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Jayanti Tokkas1, Shalini Jain2 and Hariom Yadav3*
1Department of Biochemistry, CCS HAU, Hisar, Haryana, India
2Department of Biochemistry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and
Research, Chandigarh, India
3Nutritional Biotechnology, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Mohali, India
*Corresponding author: yadavhariom@gmail.com
BLOOD
 Connective tissue in fluid form
 Fluid of life – carries oxygen from lungs to all parts
of body and carbon-di-oxide from all parts of the body
to the lungs
 Fluid of growth – carries nutritive substances from
the digestive system and hormones from endocrine
gland to all the tissues.
 Fluid of health – protects the body against diseases
and get rid of unwanted substances by
transporting them into excretory organs like kidney.
Physical Characteristics of Blood
• Thicker than water
• 8 % of total body weight
• Blood volume
» 70 mL/kg of body weight
» 5 - 6 liters in males
» 4 - 5 liters in females
• Temperature - 100.40F
• pH - 7.35 to 7.45
Blood Functions
1. Respiratory
 Transport O2 from lungs to tissues
 Transport CO2 from tissues to lungs
2. Nutrition
 Transport “food” from gut to tissues
3. Excretory
 Transport waste from tissues to kidney (urea,
uric acid)
4. Protective
 White blood cells , antibodies, antitoxins.
Blood Functions
5. Regulatory
regulate body temperature
 regulate pH through buffers
 coolant properties of water
 vasodilatation of surface vessels dump heat
 regulate water content of cells by interactions with dissolved
ions and proteins
6. Body Temperature
 Water- high heat capacity, thermal conductivity, heat of
vaporization
 Typical heat generation is 3000 kcal/day
Blood composition
 Suspension of cells in plasma (carrier fluid)
45% Cells
55% Plasma
 Cells
Red cells (erythrocytes) 99%
5x106/mL
White cells (leukocytes)
7x103/mL < 1%
Platelets (thrombocytes)
3x105/mL
Blood composition
Blood Plasma
• Straw colored clear liquid
• Contains 90% water
• 7% plasma proteins
created in liver
confined to bloodstream
albumin
maintain blood osmotic pressure
immunoglobulins
antibodies bind to foreign
substances called antigens
form antigen-antibody complexes
fibrinogen
for clotting
• 2% other substances
Nutrients, electrolytes, gases, hormones, waste products
Functions of plasma proteins
1. Coagulation of blood – Fibrinogen to fibrin
2. Defense mechanism of blood – Immunoglobulins
3. Transport mechanism – α Albumin, β globulin transport
hormones, gases, enzymes, etc.
4. Maintenance of osmotic pressure in blood
5. Acid-base balance
6. Provides viscosity to blood
7. Provides suspension stability of RBC
8. Reserve proteins
Formed Elements of Blood
• Red blood cells (R.B.C.)
• White blood cells (W.B.C.)
 granular leukocytes
 neutrophils
 eosinophils
 basophils
 agranular leukocytes
 lymphocytes - T cells, B cells, natural killer cells
(N.K.C)
 monocytes
• Platelets (special cell fragments)
Functions of RBC
1. Transport oxygen from lungs to the tissues
(oxyhemoglobin).
2. Transport carbon-di-oxide from tissues to lungs
(carboxyhemoglobin)
3. Hemoglobin acts as a buffer and regulates the
hydrogen ion concentration (acid base balance)
4. Carry the blood group antigens and Rh factor
Functions of neutrophils
1. First line of defence against invading micro-
organisms.
2. Powerful and effective killer machine – contains
enzymes like protease, elastase, metalloproteinase,
NADPH oxidase; antibody like substances called
defensins.
Defensins – antimicrobial peptides active against bacteria and fungi.
3.Secrete Platelet Aggregation Factor (PAF) –
accelerates the aggregation of platelet during injury
to the blood vessels
Functions of eosinophils
Secrete lethal substances at the time of exposure to
foreign proteins/parasites
1. Eosinophill peroxidase – detroy worms, bacteria
and tumor cells.
2. Major basic protein – damage parasites
3. Eosinophill cationic protein (ECP)- destroys
helminths.
4. Eosinophill derived neurotoxin – destroys nerve
fibres (myelinated nerve fibres)
Functions of basophils
Basophill granules release some important substances like –
1. Histamine – Acute hypersensitivity reaction- vascular changes,
increase capillary permeability
2. Heparin – prevents intravascular blood clotting
3. Hyaluronic acid – necessary for deposition of ground
substances in basement membrane
4. Proteases – exaggerate inflammation
• Basophill have IgE receptor – hypersensitivity reaction
Functions of Platelets
1.Blood clotting
2.Clot retraction
3.Defence mechanism
4.Homeostasis
5.Repair and rupture of blood vessel
Gas transport
• Continuous interchange of CO2 and O2
between lungs and tissues.
• Oxygen –
• major e- acceptor
• indispensable for ATP production.
• CO2
• major by product of energy metabolism
pH maintenance
• Oxygen release helps to maintain pH in tissues
• Lungs:
– HHb + O2 = HbO2 + H+
• Tissues:
– CO2 forms proton and bicarbonate
– Proton is bound to Hb, when O2 is released
– Bicarbonate leaves RBC
• Cl- / HCO3- interchange - Hamburger effect
Hb
• Higher ability of Hb to release O2 but lower
ability to bind O2 - Right shift
• Useful at site of O2 release (tissues)
• higher temperature
• higher 2,3 BPG level
• lower pH (Bohr effect)
CO2 transport
1. Bicarbonate formation within RBC and Cl
interchange
2. CO2 dissolved in blood plasma
3. Carbaminohemoglobin formation
BLOOD.ppt

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BLOOD.ppt

  • 1. Jayanti Tokkas1, Shalini Jain2 and Hariom Yadav3* 1Department of Biochemistry, CCS HAU, Hisar, Haryana, India 2Department of Biochemistry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India 3Nutritional Biotechnology, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Mohali, India *Corresponding author: yadavhariom@gmail.com
  • 2. BLOOD  Connective tissue in fluid form  Fluid of life – carries oxygen from lungs to all parts of body and carbon-di-oxide from all parts of the body to the lungs  Fluid of growth – carries nutritive substances from the digestive system and hormones from endocrine gland to all the tissues.  Fluid of health – protects the body against diseases and get rid of unwanted substances by transporting them into excretory organs like kidney.
  • 3. Physical Characteristics of Blood • Thicker than water • 8 % of total body weight • Blood volume » 70 mL/kg of body weight » 5 - 6 liters in males » 4 - 5 liters in females • Temperature - 100.40F • pH - 7.35 to 7.45
  • 4. Blood Functions 1. Respiratory  Transport O2 from lungs to tissues  Transport CO2 from tissues to lungs 2. Nutrition  Transport “food” from gut to tissues 3. Excretory  Transport waste from tissues to kidney (urea, uric acid) 4. Protective  White blood cells , antibodies, antitoxins.
  • 5. Blood Functions 5. Regulatory regulate body temperature  regulate pH through buffers  coolant properties of water  vasodilatation of surface vessels dump heat  regulate water content of cells by interactions with dissolved ions and proteins 6. Body Temperature  Water- high heat capacity, thermal conductivity, heat of vaporization  Typical heat generation is 3000 kcal/day
  • 6. Blood composition  Suspension of cells in plasma (carrier fluid) 45% Cells 55% Plasma  Cells Red cells (erythrocytes) 99% 5x106/mL White cells (leukocytes) 7x103/mL < 1% Platelets (thrombocytes) 3x105/mL
  • 8. Blood Plasma • Straw colored clear liquid • Contains 90% water • 7% plasma proteins created in liver confined to bloodstream albumin maintain blood osmotic pressure immunoglobulins antibodies bind to foreign substances called antigens form antigen-antibody complexes fibrinogen for clotting • 2% other substances Nutrients, electrolytes, gases, hormones, waste products
  • 9. Functions of plasma proteins 1. Coagulation of blood – Fibrinogen to fibrin 2. Defense mechanism of blood – Immunoglobulins 3. Transport mechanism – α Albumin, β globulin transport hormones, gases, enzymes, etc. 4. Maintenance of osmotic pressure in blood 5. Acid-base balance 6. Provides viscosity to blood 7. Provides suspension stability of RBC 8. Reserve proteins
  • 10. Formed Elements of Blood • Red blood cells (R.B.C.) • White blood cells (W.B.C.)  granular leukocytes  neutrophils  eosinophils  basophils  agranular leukocytes  lymphocytes - T cells, B cells, natural killer cells (N.K.C)  monocytes • Platelets (special cell fragments)
  • 11. Functions of RBC 1. Transport oxygen from lungs to the tissues (oxyhemoglobin). 2. Transport carbon-di-oxide from tissues to lungs (carboxyhemoglobin) 3. Hemoglobin acts as a buffer and regulates the hydrogen ion concentration (acid base balance) 4. Carry the blood group antigens and Rh factor
  • 12. Functions of neutrophils 1. First line of defence against invading micro- organisms. 2. Powerful and effective killer machine – contains enzymes like protease, elastase, metalloproteinase, NADPH oxidase; antibody like substances called defensins. Defensins – antimicrobial peptides active against bacteria and fungi. 3.Secrete Platelet Aggregation Factor (PAF) – accelerates the aggregation of platelet during injury to the blood vessels
  • 13. Functions of eosinophils Secrete lethal substances at the time of exposure to foreign proteins/parasites 1. Eosinophill peroxidase – detroy worms, bacteria and tumor cells. 2. Major basic protein – damage parasites 3. Eosinophill cationic protein (ECP)- destroys helminths. 4. Eosinophill derived neurotoxin – destroys nerve fibres (myelinated nerve fibres)
  • 14. Functions of basophils Basophill granules release some important substances like – 1. Histamine – Acute hypersensitivity reaction- vascular changes, increase capillary permeability 2. Heparin – prevents intravascular blood clotting 3. Hyaluronic acid – necessary for deposition of ground substances in basement membrane 4. Proteases – exaggerate inflammation • Basophill have IgE receptor – hypersensitivity reaction
  • 15. Functions of Platelets 1.Blood clotting 2.Clot retraction 3.Defence mechanism 4.Homeostasis 5.Repair and rupture of blood vessel
  • 16. Gas transport • Continuous interchange of CO2 and O2 between lungs and tissues. • Oxygen – • major e- acceptor • indispensable for ATP production. • CO2 • major by product of energy metabolism
  • 17. pH maintenance • Oxygen release helps to maintain pH in tissues • Lungs: – HHb + O2 = HbO2 + H+ • Tissues: – CO2 forms proton and bicarbonate – Proton is bound to Hb, when O2 is released – Bicarbonate leaves RBC • Cl- / HCO3- interchange - Hamburger effect
  • 18. Hb • Higher ability of Hb to release O2 but lower ability to bind O2 - Right shift • Useful at site of O2 release (tissues) • higher temperature • higher 2,3 BPG level • lower pH (Bohr effect)
  • 19. CO2 transport 1. Bicarbonate formation within RBC and Cl interchange 2. CO2 dissolved in blood plasma 3. Carbaminohemoglobin formation