Colostrum is the first breast milk produced after giving birth. It is important for laying the foundation of the newborn's immune system and providing passive immunity, growth factors, nutrients, and protective factors. Colostrum contains high levels of immunoglobulins, cytokines, growth factors, oligosaccharides, and other components that protect against infections and support growth. While human colostrum is ideal, bovine colostrum can also provide these benefits and has been used clinically to treat gastrointestinal infections, joint disorders, immune/allergic issues, and support growth, healing, and anti-aging effects. Further research is still needed on its efficacy.
Human Milk Feedings of High-Risk Infants - State of the Science, State of the Art. The Prolacta Bioscience mission is to make a meaningful difference in the lives of thousands of the most vulnerable infants through world class research and innovative products.
12th biology 29.09.21 introduction to 12th biology syllabusPavithraT30
Vista’slearning is an E-learning portal where we dedicatedly focus on “Quality Education for all.” We hold the hands of students from all sections of the society and assure them “No worries,” when their economic condition makes them feel “No way for Quality Education.
https://www.v-learning.in/live-course/1919/social-australia-the-flattest-continent-cbse-kseeb-vistas-learning
How to stay healthier during the winter and live longer in general. Includes a recipe for Super Immunity Soup. From a presentation by Eliezer Greenspan of The Fountain of Youth. See tags below for topics covered. Free health research and nutrition updates with our newsletter at www.eliezergreenspan.com
I will recommend this to you if you are interested to boost your immunity by taking note of the food u consume.
If you have insomnia, you can take this quiz here to find how which stage of insomnia you are suffering from :http://edcb08vdqnm4-48lu4kbukb4nj.hop.clickbank.net/
At the same time, hop over to my website to help u overcome insomnia @ http://insomniasleepaid.blogspot.com
Keep in touch,
Dawn Ho (dhskyline@gmail.com)
Human Milk Feedings of High-Risk Infants - State of the Science, State of the Art. The Prolacta Bioscience mission is to make a meaningful difference in the lives of thousands of the most vulnerable infants through world class research and innovative products.
12th biology 29.09.21 introduction to 12th biology syllabusPavithraT30
Vista’slearning is an E-learning portal where we dedicatedly focus on “Quality Education for all.” We hold the hands of students from all sections of the society and assure them “No worries,” when their economic condition makes them feel “No way for Quality Education.
https://www.v-learning.in/live-course/1919/social-australia-the-flattest-continent-cbse-kseeb-vistas-learning
How to stay healthier during the winter and live longer in general. Includes a recipe for Super Immunity Soup. From a presentation by Eliezer Greenspan of The Fountain of Youth. See tags below for topics covered. Free health research and nutrition updates with our newsletter at www.eliezergreenspan.com
I will recommend this to you if you are interested to boost your immunity by taking note of the food u consume.
If you have insomnia, you can take this quiz here to find how which stage of insomnia you are suffering from :http://edcb08vdqnm4-48lu4kbukb4nj.hop.clickbank.net/
At the same time, hop over to my website to help u overcome insomnia @ http://insomniasleepaid.blogspot.com
Keep in touch,
Dawn Ho (dhskyline@gmail.com)
http://colostrumRx.com When choosing colostrum, it's important to know exactly what milking it comes from. Don't take our word for it - rather, check out the data from a study conducted by a very distinguished, credible 3rd party laboratory. Order the "best colostrum" at the very best prices at Anovite today.
Benefits of colostrum powder – Bovine ColostrumSureshDesiGhee
The young ones do not have a well developed immune system. Thus, it becomes essential to provide immunity for the newborn in order to adjust itself to the outer environmental temperature as well as infections. The colostrum is loaded with immunity that helps the newborn to fight against infections and bacterial or viral agents.
http://colostrumRx.com When choosing colostrum, it's important to know exactly what milking it comes from. Don't take our word for it - rather, check out the data from a study conducted by a very distinguished, credible 3rd party laboratory. Order the "best colostrum" at the very best prices at Anovite today.
Benefits of colostrum powder – Bovine ColostrumSureshDesiGhee
The young ones do not have a well developed immune system. Thus, it becomes essential to provide immunity for the newborn in order to adjust itself to the outer environmental temperature as well as infections. The colostrum is loaded with immunity that helps the newborn to fight against infections and bacterial or viral agents.
The Weston A. Price Foundation has put together a Microsoft PowerPoint presentation that explains many aspects of the raw milk movement. For more information and resources see http://www.realmilk.com. (updated September 2011)
Milk from a healthy animals contains different levels of inhibitory substances that restrict the normal development of certain bacteria and sometimes even kill them. The degree of inhibitory activity varies considerably in milk of different species. Maximum activity present in Human Milk.
The magic milk .....full of benefits ,vitamines and minerals .......that is human milk
what is composition ,benefits,storage guidelines ?
what is contraindication?
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
1. Special Article
Health Factors in Colostrum
B.R. Thapa
Division of Pediatric Gastroentrology, Department of Gastroenterology, PGIMER, Chandigarh
Abstract. Colostrum is a breast milk produced after the birth of the newborn and lasts for 2-4 days. Colostrum is very important
part of breast milk and lays down the immune system and confers growth factors and other protective factors for the young
ones in mammals. This is the source of passive immunity achieved by the mother and is transferred to the baby. This is the
major source of secretory IgA and gives protection against gastrointestinal infections. In view of so many health factors through
colostrum, the use of colostrum has been extended to so many health problems of mankind. Human and bovine colostrums
have many similarities barring that bovine colostrum can be obtained in large quantity, so bovine colostrum has been used in
various disorders in human beings. This is the nature’s gift that is for the young ones to grow as well as for the treatment of
many health problems in older age group. [Indian J Pediatr 2005; 72 (7) : 579-581] E-mail : brthapa1@yahoo.co.in
Key words : Colostrum; Bovine colostrum; Immune system; Growth factors
The animals that lactate and produce milk to feed their
offspring are called mammals. The word mammal in latin
means “breast” to produce milk for the young ones to
suckle. All mammals are peculiar in their existence by the
fact that they are provided with pre-formed feeds
available in their breasts. This is a nature’s gift for the
newborn. Before the birth, the fetus is absolutely sterile
and is lying in the sterile atmosphere. At the time of
delivery the newborn is exposed to micro-flora of birth
canal and handling by the medical attendants or
midwifery or otherwise hits the ground. The newborn
from the sterile state is suddenly exposed to the
environment full of micro-organisms and other agents.
There has to be ready-made immunity to immunize. But
at the same time nature provides the breast milk to which
baby starts suckling soon after the birth. The first breast
milk produced after giving birth is known as colostrum.
The colostrum is very important component of breast
milk and lays the foundation for every mammals’
immune system. This contains protective antibodies to
prevent infections in the newborn called PASSIVE
immunity. This also provides vital nutrients for tissue
development, growth and energy. The mother’s lifetime
achievements, pass to the baby through colostrum.1,2
WHAT IS COLOSTRUM?
Colostrum is pre-milk substance that is produced
immediately after birth. Within few minutes of birth,
baby can suckle the breast. Colostrum is thick lemon
yellow mammary secretion and is rich in proteins. This
lasts for 2-4 days after the lactation has started. This is the
Correspondence and Reprint requests : Dr. B.R. Thapa, Additional
Professor, Pediatric Gastroentrology, PGIMER, Chandigarh-160012.
Fax : 0172-2744401.
Indian Journal of Pediatrics, Volume 72—July, 2005
source of fats , proteins , sugars and micronutrients in the
form of vitamins and minerals. This is very rich source of
secretory IgA to give protection to gastrointestinal tract
(GIT) from various infections in the new born. Certain
maternal conditions like eclampsia, diabetes and anemia
can affect the composition of colostrum.1
HISTORICAL ASPECTS
Colostrum has been used for various illnesses in India for
thousands of years. The medical importance was
described in ancient medicine ayurveda. In U.S. colostrum
was in use for its anti-bacterial activity before the
discovery of antibiotics. In many countries it is used to
prepare cake to celebrate the birth of the calf. Colostrum
has been used for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Sabin,
an anti-polio vaccine was prepared from bovine
colostrum. Colostrum has been reported to be very safe
and effective for its use in repair of tissue as well as for
enhancing the immunity.3-5
HARVESTING OF COLOSTRUM
Human colostrum was not enough for its use at large at
the same time mother donors had problems of abuse of
alcohol, cigarettes etc. So there was need of alternate
colostrum from animal source with safe and stable
transfer of immunity and growth factors .These properties
are there in bovine colostrum as well .Rather cow
colostrum is richer in IgG (20%) as compared to IgG (2%)
in human colostrum. The bovine colostrum also contained
growth factors, so cow has been accepted as universal
donor of colostrum to humans.2
Colostrum is harvested within first few hours of
calving from dairy animals. The herds of cows are kept
579
2. B.R. Thapa
under close supervision in good state of hygiene, without
exposure to antibiotics, pesticides and anthelmintics.
They are monitored according to FDA criteria. The
colostrum collected within 24 hours contain maximum
substances but less in amount, colostrum collected later
will be more but contain less immunoglobulins.
IMPORTANT HEALTH FACTORS IN COLOSTRUM
There are ninety known components in the colostrum.
There are two primary components of colostrum :
immune factors and growth factors. Colostrum also
contains vitamins, minerals and aminoacids according to
need of neonates.5
IMMUNE FACTORS
(a) Spcific Antibodies. The immune factors obtained
from the mother have shown to fight to against
viruses, bacteria, yeast and fungus. There are around
20 specific antibodies in the colostrum to fight
microbes like E.coli, Salmonella, Rotavirus, Candida,
Streptococcus, Styphylococcus, Cryptosporidium, H.pylori
etc. 3,4,6,7 There is adequate transfer of passive
immunity against diarrhea.8
(b) Immunoglobulins – Immunoglobulins are superior in
defence in both treatment and prevention of viral
infections, bacterial infections, allergies, yeast and
fungus.6 There are five types of immunoglobulins
IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG and IgM. Bovine colostrum
contains 8%-25%, IgG whereas human colostrum
contains 2% IgG. These are protein molecules , saline
soluble aminoacids which have important role in the
body to fight against infections.
IgA : operates in tears ,saliva and blood(secretory IgA
in the gut)
IgD : anti-viral
IgE : anti-viral
IgM : anti-bacterial
IgG : abundant. in lymph and blood, and neutralizes
toxins.
(c) Prolin Rich Polypeptide (PRP): PRP has been shown
to stimulate the thymus to regulate the immune
system in the body. PRP stimulates the weakened
immune system and also stabilizes hyperactive
immune system due to autoimmune diseases and
allergies in the body.
(d) Lactoferrin : This is an iron binding protein that plays
important role against cancer cells and also has antiviral and anti-bacterial properties and anti
inflammatory properties. Lactoferrin can prevent
reproduction of bacteria and releases iron for the red
blood cells. Lactoferrin receptors have been identified
on the immune cells and in involved in release of
cytokines. Lactoferrin has been implicated in
treatment of diseases like cancer, HIV, herpes, chronic
fatigue, candidiasis and other infections.9
580
(e) Cytokines : These are the interleukines. They regulate
duration and intensity of immune responses. They
boost T cells activity and have antiviral and antitumor activity. Interleukine-10 is having the antiinflammatory activity in arthritis and during injury.10
(f) Lymphokines : These are the peptides involved in
mediating the immune response.
(g) Oligopolysaccharides and Glycoconjugate Sugars:
They attract and bind to pathogenic bacteria and
prevent their entery in the mucosal lining . They
block the entry of Salmonella, Cryptosporidium and
Clostridia in leaky gut syndrome.5,8
(h) Glycoproteins and Trypsin Inhibitors: They inhibit
the breakdown of colostrum in the gut ,hence it can
have its effect in the GIT. Colostrum inhibits the
H.pylori in stomach, so anti-ulcer activity. They
protect the immune and growth factors in GIT.7
(i) Lysozyme : This is an acid resistant hydrolyzing
agent that is capable of destroying bacteria and
viruses on contact. This is being added to commercial
baby food.
(j) Leucocytes : They stimulate interferon production
and slow down the viral reproduction. Interferon also
inhibits cellular wall penetration.11
(k) Lactoperoxidase-thiocynate, Peroxidase and Xanthine
Oxidase Enzymes: They oxidize bacteria by
generating the release of hydrogen peroxide .
(l) Lactalbumins: Lactalbumins are active against many
form of cancers and viruses. Lactalbumins also raise
the serotonin levels , decrease the cartisol levels and
improve the mood under stress.4,5
GROWTH FACTORS
The vital growth factors in the human colostrum are
similar to that of bovine colostrum. They stimulate
growth, help in regeneration and accelerate the repair of
aged original muscle, skin, collagen, bone, cartilage and
nerve tissue. Growth factors also stimulate the body to
burn fat for fuel instead of the body’s muscle tissue in
times of fasting and lean built. Growth factors have also
been used as an effective topical application for burns ,
injuries and skin rejuvenation.12
VARIOUS GROWTH FACTORS
(a) Epithelial Growth Factor (EGF): EGF is protective as
well as maintains the skin. This can stimulate normal skin
growth and repair the cellular tissue. Insulin like growth
factors 1 and 2 (IgF1 and IgF-2) are the most abundant.
They affect the use of fat, protein and sugar by the body.
IgF-1 is known to stimulate the repair and the growth of
DNA and RNA, making it most powerful anti-aging
substance. IgF-1 also improves the lean muscle mass and
may help in regulation of blood pressure and cholestrol
levels.13,14
b) Transforming Growth Factors A and B (TGF A and
Indian Journal of Pediatrics, Volume 72—July, 2005
3. Health Factors in Colostrum
B): TGF stimulates the proliferation cells in connective
tissue and assists in formation of bone marrow and
cartilage. TGF also has therapeutic potential in bone and
wound healing. This is helpful in repair of the tissue and
supports the lining of the gut.14, 15
c) Platelet Derived Growth Factor (PDGF) : PDGF
helps in cell division in connective tissue, smooth muscle
and fibroblasts. It also helps neurone survival and
regeneration .
d) Vitamins and Minerals : They are most important
nutrients essential for the normal metabolism, growth and
development. They act as coenzymes throughout the
body. They help in maintenance of health as they are
naturally balanced and provided in the colostrum
depending upon the needs. 16, 17 There are more than
adequate amounts of vitamins like C,E, and A in the
colostrum. These vitamins make colostrum to serve as
antioxidant in the body.16-17
e) Aminoacids : They are the building blocks of
proteins. They are required for growth and development
of the newborn.
CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
Bovine colostrum contains useful ingredients which have
been found to be beneficial in various diseases in human
beings. In gastrointestinal tract (GIT) bovine colostrum
has great role in terms of maintenance of integrity of
mucosa, permeability, local immunity (secretory IgA),
systemic immunity and antigen handling. There are
clinical observations to support that bovine colostrum is
effective in the treatment of bacterial and viral diarrhea in
adults and children.6,8
This also helps in prevention of diarrhea when given
to the children over longer period. Bovine colostrum has
also been used in treatment as well as prevention of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NS AIDS) induced gut
injury. People have used bovine colostrum in various joint
disorders like rheumatoid arthritis and has been found to
be useful. This acts as an immune modulator, hence,
useful in the auto-immune and allergic disorders. This
also takes care of upper respiratory tract infections,
sinusitis and pneumonia. Due to anti – bacterial and antiviral activity of bovine colostrum, this product has a great
potential to treat various infections in the body in
physiological way.11 The growth factors have a lot of
scope in the maintenance of growth in children. Due to
anti-oxidant and fibroblast activation, the bovine
colostrum has been used in various aging disorders and
before and after surgical procedures with good results.8, 12,
16, 17
However, there is need of double blind placebocontrolled multicentric trials to show scientifically its
efficacy in real sense.
Indian Journal of Pediatrics, Volume 72—July, 2005
To conclude the bovine colostrum has lot of scope in
the prevention and treatment of various illnesses in
human being. The passive immunity transferred from
mother can help in prevention and treatment of various
diarrheal disorders in children. The anti-oxidant and antiaging properties are helpful to deal with various old age
problems. The colostrum also helps in growth and healing
of various mucosal, skin and muscle injuries. These
therapeutic potentials will be covered in separate article.
REFERENCES
1. Kaushik S, Trivedi SS, Jain A, Bhattcharjee J. Unsuual changes
in colostrum composition in lactating Indian women having
medical complications during pregnancy- A pilot study. Indian
J Clin Biochem 2002; 17 : 68-73.
2. Pakkanen R, Aalto J. Review paper Growth factors and antimicrobial factors of bovine colostrum. Internat Dairy J 1997, 7:
285-297.
3. Boesman - Finkelstein M, Finkelstein R. Passive oral
immunization of children. Lancet 1989; 2 : 1336.
4. Dichtelmuller W, Lissner R. Antibodies from colostrum in oral
immuno therapy. J Clin Bio Chem 1990; 28 : 19-23.
5. Ogra SS, Ogra P.L. Immunologic aspects of human colostrum
and milk. J Pediatr 1978; 92 : 546-549.
6. Davidson G, Whyte P, Daniels E et al. Passive immunization of
children with bovine colostrum containing antibodies to
human rotavirus. Lancet 1989; 2 : 709-712
7. Bitzan MM, Gold BD, Phil Pott DJ et al. Inhibition of
Helicobacter pylori and Helicobacter mustelae binding to lipid
receptors by bovine colostrum. J Infect Dis 1998; 177 : 955-961.
8. Bogstedt AK, Johansen K, Hatta H. et al. Passive immunity
against diarrhea. Acta Pediatr 1996; 85 : 125-128.
9. Lonnedal B, Iyer S. Lactoferrin molecular structure and
biological function. Ann Review Nutr 1995; 15 : 93-100.
10. Bocc V, Von Bremen K, Corradeschi F. et al. What is the role of
cytokines in human colostrum. J Bio Regulat Homeo Agents 1991;
3 : 121-124.
11. Lawton JW, Shortstride KF, WongR Ng Mh. Interferon
synthesis by human colostral leucocytes. Arch Dis Childhood
1979; 54 : 127-130.
12. Bhora F, Dinkin B, Batzri S et al. Effect of growth factors on cell
proliferation and epithelization in human skin. J Surg Res 1995;
59 : 236-244.
13. Francis G, Upton F, Ballard J et al. Insulin like growth factors 1
and 2 in bovine colostrums. J Biochem 1988; 251 : 95-103.
14. Ginjala V, Pakkanen R. Determination of transforming growth
factor-b (TGB-B1) and insulin like growth factorIgE in bovine
colostrum factors. J Immuno Assay 1998; 19 : 195-207.
15. Ballard F, Wallace J, Francis G, Read L, Tomas F. Des (1-3) IgF
–1 a truncated form of insulin like growth factor –1. Internat
J Cell Biol 1996; 28 : 1085-1087.
16. Ahmed L, Nazrul Islam SK, Khan MNI, Hugue s, Ahsan M.
Antioxidant micronutrient profile of Vitamin E,C,A, copper,
zinc, iron) of colostrum : association with mother
characteristics. J Trop Pediatr 2004; 50: 357-358.
17. Ahmed L, Nazrul Islam SK, Khan NI, Nahid SN. Vitamin C
content in human milk (colostrum, transitional and mature)
and serum of a sample of Bangladeshi mothers. Mal J Nutr
2004; 10 : 1-4.
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4. SYMPOSIA SCHEDULE FOR 2005
Title
Guest Editor(s)
Growth and its Disorders (Feb)
Fest-Schrift for Late Dr. P.M. Udani (Apr)
Common Pediatric Surgical Problems-II (May)
Pediatric Cardiology-I (June)
Pediatric Cardiology-II (July)
Nephrology
Newer Diagnostics
New Drugs Antibiotics
Gastroenterology & Hepatology
Developmental and Behavioral Disorders
P.S.N. Menon
Vrajesh Udani (India)
D.K. Mitra (India)
Anita Saxena (India) and P.S. Rao (USA)
Anita Saxena (India) and P.S. Rao (USA)
Arvind Bagga (India)
A. Sibal (India) and I.C. Verma (India)
Arvind Taneja (India) and Ashir Kumar (USA)
N.K. Arora (India) and Anil Dhawan (UK)
Nandini Mundkur (India) and D.R. Patel (USA)
ARTICLES APPEARING IN THE FORTHCOMING ISSUES
Benefits of Maternal Participation in Newborn Nurseries : C.K. Sasidharan, E. Gokul, P. Anoop et al
Cost of Pediatric Services in Public Sector Setting in India : A. Krishan, N.K. Arora, C.S. Pandav et al
Hepatitis B Vaccine in the EPI Schedule : A.K. Jain, S.K. Mittal, S. Ramji and A. Chakravarthi
A Study Comparing Intramuscular Midazolam versus Intravenous Diazepam for Treatment of Acute
Seizures : Ira Shah and C.T. Deshmukh
Rhino-Orbital-Cerebral Mucormycosis in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus : S. Bhadada, A. Bhansali, K.S.S.
Reddy et al
Detection of Helicobacter Pylori Infection by Noninvasive Stool Antigen Test in Children with
Recurrent Abdominal Pain : E. Mahir Gulcan, Aydin Varol, Tufan Kutlu, Fugen Cullu, Tulay Erkan et al
Detection of Subtelomeric Rearrangements in Patients with Sporadic and Non-syndromic Idiopathic
Mental Retardation: Gopalrao V.N. Velagaleti, Sally S. Robinson, Bobbey M. Rouse, Vijay S. Tonk et al
Familial Combined Hyperlipidemia in a North Indian Kindred: C.S. Sriram, Sheffali Gulati, Vikas
Chopra et al
Branchio-oculo-facial Syndrome : M.L. Kulkarni, Shilpa Deshmukh, Ananda Kumar and Preeti M. Kulkarni
Omens-Plus Syndrome : Seema Kapoor, S.B. Mukherjee, Ritu Paul and Bhavna Dhingra
Sleep and Childhood Epilepsy : S. Aneja and M. Gupta
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Indian Journal of Pediatrics, Volume 72—July, 2005