1. Hearing assessment in children is important to identify hearing loss early to prevent delays in speech and language development. A variety of tests are used depending on the child's age.
2. Newborn hearing screening typically uses otoacoustic emission testing and auditory brainstem response to test hearing in infants. Children may later receive pure tone audiometry and tympanometry.
3. Early identification of hearing loss in children is important so that interventions can begin by 6 months of age to optimize language development outcomes. Testing continues throughout childhood to monitor for late-onset or progressive hearing loss.
This document provides information about masking techniques used during audiometric testing. It defines masking and explains that the goal is to prevent the non-test ear from participating. Interaural attenuation values are discussed as well as when masking is needed for air and bone conduction tests. Types of masking noise, appropriate levels of noise, and risks of undermasking and overmasking are covered.
Universal newborn hearing screening is ideal, and high-risk screening is mandatory. Two common screening methods are otoacoustic emissions testing and auditory brainstem response testing. Any infant who does not pass an initial screening should receive a follow-up screening before one month of age. For infants in the neonatal intensive care unit or those with certain risk factors, auditory brainstem response is the preferred screening method to detect neural hearing loss. The goal of newborn hearing screening is to identify hearing impairment before six months of age so that intervention like hearing aids or cochlear implants can begin as early as possible.
This document discusses newborn hearing screening and intervention. It notes that hearing loss is the most common birth defect and undetected hearing loss can have negative consequences for child development. Early identification of hearing loss before 6 months of age is important for language acquisition. The document reviews data on language outcomes for children identified with hearing loss before versus after 6 months. It describes South Carolina legislation requiring universal newborn hearing screening and the goals of screening by 1 month, diagnosis by 3 months, and early intervention by 6 months (1-3-6 goals). Data on screening, diagnosis and early intervention rates in South Carolina from 2002-2011 are presented. Opportunities for collaboration between various programs to improve follow-up and outcomes are discussed.
Newborn hearing screening aims to identify hearing loss early to allow for early intervention. The two main screening tests are automated auditory brainstem response (AABR) and otoacoustic emissions (OAE). AABR can detect all types of hearing loss including auditory neuropathy, while OAE cannot detect auditory neuropathy. Universal newborn hearing screening using either AABR or OAE is recommended to allow for diagnosis by 3 months and intervention by 6 months of age. This allows for improved language development outcomes compared to selective screening based on risk factors alone.
This document discusses hearing screening in newborns. It begins by defining different types and levels of hearing loss. It then discusses the importance of early identification of hearing loss in newborns through universal screening. Screening can be done using otoacoustic emissions testing or auditory brainstem response testing. Otoacoustic emissions testing evaluates the function of the outer hair cells in the cochlea by measuring sounds produced in response to sound stimuli. Early identification of hearing loss allows for early intervention, which research shows leads to better language development and academic outcomes for children.
Early identification of hearing loss through universal newborn screening is important. Screening should involve testing all infants with otoacoustic emissions (OAEs) no later than 1 month of age. Any infants who do not pass should receive auditory brainstem response (ABR) testing no later than 3 months of age to confirm a diagnosis. Early intervention is crucial for infants diagnosed with hearing loss, as those identified by 6 months of age develop normal speech and language skills, while those identified later face delays. Screening protocols may differ between well baby nurseries using primarily OAEs and neonatal intensive care units using ABR from birth due to risk of neural hearing loss.
The document discusses how to read an audiogram and the different types of hearing tests. It explains the differences between air and bone conduction tests and what parts of the ear each tests. It also outlines the ranges of frequencies and decibel levels measured on an audiogram as well as common types of hearing loss such as conductive, sensorineural, and mixed. Finally, it notes which levels of hearing loss are most likely to benefit from hearing aids and for those with profound loss, cochlear implants may be an option.
1. Hearing tests are important for children to identify any hearing loss as early as possible to help with speech and language development.
2. Common hearing tests for infants include otoacoustic emissions testing, auditory brainstem response testing, and auditory steady state response testing which are painless tests to check the infant's hearing.
3. Hearing tests for toddlers include visual reinforcement audiometry which uses visual rewards to condition the child's response to sounds, and play audiometry which uses games and toys to test hearing.
This document provides information about masking techniques used during audiometric testing. It defines masking and explains that the goal is to prevent the non-test ear from participating. Interaural attenuation values are discussed as well as when masking is needed for air and bone conduction tests. Types of masking noise, appropriate levels of noise, and risks of undermasking and overmasking are covered.
Universal newborn hearing screening is ideal, and high-risk screening is mandatory. Two common screening methods are otoacoustic emissions testing and auditory brainstem response testing. Any infant who does not pass an initial screening should receive a follow-up screening before one month of age. For infants in the neonatal intensive care unit or those with certain risk factors, auditory brainstem response is the preferred screening method to detect neural hearing loss. The goal of newborn hearing screening is to identify hearing impairment before six months of age so that intervention like hearing aids or cochlear implants can begin as early as possible.
This document discusses newborn hearing screening and intervention. It notes that hearing loss is the most common birth defect and undetected hearing loss can have negative consequences for child development. Early identification of hearing loss before 6 months of age is important for language acquisition. The document reviews data on language outcomes for children identified with hearing loss before versus after 6 months. It describes South Carolina legislation requiring universal newborn hearing screening and the goals of screening by 1 month, diagnosis by 3 months, and early intervention by 6 months (1-3-6 goals). Data on screening, diagnosis and early intervention rates in South Carolina from 2002-2011 are presented. Opportunities for collaboration between various programs to improve follow-up and outcomes are discussed.
Newborn hearing screening aims to identify hearing loss early to allow for early intervention. The two main screening tests are automated auditory brainstem response (AABR) and otoacoustic emissions (OAE). AABR can detect all types of hearing loss including auditory neuropathy, while OAE cannot detect auditory neuropathy. Universal newborn hearing screening using either AABR or OAE is recommended to allow for diagnosis by 3 months and intervention by 6 months of age. This allows for improved language development outcomes compared to selective screening based on risk factors alone.
This document discusses hearing screening in newborns. It begins by defining different types and levels of hearing loss. It then discusses the importance of early identification of hearing loss in newborns through universal screening. Screening can be done using otoacoustic emissions testing or auditory brainstem response testing. Otoacoustic emissions testing evaluates the function of the outer hair cells in the cochlea by measuring sounds produced in response to sound stimuli. Early identification of hearing loss allows for early intervention, which research shows leads to better language development and academic outcomes for children.
Early identification of hearing loss through universal newborn screening is important. Screening should involve testing all infants with otoacoustic emissions (OAEs) no later than 1 month of age. Any infants who do not pass should receive auditory brainstem response (ABR) testing no later than 3 months of age to confirm a diagnosis. Early intervention is crucial for infants diagnosed with hearing loss, as those identified by 6 months of age develop normal speech and language skills, while those identified later face delays. Screening protocols may differ between well baby nurseries using primarily OAEs and neonatal intensive care units using ABR from birth due to risk of neural hearing loss.
The document discusses how to read an audiogram and the different types of hearing tests. It explains the differences between air and bone conduction tests and what parts of the ear each tests. It also outlines the ranges of frequencies and decibel levels measured on an audiogram as well as common types of hearing loss such as conductive, sensorineural, and mixed. Finally, it notes which levels of hearing loss are most likely to benefit from hearing aids and for those with profound loss, cochlear implants may be an option.
1. Hearing tests are important for children to identify any hearing loss as early as possible to help with speech and language development.
2. Common hearing tests for infants include otoacoustic emissions testing, auditory brainstem response testing, and auditory steady state response testing which are painless tests to check the infant's hearing.
3. Hearing tests for toddlers include visual reinforcement audiometry which uses visual rewards to condition the child's response to sounds, and play audiometry which uses games and toys to test hearing.
The document discusses a study that evaluated the effectiveness of bilateral versus monaural bone-anchored hearing aid (BAHA) fittings. 25 patients with symmetrical hearing loss were tested on directional hearing and speech recognition in quiet and noise. The results showed improved sound localization and speech understanding in noise with bilateral BAHA fittings compared to monaural fittings.
This document provides information about newborn hearing screening. It discusses why screening is important, as untreated hearing loss can cause delays in speech, language, and learning. The screening can detect hearing loss at birth but not losses that develop later. It outlines best practices for screening programs, including educating parents, using objective physiological tests, and having follow-up for babies who do not pass. Screening should be done before hospital discharge using auditory brainstem response or otoacoustic emission tests in a quiet room. Protocols vary but include screening both ears and rescreening any ear that does not pass initially.
Universal Neonatal Hearing Screening (UNHS) enables early detection of deafness within 48 hours of birth, allowing for earlier intervention before language development is significantly impacted. While some argue screening should only target high-risk infants, studies show 50 cases of hearing impairment per 100,000 low-risk infants, indicating all newborns should be screened. Accepted screening methods include otoacoustic emissions testing, which is quick and minimally invasive, and auditory brainstem response testing, which is more sensitive but more complex. An effective UNHS program must include initial screening, evaluation of abnormal results, tracking and follow-up to ensure appropriate intervention by 6 months of age.
This document discusses tympanometry, which objectively measures the function of the middle ear by using a probe to deliver a tone into the ear canal while changing pressure levels. A tympanogram graphically plots ear canal compliance against pressure. Normal tympanograms are Type A, while other types indicate various middle ear abnormalities. Tympanometry provides an objective measure of middle ear function and is useful for diagnosing conditions like fluid, wax, or perforations and monitoring tube function and hearing. Special considerations are needed for testing infants due to anatomical differences in the immature ear.
The document discusses auditory brainstem response (ABR) testing, which is used to evaluate hearing in newborns. ABR testing uses electrodes to measure electrical activity in the brainstem in response to auditory clicks or tones. It is an effective screening tool for detecting hearing loss, with a high sensitivity and specificity. ABR testing can identify abnormalities in the auditory nerve or brainstem that may indicate conditions like acoustic neuromas. It provides objective information about hearing thresholds and neural conduction in the auditory pathway.
Auditory neuropathy spectrum disorder (ANSD) is characterized by normal outer hair cell function but abnormal or absent auditory brainstem response, despite mild to profound hearing loss. A 27-year-old female presented with right-sided hearing loss, vertigo, and tinnitus for several years. Testing found normal outer hair cell function but abnormal auditory brainstem responses, consistent with progressive ANSD. Treatment options for ANSD are limited but may include hearing aids, cochlear implants, or speech therapy depending on the severity and progression of the hearing loss.
1. Newborn hearing screening allows for early detection of hearing loss, which is important as it can affect language development and social interactions. Screening tests like OAE and AABR that are inexpensive, portable and automated are used.
2. Risk factors for hearing loss include family history, neonatal intensive care, infections, syndromes etc. Any infant who does not pass the screening requires further evaluation.
3. Screening the newborns is crucial as it allows for early intervention if needed, which can improve speech and language outcomes. Pediatricians have an important role in ensuring all newborns receive and follow-up on screening.
Presbycusis and noise induced hearing lossUtpal Sarmah
This document discusses noise induced hearing loss (NIHL). It defines NIHL and notes it is usually sensorineural, bilateral, and symmetrical initially affecting higher frequencies. NIHL can be temporary (TTS) or permanent (PTS). It affects about 10% of the global workforce and is the second most common cause of hearing loss. The pathophysiology involves metabolic changes like oxidative stress and structural changes to hair cells and supporting structures. Diagnosis involves audiometry typically showing a notch at 4 kHz. Prevention focuses on hearing protection, noise control, and early treatment.
The document discusses the history, components, types, needs, candidacy, and surgery of bone anchored hearing aids (BAHA), which transmit sound to the cochlea via bone conduction by bypassing abnormalities of the outer and middle ear through an implanted titanium fixture. It traces the development of BAHA from its origins in the 1950s to current digital processors. BAHA consists of a titanium screw surgically implanted in the skull that protrudes a titanium abutment connecting to an external sound processor.
The document discusses universal newborn hearing screening. It begins by outlining the concept, including the importance of early detection of hearing loss to prevent developmental delays. The history section describes how screening has evolved from observational methods to use of otoacoustic emissions and automated auditory brainstem response tests. Current screening protocols recommend screening all infants by 1 month of age and enrolling in early intervention by 3 months. However, the document notes several hurdles to implementation including loss to follow up, lack of professionals, and lack of standards. It provides examples of screening programs in India within the context of its large population and resources.
Cochlear implants are hearing prosthetics that can restore hearing for those with severe to profound hearing loss. They consist of external and internal components. The external components collect sound, process it and transmit signals to the internal implant. The internal implant stimulates the auditory nerve to provide a sense of sound. Candidates undergo testing, counseling and rehabilitation training. If approved, they have surgery to implant the device, then attend programming sessions to tune the implant to their hearing needs through mapping. Ongoing listening practice and support from a cochlear implant team helps the recipient learn to hear and understand sound.
1) Tuning fork tests are standard clinical tests used to evaluate hearing. The Rinne and Weber tests compare air and bone conduction to determine the type of hearing loss.
2) The Rinne test involves placing a vibrating tuning fork on the mastoid bone and then over the ear canal. A positive test indicates normal hearing while a negative test suggests conductive hearing loss.
3) The Weber test places a vibrating tuning fork in the middle of the head. If sound is heard equally, hearing is normal or there is bilateral deafness. If it lateralizes to the deafer ear, there is conductive hearing loss, while sensorineural hearing loss causes it to lateralize to the better hearing ear
1. Behavioral tests are used to evaluate hearing in infants and young children, including behavioral observation audiometry for infants under 6 months and condition orientation reflex audiometry (CORA) for children 6 months to 1 year old.
2. CORA uses operant conditioning to teach the child to orient towards a sound source to receive a visual reinforcement from a lighted toy.
3. Visual reinforcement audiometry (VRA) and tangible reinforcement operant conditioning audiometry (TROCA) build on CORA principles to test older children using reinforcement strategies.
4. Conditioned play audiometry (CPA) teaches children ages 2-4 to perform tasks after hearing tones to make the
This document discusses acoustic reflex and tone decay testing. It defines acoustic reflex as a decrease in tympanic membrane compliance in response to sound stimulation that is measured using immittance testing. Acoustic reflex can be tested ipsi-laterally, stimulating and measuring the same ear, or contra-laterally, stimulating one ear and measuring the opposite ear. Tone decay measures the relaxation of the stapedius muscle between contractions in response to sustained tones and can help localize lesions. Abnormal decay at low frequencies suggests lesions of the auditory nerve or brainstem while decay at high frequencies suggests cochlear lesions.
OAE and BERA ( otoacoustic emissions and brainstem evoked response audiometry)Liju Rajan
Otoacoustic emissions (OAEs) are sounds produced by the inner ear that can be measured in the ear canal. There are different types of OAEs including spontaneous, stimulus frequency, transient evoked, and distortion product OAEs. OAEs are believed to be generated by outer hair cells in the cochlea and are reduced or absent when outer hair cell function is impaired. Brainstem auditory evoked response (BERA) testing objectively measures electrical activity in the auditory pathway generated in response to auditory stimuli. BERA waveforms provide information about auditory nerve and brainstem function. Abnormalities in BERA wave latencies, amplitudes, and morphology can indicate lesions
Auditory neuropathy is a hearing disorder where sound enters the inner ear normally but transmission from the inner ear to the brain is impaired. It can be caused by genetic mutations, infections, or other conditions affecting the auditory nerve. On tests, people with auditory neuropathy have normal otoacoustic emissions but abnormal or absent auditory brainstem responses and acoustic reflexes. Treatment involves hearing aids, cochlear implants, or other assistive devices to provide auditory input and support language development.
Pure tone audiometry involves testing a subject's hearing sensitivity using pure tone sounds of fixed frequencies. It aims to determine if hearing loss is present, its type and degree. A pure tone audiometer generates pure tones and delivers them via headphones or bone conduction vibrator. Threshold testing finds the lowest sound level at which a subject responds correctly to 50% of tones. Interpretation of the audiogram provides qualitative information about the hearing loss.
This document discusses masking techniques used during audiological testing. Masking involves using noise in the non-test ear to prevent it from interfering with thresholds measured in the test ear. It explains that masking is necessary for bone conduction testing and varies depending on frequency, skull thickness, and transducer used. The document provides guidelines for when to mask air and bone conduction thresholds and describes different masking types, levels, and challenges like under, over, and dilemma masking. It emphasizes using inserts to reduce interaural attenuation when masking is difficult.
The document discusses cochlear implants, including:
1. A cochlear implant bypasses damaged hair cells and converts sound into electrical signals to stimulate the auditory nerve.
2. Candidates for cochlear implants include those with severe to profound hearing loss who receive limited benefit from hearing aids.
3. The evaluation process for cochlear implants includes audiological, medical, and psychological assessments to determine suitability.
Overview of Behavioural and Objective Techniques in Screening.pptxAmbuj Kushawaha
Hearing loss, being an invisible disability, can remain unnoticed, particularly since typically developing children might not start speaking until around the age of two. Consequently, if hearing loss isn't identified through newborn hearing screening initiatives, it frequently remains undetected beyond 18 months of age, especially among children without any medical conditions or additional disabilities.
The document discusses a study that evaluated the effectiveness of bilateral versus monaural bone-anchored hearing aid (BAHA) fittings. 25 patients with symmetrical hearing loss were tested on directional hearing and speech recognition in quiet and noise. The results showed improved sound localization and speech understanding in noise with bilateral BAHA fittings compared to monaural fittings.
This document provides information about newborn hearing screening. It discusses why screening is important, as untreated hearing loss can cause delays in speech, language, and learning. The screening can detect hearing loss at birth but not losses that develop later. It outlines best practices for screening programs, including educating parents, using objective physiological tests, and having follow-up for babies who do not pass. Screening should be done before hospital discharge using auditory brainstem response or otoacoustic emission tests in a quiet room. Protocols vary but include screening both ears and rescreening any ear that does not pass initially.
Universal Neonatal Hearing Screening (UNHS) enables early detection of deafness within 48 hours of birth, allowing for earlier intervention before language development is significantly impacted. While some argue screening should only target high-risk infants, studies show 50 cases of hearing impairment per 100,000 low-risk infants, indicating all newborns should be screened. Accepted screening methods include otoacoustic emissions testing, which is quick and minimally invasive, and auditory brainstem response testing, which is more sensitive but more complex. An effective UNHS program must include initial screening, evaluation of abnormal results, tracking and follow-up to ensure appropriate intervention by 6 months of age.
This document discusses tympanometry, which objectively measures the function of the middle ear by using a probe to deliver a tone into the ear canal while changing pressure levels. A tympanogram graphically plots ear canal compliance against pressure. Normal tympanograms are Type A, while other types indicate various middle ear abnormalities. Tympanometry provides an objective measure of middle ear function and is useful for diagnosing conditions like fluid, wax, or perforations and monitoring tube function and hearing. Special considerations are needed for testing infants due to anatomical differences in the immature ear.
The document discusses auditory brainstem response (ABR) testing, which is used to evaluate hearing in newborns. ABR testing uses electrodes to measure electrical activity in the brainstem in response to auditory clicks or tones. It is an effective screening tool for detecting hearing loss, with a high sensitivity and specificity. ABR testing can identify abnormalities in the auditory nerve or brainstem that may indicate conditions like acoustic neuromas. It provides objective information about hearing thresholds and neural conduction in the auditory pathway.
Auditory neuropathy spectrum disorder (ANSD) is characterized by normal outer hair cell function but abnormal or absent auditory brainstem response, despite mild to profound hearing loss. A 27-year-old female presented with right-sided hearing loss, vertigo, and tinnitus for several years. Testing found normal outer hair cell function but abnormal auditory brainstem responses, consistent with progressive ANSD. Treatment options for ANSD are limited but may include hearing aids, cochlear implants, or speech therapy depending on the severity and progression of the hearing loss.
1. Newborn hearing screening allows for early detection of hearing loss, which is important as it can affect language development and social interactions. Screening tests like OAE and AABR that are inexpensive, portable and automated are used.
2. Risk factors for hearing loss include family history, neonatal intensive care, infections, syndromes etc. Any infant who does not pass the screening requires further evaluation.
3. Screening the newborns is crucial as it allows for early intervention if needed, which can improve speech and language outcomes. Pediatricians have an important role in ensuring all newborns receive and follow-up on screening.
Presbycusis and noise induced hearing lossUtpal Sarmah
This document discusses noise induced hearing loss (NIHL). It defines NIHL and notes it is usually sensorineural, bilateral, and symmetrical initially affecting higher frequencies. NIHL can be temporary (TTS) or permanent (PTS). It affects about 10% of the global workforce and is the second most common cause of hearing loss. The pathophysiology involves metabolic changes like oxidative stress and structural changes to hair cells and supporting structures. Diagnosis involves audiometry typically showing a notch at 4 kHz. Prevention focuses on hearing protection, noise control, and early treatment.
The document discusses the history, components, types, needs, candidacy, and surgery of bone anchored hearing aids (BAHA), which transmit sound to the cochlea via bone conduction by bypassing abnormalities of the outer and middle ear through an implanted titanium fixture. It traces the development of BAHA from its origins in the 1950s to current digital processors. BAHA consists of a titanium screw surgically implanted in the skull that protrudes a titanium abutment connecting to an external sound processor.
The document discusses universal newborn hearing screening. It begins by outlining the concept, including the importance of early detection of hearing loss to prevent developmental delays. The history section describes how screening has evolved from observational methods to use of otoacoustic emissions and automated auditory brainstem response tests. Current screening protocols recommend screening all infants by 1 month of age and enrolling in early intervention by 3 months. However, the document notes several hurdles to implementation including loss to follow up, lack of professionals, and lack of standards. It provides examples of screening programs in India within the context of its large population and resources.
Cochlear implants are hearing prosthetics that can restore hearing for those with severe to profound hearing loss. They consist of external and internal components. The external components collect sound, process it and transmit signals to the internal implant. The internal implant stimulates the auditory nerve to provide a sense of sound. Candidates undergo testing, counseling and rehabilitation training. If approved, they have surgery to implant the device, then attend programming sessions to tune the implant to their hearing needs through mapping. Ongoing listening practice and support from a cochlear implant team helps the recipient learn to hear and understand sound.
1) Tuning fork tests are standard clinical tests used to evaluate hearing. The Rinne and Weber tests compare air and bone conduction to determine the type of hearing loss.
2) The Rinne test involves placing a vibrating tuning fork on the mastoid bone and then over the ear canal. A positive test indicates normal hearing while a negative test suggests conductive hearing loss.
3) The Weber test places a vibrating tuning fork in the middle of the head. If sound is heard equally, hearing is normal or there is bilateral deafness. If it lateralizes to the deafer ear, there is conductive hearing loss, while sensorineural hearing loss causes it to lateralize to the better hearing ear
1. Behavioral tests are used to evaluate hearing in infants and young children, including behavioral observation audiometry for infants under 6 months and condition orientation reflex audiometry (CORA) for children 6 months to 1 year old.
2. CORA uses operant conditioning to teach the child to orient towards a sound source to receive a visual reinforcement from a lighted toy.
3. Visual reinforcement audiometry (VRA) and tangible reinforcement operant conditioning audiometry (TROCA) build on CORA principles to test older children using reinforcement strategies.
4. Conditioned play audiometry (CPA) teaches children ages 2-4 to perform tasks after hearing tones to make the
This document discusses acoustic reflex and tone decay testing. It defines acoustic reflex as a decrease in tympanic membrane compliance in response to sound stimulation that is measured using immittance testing. Acoustic reflex can be tested ipsi-laterally, stimulating and measuring the same ear, or contra-laterally, stimulating one ear and measuring the opposite ear. Tone decay measures the relaxation of the stapedius muscle between contractions in response to sustained tones and can help localize lesions. Abnormal decay at low frequencies suggests lesions of the auditory nerve or brainstem while decay at high frequencies suggests cochlear lesions.
OAE and BERA ( otoacoustic emissions and brainstem evoked response audiometry)Liju Rajan
Otoacoustic emissions (OAEs) are sounds produced by the inner ear that can be measured in the ear canal. There are different types of OAEs including spontaneous, stimulus frequency, transient evoked, and distortion product OAEs. OAEs are believed to be generated by outer hair cells in the cochlea and are reduced or absent when outer hair cell function is impaired. Brainstem auditory evoked response (BERA) testing objectively measures electrical activity in the auditory pathway generated in response to auditory stimuli. BERA waveforms provide information about auditory nerve and brainstem function. Abnormalities in BERA wave latencies, amplitudes, and morphology can indicate lesions
Auditory neuropathy is a hearing disorder where sound enters the inner ear normally but transmission from the inner ear to the brain is impaired. It can be caused by genetic mutations, infections, or other conditions affecting the auditory nerve. On tests, people with auditory neuropathy have normal otoacoustic emissions but abnormal or absent auditory brainstem responses and acoustic reflexes. Treatment involves hearing aids, cochlear implants, or other assistive devices to provide auditory input and support language development.
Pure tone audiometry involves testing a subject's hearing sensitivity using pure tone sounds of fixed frequencies. It aims to determine if hearing loss is present, its type and degree. A pure tone audiometer generates pure tones and delivers them via headphones or bone conduction vibrator. Threshold testing finds the lowest sound level at which a subject responds correctly to 50% of tones. Interpretation of the audiogram provides qualitative information about the hearing loss.
This document discusses masking techniques used during audiological testing. Masking involves using noise in the non-test ear to prevent it from interfering with thresholds measured in the test ear. It explains that masking is necessary for bone conduction testing and varies depending on frequency, skull thickness, and transducer used. The document provides guidelines for when to mask air and bone conduction thresholds and describes different masking types, levels, and challenges like under, over, and dilemma masking. It emphasizes using inserts to reduce interaural attenuation when masking is difficult.
The document discusses cochlear implants, including:
1. A cochlear implant bypasses damaged hair cells and converts sound into electrical signals to stimulate the auditory nerve.
2. Candidates for cochlear implants include those with severe to profound hearing loss who receive limited benefit from hearing aids.
3. The evaluation process for cochlear implants includes audiological, medical, and psychological assessments to determine suitability.
Overview of Behavioural and Objective Techniques in Screening.pptxAmbuj Kushawaha
Hearing loss, being an invisible disability, can remain unnoticed, particularly since typically developing children might not start speaking until around the age of two. Consequently, if hearing loss isn't identified through newborn hearing screening initiatives, it frequently remains undetected beyond 18 months of age, especially among children without any medical conditions or additional disabilities.
Children who are profoundly deaf fail to develop speech without intervention. Early identification and management of hearing loss before 6 months of age leads to better language development. Causes of deafness can be prenatal, perinatal, or postnatal. Evaluation involves ruling out causes and assessing hearing through objective tests like ABR. Management includes hearing aids, cochlear implants, speech therapy, and special education. Early intervention is important for optimal outcomes.
This document discusses evaluation and management of deaf children. It begins by defining different types and degrees of childhood hearing loss. Early diagnosis is important as it allows for early intervention, which research shows improves outcomes for language development and education. Universal newborn hearing screening within the first 3 months of life is now standard practice. Diagnostic tests include otoacoustic emissions testing and auditory brainstem response testing. Causes of childhood hearing loss can be genetic syndromic or non-syndromic causes. Proper evaluation involves history, physical exam, and potential genetic or imaging studies to determine the etiology.
This document provides an overview of assessment and management of deafness in children and adults. It discusses types of hearing impairment, common causes including genetic factors and infections, methods of evaluation such as audiometry, and interventions like hearing aids, cochlear implants, education supports, and protective measures to prevent deafness.
This document provides an overview of assessment and management of deafness in children and adults. It discusses types of hearing impairment, common causes including genetic factors and infections, methods of evaluation such as audiometry, and interventions including surgery, hearing aids, cochlear implants and education supports. Protecting hearing through preventing infections and excessive noise exposure is also covered.
Early detection of hearing loss is important because undetected hearing loss can impair intellectual development, cause poor speech and language development, and lead to serious communication handicaps. The most common causes of hearing loss in children are hereditary factors (49%) and non-hereditary infections, drugs, prematurity, and hypoxia acquired before or after birth (51%). Screening tests for children include auditory brainstem response testing, tympanometry, and pure tone audiometry. Rinne's test and Weber's test using tuning forks can also help evaluate hearing ability.
Cochlear implantation journey candidacy to communication (1)entbangalore
This document discusses cochlear implantation, including candidacy criteria, the difference between cochlear implants and hearing aids, the surgical process, risks of surgery, and benefits of auditory verbal therapy post-implantation. Key points covered include that cochlear implants can provide a sense of sound for those with severe-to-profound hearing loss, the importance of implantation before age 3 for maximum speech and language benefits, and that commitment to long-term auditory verbal therapy is important for child implantees to realize full benefits.
AIOU Code 681 Psychology of Deafness & Child Development Semester Spring 2022...Zawarali786
The document discusses types of hearing loss, including sensorineural hearing loss, conductive hearing loss, mixed hearing loss, and sudden sensorineural hearing loss. It describes the causes and characteristics of each type. It also discusses degrees of deafness in terms of decibel levels and categories of mild, moderate, severe or profound hearing loss. The document notes that hearing loss can be diagnosed through screening tests from birth or later full hearing tests by an audiologist.
This document discusses the management of deaf children. It notes that early identification of hearing loss through screening tests like OAEs and ABR is important for development of speech, as the period from birth to 5 years is critical. The causes of deafness can be genetic, such as mutations in the GJB2 and GJB6 genes, or non-genetic like infections during pregnancy or birth injuries. Evaluation of deaf children involves screening tests followed by behavioral and objective tests like ABR to determine the type and degree of hearing loss and its cause. Early intervention is important to facilitate speech and language development in deaf children.
This document summarizes different types and causes of deafness. It discusses conductive hearing loss, which results from issues in the external ear, middle ear, or ear bones. Sensorineural hearing loss affects the inner ear or auditory nerve. Mixed hearing loss has both conductive and sensorineural components. Common causes of sensorineural hearing loss include genetic factors, noise exposure, certain medications, autoimmune disorders, sudden hearing loss, presbycusis, and nonorganic hearing loss. The document also covers deafness in children, which can have prenatal, perinatal, or postnatal causes such as genetic anomalies, infections, complications of prematurity, birth injuries, or postnatal illnesses/medications. Assessment methods like
This document provides information on childhood hearing loss, including definitions, screening methods, diagnosis, causes, and management. Some key points:
- Hearing loss is defined as inability to understand speech even with a hearing aid (deaf) or ability to hear speech but not necessarily understand it (hard of hearing).
- Universal newborn hearing screening involves using otoacoustic emissions or automated auditory brainstem response tests to screen all newborns, with diagnostic tests for those who do not pass.
- Early identification of hearing loss before 6 months is important to prevent delays in speech, language, and cognitive development.
- Causes of childhood hearing loss include genetic syndromes (30%), non-
This sildes shows the basic objective tests of pediatric audiological assessment.
Presented by the students of Communication Disorders Department, University of Dhaka.
This document discusses hearing loss, including definitions, types, causes, examination, diagnosis, and management. It defines different levels of hearing loss based on decibel thresholds. The main types are conductive, sensorineural, and mixed hearing loss. Sensorineural hearing loss is usually permanent and caused by inner ear or nerve damage. Causes include genetic syndromes, infections, trauma, tumors, ototoxic drugs, aging, and noise exposure. Evaluation involves history, physical exam including Weber and Rinne tests, and audiometry. Imaging and labs may be needed depending on history. Management depends on type, but may include hearing aids, cochlear implants, rehabilitation through lip reading and sign language. Rehabilitation of children focuses
This document provides an overview of approaches to deafness, including types and causes of hearing loss, diagnosing hearing loss through various tests, and managing different types of hearing loss. It discusses conductive hearing loss due to defects in the outer or middle ear, sensorineural hearing loss due to inner ear or nerve problems, and mixed hearing loss. Common causes include presbycusis, noise exposure, meningitis, and ototoxic drugs. Diagnostic tests include tuning fork tests, pure tone audiometry, impedance testing, and brainstem response audiometry. Management involves hearing aids, cochlear implants, assistive devices, and training programs.
HKMA Structured CME Programme with HKS&H Session 11 The Child is not Respondi...HKMACME
This document provides information on identifying and assessing hearing loss in children. It discusses warning signs of hearing defects in infants and toddlers, including not responding to sounds by 6-8 weeks or showing interest in toys by 3-4 months. High risk factors for hearing loss include family history of deafness, infections, and prematurity. The document describes objective hearing tests like OAEs and ABR, as well as behavioral tests for older children. It also covers aural rehabilitation options including hearing aids, cochlear implants, and bone anchored hearing devices.
1) Hearing loss in children can impact language development, academic performance, and social skills.
2) The document estimates that 1 to 3 per 1000 infants and 6 per 1000 children will have permanent sensorineural hearing loss.
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1. 1
Hearing Assesment in Children
Presented by : Dr. Khalil Elkahlout
MBBS , R1 resident ENT department
Alshifa medical complex
Supervisor : Dr.Jabr Abu Amro
2. 7
Hearing impairment
WHO definition of hearing impairment :
“Hearing impairment means complete or partial loss of the ability
to hear from one or both ears; this is mild or worse hearing
impairment, 26 dB or greater hearing threshold, averaged at
frequencies 0.5, 1, 2, 4 kHz.”
Disabling hearing impairment means moderate or worse hearing
impairment in the better ear; that is the permanent unaided hearing
threshold level for the better ear of 41 or 31 dB or greater in age
over 14 or under 15 years respectively, averaged at frequencies 0.5, 1,
2, 4 kHz.
3. 8
Prevalence Of Hearing Loss
• 1 to 3 per 1000 infants will have permanent
sensorineural hearing loss
• 10/1000 from the NICU
• Rate increases to 6/1000 by school age
Hearing Assessment in Infants and Children: Recommendations Beyond Neonatal Screening- Pediatrics 2003
4. 6
Why hearing tests are important
• Soon after birth can help identify most babies with significant hearing
loss, and testing later in childhood can pick up any problems that have been
missed or have been slowly getting worse.
• It's important to identify hearing problems as early as possible because they
can affect your child's speech and language development, social skills and
education.
• An early diagnosis will also help ensure you and your child have access to
any special support services you may need.
6. 9
Types of Hearing Loss
• Conductive hearing loss is caused by
blockage in the transmission of sound
to the inner ear.
• Ear infections are the most common
cause of this type of hearing loss in
infants and young children.
• This loss is usually mild, temporary, and
treatable with medicine or surgery.
7. 10
Types of Hearing Loss ( Cochlear hearing loss)
• Sensorineural hearing loss can happen
when the sensitive cochlea has
damage or a structural problem
• The most common type, may involve a
specific part of the cochlea such as the
inner hair cells, outer hair cells, or both.
8. 11
Types of Hearing Loss
Mixed hearing loss happens when a
person has both conductive and
sensorineural hearing loss.
9. Permanent childhood hearing impairment
- congenital :denote hearing impairment that is present at, or very soon
after, birth.
- Acquired hearing impairments are considered to be
(i) postnatally acquired PCHI (e.g. as a sequela of meningitis or head
injury);
(ii) progressive hearing impairments usually diagnosed following ongoing
progression of the impairment post diagnosis;
(iii) late-onset
10. 12
Why Is Early Identification Of Hearing Loss Important?
• A critical period exists for optimal language skills to
develop, and earlier intervention produces better
outcomes.
• Treatment of hearing defects has been shown to improve
communication.
• Children with hearing loss typically experience significant
delays in language development and academic
achievement.
11. 1
3
Signs of a hearing loss
• limited, poor, or no
speech
• frequently inattentive
• difficulty learning
• seems to need higher TV
volume
• fails to respond to
conversation level
speech
• Answers inappropriately
• fails to respond to his or
her name or
• easily frustrated when
there's a lot of
background noise
12. 14
High-risk Indicators For Hearing Loss In Children
From Birth To 24 mo of Age
• family history of early childhood deafness
• history of treatment in (NICU) for more than 48 hours
• Ear and craniofacial anomaly (e.g. cleft palate) associated with hearing impairment.
• In utero infection associated with SNHL (eg, toxoplasmosis, rubella, cytomegalovirus,
herpes, syphilis)
• Hyperbilirubinemia at levels requiring exchange transfusion
• Birth weight less than 1500 g
• Bacterial meningitis
• Low Apgar scores: 0–3 at 5 min; 0–6 at 10 min
• Respiratory distress (eg, meconium aspiration)
• Prolonged mechanical ventilation for more than 10 d
• Ototoxic medication (eg, gentamicin) administered for more than 5d or used in combination with
loop diuretics
• Physical features or other stigmata associated with a syndrome known to include SNHL
(eg, Down syndrome, Waardenburg syndrome)
13. 15
Speech-Language-Auditory Milestones
• Birth to 3 mo. :
• Startles to loud noise
• Awakens to sounds
• Blinks or widens eyes in response to noises
• 3 to 6 mo:
• Quiets to mother’s voice
• Stops playing, listens to new sounds
• Looks for source of new sounds not in sight
• 6 to 9 mo:
• Enjoys musical toys
• Coos and gurgles with inflection
• Says ‘mama’
• 12 mo to 15 mo:
• Responds to his or her name and ‘no’
• Follows simple requests
• Uses expressive vocabulary of 3 to 5 words
• Imitates some words
15. 17
When to test Hearing ?
• Within a few weeks of birth – newborn hearing
screening and it's often carried out before discharge
from hospital after birth.
• From 9 months to 2.5 years of age – If any
concerns about child's hearing
• At around 4 or 5 years old – Most children will have
a hearing test when they start school
16. 18
Newborn Hearing Screening
• 1999 - The American Academy of Pediatrics
endorses: Universal newborn hearing screening.
• Detection of hearing loss before three months
of age.
• Intervention services initiated by six months of
age.
Language of early- and later-identified children with hearing loss. Yoshinaga Itano C, Pediatrics. 1998
17. Newborn Hearing screening Guidelines
- It is recommended that all infants get screened for hearing loss prior to the age of 1
month according to this protocol.
- Initial screening is performed using Otoacoustic Emission (OAE machine)
- The initial screening should consist of 2 attempts maximum per ear
- If infant does not pass the initial screening, or if results could not be obtained in one or
both ears, infant is scheduled for a rescreening at the same PHC center.
Re-screening
- Rescreening is performed utilizing the same test/tests as in the initial screening (above)
- Rescreening is recommended to be performed before/by 1 month of age.
- If an infant does not pass the rescreening, or if results cannot be obtained in one or both
ears, he/she should be referred for diagnostic audiological evaluation.
18. Screen with OAE
Fail
Pass
Rescreen with
OAE 1x
ABR
Fail
Pass
Fail
Pass
Refer to audiologist for diagnostic
evaluation
Refer to audiologist
for ABR rescreen
Fail
Pass
Risk indicators
No risk indicators
Finished
Monitor
ABR at 6 Months
20. 20
Evoked Oto-Acoustic Emissions (EOAE)
• Oto-acoustic emissions (OAEs) are sounds
originated in the cochlea that can be recorded
by a sensitive microphone fitted in the ear
canal.
• These sounds are created by the movements
of the outer hair in the cochlea as they
respond to auditory stimulation.
• The OAEs can be as loud as 30dB SPL, and are
generated only when the organ of Corti and
the middle ear are in near normal condition.
• OAEs are affected by conductive and sensori-
neural hearing losses.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26. 2
1
Auditory Brainstem Response (ABR) or
Brain stem evoked response audiometry (BERA)
• A test that uses electrodes (wires)
attached with adhesive to the baby's
scalp. While the baby sleeps, clicking
sounds are made through tiny
earphones in the baby's ears.
• The test measures the brain's activity
in response to the sounds.
• As in EOAE, this test is painless and
test time around 30
-
45 min/baby
27. 22
Auditory Brainstem Response (ABR) or
Brain stem evoked response audiometry (BERA)
• ABR measures the electrical
response in the auditory nerve
and brainstem.
Clinical applications
- Acoustic neuroma diagnosis (pre-MRI
time). Latency I–V > 4.2 ± 0.2ms,
and the interaural I–V latency 0.2–0.4ms.
- Threshold determination. Especially in
children (used with Oto-acoustic
emissions in neonatal screening). Can
detect threshold, but not frequency
specific.
- Intra-operative testing. During acoustic
neuroma surgery.
The waveform created in ABR testing has five
waves :
I. Auditory nerve.
II. Cochlear nucleus.
III. Superior olivary complex.
IV. Lateral lemniscus.
V. Inferior colliculus.
28. 23
Auditory steady state response (ASSR) test
• This test is similar to the ABR, though an infant usually needs to be sleeping or
sedated for the ASSR test.
• Sound passes into the ear canals, and a computer picks up the brain's response to t
he sound and automatically decides whether hearing loss is mild, moderate, severe,
or profound.
• This ASSR test has to be done with (and not instead of) ABR to check for hearing.
29. 24
Middle ear muscle reflex (MEMR)
• The MEMR (also called acoustic reflex test) tests how well
the ear responds to loud sounds by evoking a reflex.
• In a healthy ear, this reflex helps protect the ear against loud
sounds.
• For the MEMR, a soft rubber tip is placed in the ear canal.
• A series of loud sounds are sent through the tips into the ears
and a machine records whether the sound has
triggered a reflex.
• Sometimes the test is done while the child is sleeping.
30. 25
Hearing tests for the infant
The use of the above EOAE and ABR tests, PLUS
Behavioral audiometry
• Auditory signal presented to an infant
produces a change in behaviour e.g alerting,
cessation of an activity or widening of eyes.
• Moro`s reflex: sudden movement of limbs and
extension of head in response to sound of 80-
90 dB.
• Cochleo-palpebral reflex: Child responds by a
blink to aloud sound.
• Cessation reflex: Infant stops activity or starts
crying in response to a sound of 90 dB.
31. 26
• To test hearing in children from
approximately 6 months to 2.5 years
old.
• Child is trained to look toward a sound
source. When the child gives a correct
response, the child is "rewarded"
through a visual reinforcement, such as
a toy that moves or a flashing light.
• Once this conditioned response is
reliably observed, the stimuli can be
presented at ever decreasing levels until
auditory threshold or minimum audible
levels have been reached.
Visual reinforcement audiometry
32. 2
7
Hearing tests for the toddler
Play audiometry
(Conditioned Play Audiometry)
For children between 1.5 and 5 years old
Sounds will be played through
headphones or speakers and your child
will be asked to perform a simple task
when they hear the sound. This may
vary from putting a ball in a bucket to
completing a puzzle or touch or move a
toy.
This test relies on the cooperation of the
child, which may not always be given.
33. 2
8
Hearing tests for the toddler
Speech audiometry
• Child is asked to repeat
the names of certain
objects or to point them
out on the pictures.
• Voice can be gradually
lowered.
• In this way hearing level
and speech discrimination
can be tested.
34. 29
Hearing tests for children older than 3 to 4 years
The above mentioned tests, along with the
following:
• Pure tone audiometry ("sweep
test”): used to screen a child's hearing
before they start school
• A machine generates sounds at
different volumes and frequencies.
• The sounds are played through
headphones and your child is asked to
respond when they hear them by
pressing a button.
• By changing the level of the sound, the
tester can work out the quietest
sounds your child can hear.
35. 30
Pure Tone Audiometry
• An audiometer is an electronic device which produces pure tones,
intensity of which can be increased or decreased in 5 dB steps.
• AC thresholds are measured for tones of 125,250,500,1K,2K,4K,8K Hz.
• BC thresholds are measured for tones of 250,500,1K,2K,4K Hz.
• It is charted in the form of a graph called audiogram.
• Handheld audiometers have a sensitivity of 92 percent and a specificity
of 94 percent in detecting sensorineural hearing impairment.
36. 31
Pure Tone Audiometry
Types
1. Screening audiometry - presents tones across the speech spectrum
(500 to 4,000 Hz) at the upper limits of normal hearing (25 to 30 dB for
adults, and 15 to 20 dB for children)
• Results are recorded as pass, indicating that the patient's hearing levels are within
normal limits, or refer, indicating that hearing loss is possible and a repeat screening
test or a threshold search test is recommended
2. Threshold search audiometry - determines the softest sound a patient
can hear at each frequency 50 percent of the time. (Modified Hughson-
Westlake method) - “Up 5-down 10" method of threshold estimation
37. 32
Nomenclature on the pure tone audiogram
O Right air conduction
X Left air conduction
[ Masked right bone
conduction
] Masked left bone
conduction
38. 33
Hearing tests for children older than 3 to 4 years
Immittance audiometry: an objective technique which evaluates
middle ear function by three procedures:
1. Static immittance,
2. Tympanometry, and
3. Acoustic reflex threshold sensitivity.
No single test should be considered a diagnostic 'end-all'. However, when
immittance test results are integrated with audiological data, they provide a
powerful adjunct to assist the physician in making a clinical diagnosis.
39. 34
1. Static Compliance
• Reciprocal of stiffness, is a measure of ear canal volume under two
specific physical conditions.
• In the first condition, (+) 200 mm H2O of positive air pressure is
applied to the ear canal and a volume (C1) is read. The second
volume reading (C2) occurs at a pressure value of maximum
eardrum compliance.
• Normally maximum eardrum compliance occurs when atmospheric
pressure is equal on both sides of the eardrum (0 mm H2O).
40. 35
2. Tympanometry (impedance audiometry)
• It is an important objective test of middle-ear function.
• The sound transmission from the external to the middle ear is optimal when the pressure
• in the ear canal is the same as the middle ear.
• The compliance of the tympanic membrane is measured as a function of mechanically
varied air pressure in the external auditory canal and hence the middle-ear pressure is
indirectly measured.
A soft rubber tube will be placed at the
entrance of the child's ear. Air is gently
blown down the tube and a sound is
played through a small speaker inside it.
The tube then measures the sound that's
bounced back from the ear.
41. Types of Tympanograms
Type A: normal. Peak is at 0mmH2O, range from –
100 to +200.
The peak can be shallow,represent restricted TM
movement (as in otosclerosis or other ossicular
fixation, and tympanosclerosis), or high, representing
hyper-compliance (ossicular disarticulation, flaccid
tympanic membrane).
Type B: flat or very low, rounded peak. Has a 96%
positive predictive value for middle-ear effusion. It
can also represent a TM perforation
Type C: shows low pressure in the middle ear and
represent ETD.
Ear-canal volume is approximately 2ml in adults, in
children 1ml. When larger canal volumes represent
either TM perforation or a very
large pars tensa retraction
42. 37
3. Acoustic (Stapedial) reflex Measurements
• A loud sound, 70-100dB above the threshold of hearing of a particular ear causes
bilateral contraction of the stapedial muscle which can be detected by
Tympanometry.
• In a normal ear, void of middle ear pathology, the reflex occurs at approximately
80-90 dB HTL.
Clinical applications of stapedial reflex
• Facial paralysis: present reflex implies that the lesion of the facial nerve is distal to
the branch that innervates the stapedius muscle.
• Otosclerosis
• Retrocochlear lesion: Abnormal reflex decay was used for the diagnosis of acoustic
neuroma.
43. 39
Causes of hearing problems in babies and
children
• glue ear – a build-up of fluid in the middle ear, which is common
in young children
• Congenital infections such as rubella or cytomegalovirus
• inherited conditions, such as otosclerosis, which stop the ears or
nerves from working properly
• damage to the cochlear or auditory nerves (which transmit hearing
signals to the brain); this could be caused by a severe head injury,
exposure to loud noise or head surgery, for example
• being starved of oxygen at birth (birth asphyxia)
• illnesses such as meningitis and encephalitis
44. 40
Assessment of Hearing in Older Children and
Adolescents
• Initial Otoscopic Examination
• Speech Test
• Loud
• Whisper
• Tuning Fork Tests
• Weber
• Rinne
• Schwabach
• Audiometry
• Speech audiometry
• Pure tone audiometry
• Tympanometry
• BERA
• EChocG
• OAE (Otoacoustic
Emission)
45. 4
1
Initial Otoscopic
Examination
• Performed with a hand
held otoscope
• Ear canal and tympanic
membrane are observed.
• Tympanic membrane is
seen for:
• Light reflection
• Differentiation of its part
• Mobility
46. 42
Speech Test
• Simplest of all
• Involves testing ability to hear
words without using any
visual information.
• Patient should repeat 5 words
spoken loudly at a distance of
approx. 5 metre.
• The whispered voice test
involves the tester blocking
one of patients ears and
testing hearing by whispering
words at varying volumes.
47. 43
Tuning Fork Tests
• Used to differentiate between conductive and sensorineural
hearing loss.
PRINCIPLE:
• CHL (OE or ME Disorder)
• Sounds delivered to the ear via AC will be
attenuated
• If the sound is delivered to the ear via BC,
bypassing the OE & ME, then the sound
will be heard normally assuming there is no
disorder
• SNHL (OE & ME Are Free From Disorders)
• Sounds delivered to the ear via BC will also
be attenuated
• Larger forks vibrate at slower frequency.
• Tuning forks with frequency 256 or 512 hz
are used