A picornavirus is a virus belonging to the family Picornaviridae, a family of viruses in the order Picornavirales. Vertebrates, including humans, serve as natural hosts. Picornaviruses are nonenveloped viruses that represent a large family of small, cytoplasmic, plus-strand RNA viruses with a 30-nm icosahedral capsid.
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a lentivirus (a subgroup of retrovirus) that causes HIV infection and over time acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).[1][2] AIDS is a condition in humans in which progressive failure of the immune system allows life-threatening opportunistic infections and cancers to thrive. Without treatment, average survival time after infection with HIV is estimated to be 9 to 11 years, depending on the HIV subtype.[3] Infection with HIV occurs by the transfer of blood, semen, vaginal fluid, pre-ejaculate, or breast milk. Within these bodily fluids, HIV is present as both free virus particles and virus within infected immune cells.
HIV infects vital cells in the human immune system such as helper T cells (specifically CD4+ T cells), macrophages, and dendritic cells.[4] HIV infection leads to low levels of CD4+ T cells through a number of mechanisms, including pyroptosis of abortively infected T cells,[5] apoptosis of uninfected bystander cells,[6] direct viral killing of infected cells, and killing of infected CD4+ T cells by CD8 cytotoxic lymphocytes that recognize infected cells.[7] When CD4+ T cell numbers decline below a critical level, cell-mediated immunity is lost, and the body becomes progressively more susceptible to opportunistic infections.
A picornavirus is a virus belonging to the family Picornaviridae, a family of viruses in the order Picornavirales. Vertebrates, including humans, serve as natural hosts. Picornaviruses are nonenveloped viruses that represent a large family of small, cytoplasmic, plus-strand RNA viruses with a 30-nm icosahedral capsid.
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a lentivirus (a subgroup of retrovirus) that causes HIV infection and over time acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).[1][2] AIDS is a condition in humans in which progressive failure of the immune system allows life-threatening opportunistic infections and cancers to thrive. Without treatment, average survival time after infection with HIV is estimated to be 9 to 11 years, depending on the HIV subtype.[3] Infection with HIV occurs by the transfer of blood, semen, vaginal fluid, pre-ejaculate, or breast milk. Within these bodily fluids, HIV is present as both free virus particles and virus within infected immune cells.
HIV infects vital cells in the human immune system such as helper T cells (specifically CD4+ T cells), macrophages, and dendritic cells.[4] HIV infection leads to low levels of CD4+ T cells through a number of mechanisms, including pyroptosis of abortively infected T cells,[5] apoptosis of uninfected bystander cells,[6] direct viral killing of infected cells, and killing of infected CD4+ T cells by CD8 cytotoxic lymphocytes that recognize infected cells.[7] When CD4+ T cell numbers decline below a critical level, cell-mediated immunity is lost, and the body becomes progressively more susceptible to opportunistic infections.
Adenoviridae is a group of medium sized, non-enveloped, double stranded DNA viruses that replicate and produce disease in the eye and in the respiratory, gastrointestinal and urinary tracts;
This powerpoint contains slides describing types of hepatitis viruses, pathogenesis, clinical course, laboratory diagnosis, treatment and prevention against hepatitis viruses. This presentation is intended to use by medical students, nurses, paramedics in the learning on virology. The slided could also be resource materials for the academicians.
Adenoviridae is a group of medium sized, non-enveloped, double stranded DNA viruses that replicate and produce disease in the eye and in the respiratory, gastrointestinal and urinary tracts;
This powerpoint contains slides describing types of hepatitis viruses, pathogenesis, clinical course, laboratory diagnosis, treatment and prevention against hepatitis viruses. This presentation is intended to use by medical students, nurses, paramedics in the learning on virology. The slided could also be resource materials for the academicians.
Therapeutic prospects in Cancer Immunotherapy.
Interleukins for Renal Cell Carcinoma.
BCG for Bladder Cancer.
Vaccination Strategies: Oncolytic virus for melanoma, Dendritic Cell therapy for CA Prostate.
Immune Checkpoint inhibitors. PD1 and PD L1 inhibitors.
Adoptive Cell Therpay. CAR T Cell Therapy
Clinical efficacy. Costs.
Fifth Annual Mitchell Memorial Lecture, October 6, 2014, at UC San Diego, featuring Dr. Jonathan Karn of Case Western Reserve University speaking on "Lessons Learned from models for HIV latency helping to formulate virus eradication strategies."
This powerpoint, deals with HIV pathophysiology, signs and symptoms, mode of transmission and diagnostic parameters.
Purely based on clinical pharmacist perspective.
Travis Hills' Endeavors in Minnesota: Fostering Environmental and Economic Pr...Travis Hills MN
Travis Hills of Minnesota developed a method to convert waste into high-value dry fertilizer, significantly enriching soil quality. By providing farmers with a valuable resource derived from waste, Travis Hills helps enhance farm profitability while promoting environmental stewardship. Travis Hills' sustainable practices lead to cost savings and increased revenue for farmers by improving resource efficiency and reducing waste.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
BREEDING METHODS FOR DISEASE RESISTANCE.pptxRASHMI M G
Plant breeding for disease resistance is a strategy to reduce crop losses caused by disease. Plants have an innate immune system that allows them to recognize pathogens and provide resistance. However, breeding for long-lasting resistance often involves combining multiple resistance genes
Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvementIshaGoswami9
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
change, and increasing global population, crop yield and quality need to be improved in a sustainable way over the coming decades. Genetic improvement by breeding is the best way to increase crop productivity. With the rapid progression of functional
genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
and analysis methods, numerous infrastructure platforms have been developed for phenotyping.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptxPRIYANKA PATEL
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
6. History
Choo and Kuo et al in 1989
Mortality rate : 3% of world population
• 54,000deaths and
9,55000 disabilities
Acute
HCV
• 350,0000 deaths
• Hcc leading to liver
transplant
Chronic
HCV
12. Innate Immunity
First line of defense
During HCV infection:
Type 1 IFN
production
Activates Nk
cells
Recruit virus sp
T cells
Induce
antiviral
immunity
Eliminate
hepatocytes
15. Destruction of HCV infected hepatocytes
perforins, TNFa
HCV fragments
Th1 of CTL activation
myeloid DCs
IL 12 produce IFN g
Draining lymph node
T cell activation
HLA class II molecules
TNf a, CD40 ligand
CD 80, CD86 Th cells
Direct attack
releases
Taken up by
Migrate to
Expresses HCV Ag on
Increase exp of
activate
Promote
maturation
of DCs
Mature DCs
Production of
cytokines
Induces
developement
releases
19. Treatment
• Ribavirin (Copegus and Rebetol)
oldest drug used
treatment duration depends on other drugs a person
is taking
dosage depends on body weight
congenital disabilities
20. Daklinza ( Daclastavir and sofosbuvir)
treatment time 12 weeks
Dosage: 400 mg of sofosbuvir
100 mg of velpatasvir
General fatigue, tiredness
21. Epclusam (Sofosbuvir and velpatasvir)
Treatement time 12 weeks
Dosage: 400 mg of sofosbuvir
100 mg of velpatasvir
Gastrointestinal issues
Editor's Notes
Secondary results of drugs and toxins
Map of the pooled mean hepatitis C virus (HCV) prevalence distribution, and the number of chronically-infected persons, across provinces of Pakistan. Footnote (Abbreviations: HCV, hepatitis C virus; F.A.T.A, Federally Administered Tribal Areas; I.C.T, Islamabad Capital Territory)
A) Transmission pathways of HCV. HCV can disseminate through two routes of transmission: cell-free entry and cell-cell transmission. Cell-free entry is the classical pathway for initiation of HCV infection and requires a well-defined panel of host entry factors including SR-BI, CD81, CLDN1, OCLN and the EGFR signaling pathway [6]-[10], [12]. Cell-free entry does not require cell-cell contact and is efficiently inhibited by neutralizing antibodies (nAbs). Cell-cell transmission requires direct cell-cell contact and is resistant to nAbs present in HCV-infected patients. Cell-cell transmission is considered to play a key role for viral spread and maintenance of infection [4], [31]. (B) HCV spread and dissemination assay. The HCV spread assay monitors viral spread in cell cultures using a low number of Huh7.5.1 cells containing replicating HCVcc, which expand over a time period of 14 days [6], [8]. In the absence of nAb or presence of control antibody the virus is transmitted by cell-cell and cell-free spread (upper panel [6], [8]). Cell-free transmission can be blocked by anti-HCV nAbs allowing to study viral spread mediated by cell-cell transmission only (lower panel). (C) HCV cell-cell transmission assay [6], [7], [11]. The cell-cell transmission assay allows the investigation of cell-cell transmission and its inhibition by HTEIs. In this assay HCV+ Huh7.5.1 producer cells containing replicating HCVcc (stained by an anti-NS5A antibody and indicated in red) are co-cultured with HCV− Huh7.5 GFP target cells (indicated in green) for 24 h in the presence of nAb blocking cell-free transmission. Flow cytometry is used to quantitate infected HCV+ Huh7.5 GFP target cells (indicated by red and green), which are infected via cell-cell transmission and stained with anti-NS5A antibody
Cd4 recognizes antigens presented on mhc 2
Hcv has mech to avoid recognition by ctls, reduces the exp of MHC molecules or prevent the viral peptides from presentation at cell surface.
Increases exp of tnf alpha and cd40 ligand
Mature dcs induce t cell activation by over exp of their surface molecules
Production of cytokines that stimulate t cell activation
Initiate direct attack on hcv infected hepatocyte