY AND PROCEDURES FOR ITS USE
This document outlines policies and procedures for handling narcotic and controlled drugs in NABH accredited hospitals.
Recently uploaded (20)
Promoting Wellbeing - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotes
Promoting Wellbeing - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotes
LOW BIRTH WEIGHT. PRETERM BABIES OR SMALL FOR DATES BABIES
LOW BIRTH WEIGHT. PRETERM BABIES OR SMALL FOR DATES BABIES
Tele Optometry (kunj'sppt) / Basics of tele optometry.
Tele Optometry (kunj'sppt) / Basics of tele optometry.
10 Benefits an EPCR Software should Bring to EMS Organizations
10 Benefits an EPCR Software should Bring to EMS Organizations
Know the difference between Endodontics and Orthodontics.
Know the difference between Endodontics and Orthodontics.
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptx
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptx
CHEMOTHERAPY_RDP_CHAPTER 6_Anti Malarial Drugs.pdf
CHEMOTHERAPY_RDP_CHAPTER 6_Anti Malarial Drugs.pdf
Hemodialysis: Chapter 5, Dialyzers Overview - Dr.Gawad
Hemodialysis: Chapter 5, Dialyzers Overview - Dr.Gawad
Ageing, the Elderly, Gerontology and Public Health
Ageing, the Elderly, Gerontology and Public Health