General Motors is pursuing an electrification strategy for automobiles to reduce emissions and petroleum consumption. This includes improving internal combustion engines, developing battery electric vehicles, plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, and hydrogen fuel cell vehicles. The E-Rev plug-in hybrid concept meets consumer needs with an electric range of 60 km and hundreds more kilometers of extended range. Strategic policy support is needed to incentivize continued technology development, lower costs for consumers, and build out refueling infrastructure in order to accelerate the commercialization of these new propulsion technologies.

1. General Motors
Electrification of the
Automobile
Helen Foord
18th February 2009

2. Environmental Strategy – removing the automobile from
the energy and environmental equation
Improved Reduced
Vehicle Fuel Petroleum
Economy & Consumption Hydrogen
Emissions Fuel Cell Vehicles
Propulsion
System Battery Electric Vehicles
(E-REV)
Alternative Fuel Vehicles
IC Engine and
Transmission Improvements
Time
Fuel Petroleum (Conventional & Alternative Sources, CNG)
Infrastructure Bio Fuels(Ethanol E85, Biogas, Biodiesel)
-
Electricity
Hydrogen
2

3. Overcoming range anxiety
Many technologies available to reduce CO2 emissions on a
well-to-wheel basis but the challenge is always refuelling
infrastructure.
 fuel providers have always been reluctant to make early
investments before significant volumes of vehicles are on
the road
Consumer won’t buy the vehicles unless infrastructure is
widely available
 From EV-1, we learned that:
 Consumers don’t want to take the risk of being stranded
Consumers don’t want to wait for a ubiquitous refuelling
infrastructure
Consumers don’t want to have own/rent second vehicle for
longer trips
In short, most consumers won’t make sacrifices for a low
carbon car
3

4. 4

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6. E-Rev meets consumers needs
In Europe over
75% of
29% customers
22%
17%
commute 60
10%
Km or less
7% 5% 8%
2 - 10 12 - 20 22 - 30 32 - 40 42 - 50
daily
52 - 60
3%
62 - 70 >70
miles
6 6

7. = No Regrets Personal
Mobility
Full Utility 60 km on plug-in charge +
several hundred km of extended range driving
Under current
European test
Cycle (ECE
R101)
< 40g/km
No Compromises Meets all European Safety Standards
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9. Coming soon…… the Opel Ampera
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10. Enablers for early commercialisation
Strategic Policy required to send complementary signals to vehicle
producers, consumers, infrastructure providers
Enablers for vehicle producers:
support for continued development via “Super Credits” in EU
CO2 legislation for cars under 50g CO2/km
Support for continued research to improve battery
technology and reduce costs
 Consumers;
Rebate at purchase to offset initial premium costs
Free access to city parking, recharging bays
Accelerated depreciation to encourage company car fleets.
Infrastructure providers:
Roll-out plan for recharging infrastructure – enable private
home, multi resident, shopping centres charging
Building standards revised to require easily accessible
recharging points
Initial volume to use off-peak power
Match growth on demand to additional renewable energy
capacity
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11. The future – Hydrogen fuel cell
 Part of GM’s fleet of over
100 4th generation Fuel
Cell Electric Vehicles
 The World’s largest
FCEV market test
 Gain experience from
“real world” driving
 Get customer feedback
on vehicle and refueling
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12. Clean Energy Partnership (CEP)
The European Lighthouse Project for Hydrogen Vehicles
Phase II: 05/2008 – 2010
 More than 40 hydrogen vehicles
 3 fully integrated hydrogen
refueling stations:
Total
Total/StatoilHydro/Linde
Shell
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13. GM HydroGen 4
 Fourth generation fuel cell
propulsion system with
improved every-day suitability,
performance and durability
 Capable to start and operate
in sub-freezing temperatures
 Acceleration (0-100 km/h): 12 s
 Top speed: 160 km/h
 Customer friendly refueling
 Fuel: 4.2 kg CGH2 (700 bar)
 Fast fill: 3 min.
 Range: 320 km
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14. Thank you - any questions
?