this presentation helps in understanding about industrial use of microorganisms in formation of antibiotics

1. UIBT- MSC ZOOLOGY
SUBJECT-ADVANCE MICROBIOLOGY
TOPIC-INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS OF
MICROORGANISMS : ANTIBIOTICS
MADE BY-TAMNNA

2. Industrial microbiology
•Industrial microbiology is a branch of biotechnology and microbiology, which mainly deals with the study of various
microorganisms and its applications in industrial processes.
•In large-scale industrial processes, microbes are widely used to synthesize a number of products valuable to
human beings.
•There are numerous industrial products that are derived from microbes such as:
•Food additives.
•Alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages.
•Biofuels, metabolites, and biofertilizers.
•Few Chemicals, Enzymes and other Bioactive Molecules.
•Vaccines and other Antibiotics to kill or retard the growth of disease-causing microbes.

3. Microbes in Industrial Products
•These microbes play a crucial role in the fermentation process to obtain a number of products. The two
common products obtained by fermentation process through industrial processes are fermented beverages,
malted cereals, broths, fruit juices, antibiotics, etc.
•Properties of a useful industrial microbe include
•Produces spores or can be easily inoculated
•Grows rapidly on a large scale in inexpensive medium
•Produces desired product quickly
•Should not be pathogenic
•Amenable to genetic manipulation

4. Organisms and conditions produce antibiotics
•Several microorganisms are known to produce a wide variety of antibiotics that are being
developed and used against numerous life-threatening infections and diseases in humans,
animals, and agriculture.
• Antibiotics are produced by several groups of microbes such as bacteria, fungi, and
actinomycetes as their natural defense system against other microbes living in their vicinity.
•Soils are home to a large and diverse population of microorganisms due to its heterogeneous
nature.
•Large variation in biotic and abiotic conditions of soil makes its microbial inhabitants to adapt
and develop strategies for survival and successful reproduction. Production of antimicrobials is
one of the most potent strategies for this adaptation.
•Soil microorganism had always been the primary source for production of antibiotics and still
continues to maintain its significance.

5. The manufacturing process
Most antibiotics occur in nature but are not normally available in the
quantities needed for large scale production. Thus, the organism must be
grown on a large scale enough to allow purification and chemical analysis
of the antibiotic and to demonstrate that it is unique. A fermentation
process was developed for this reason. This involves the following:
1.Isolating a desired microorganism,
2.Fueling growth of the culture and,
3.Refining and isolating the final product.

6. Production and Scale
•Primary metabolite- Produced during exponential growth-Example: alcohol
•Secondary metabolite-Produced during stationary phase
•Not essential for growth
•Formation depends on growth conditions
•Produced as a group of related compounds
•Often significantly overproduced
•Often produced by spore-forming microbes during sporulation
•Secondary metabolites are often large organic molecules that require a large number of specific
enzymatic steps for production
•Synthesis of tetracycline requires at least 72 separate enzymatic steps
•Starting materials arise from major biosynthetic pathways

7. Simples steps for making antibiotics from microorganisms

8. Fermenter is where the microbiology
process takes place
Any large-scale reaction is referred to as a
fermentation
Most are aerobic processes
Fermenters vary in size from 5 to 500,000
liters
Aerobic and anaerobic fermenters
Large-scale fermenters are almost always
stainless steel
Impellers and spargers supply oxygen .

9. Antibiotics: Isolation, Yield, and Purification
•Antibiotics-Compounds that kill or inhibit the
growth of other microbes
•Typically secondary metabolites
•Most antibiotics in clinical use are produced by
filamentous fungi or actinomycetes
•Still discovered by laboratory screening
Microbes are obtained from nature in pure culture
•Assayed for products that inhibit growth of test
bacteria

10. Cross-streak method Used to test new microbial isolates for
antibiotic production
• Most isolates produce known antibiotics
• Most antibiotics fail toxicity and therapeutic tests in animals
• Time and cost of developing a new antibiotic is
approximately 15 years and $1 billion
• Involves clinical trials and U.S. FDA approval
Antibiotic purification and extraction often involves
elaborate methods

11. Semi-synthetic
•A common form of antibiotic production in modern times is semi-synthetic. Semi-synthetic
production of antibiotics is a combination of natural fermentation and laboratory work to
maximize the antibiotic. Maximization can occur through efficacy of the drug itself, amount of
antibiotics produced, and potency of the antibiotic being produced. Depending on the drug
being produced and the ultimate usage of said antibiotic determines what one is attempting to
produce.
•An example of semi-synthetic production involves the drug ampicillin. A beta lactam antibiotic
just like penicillin, ampicillin was developed by adding an addition amino group (NH2) to the R
group of penicillin.
•Synthetic- Not all antibiotics are produced by bacteria; some are made completely synthetically
in the lab. These include the quinolone class, of which nalidixic acid is often credited as the first
to be discovered.

12. Batch Culture
•Fermentation is carried out in a closed fermenter, with nothing added or removed during
the process (except venting of gas)
•Microorganisms and nutrients are left for a set period of time, during which the nutrient
stock is depleted
•The advantage of a batch culture is that the fermenter can be used for different reactions
with each separate use
•A disadvantage of a batch culture is that it results in significant periods of idle time
between use, resulting in higher costs

13. Process of penicillium or production to making into
antibiotic medicine by the use of batch culture

14. Continuous Culture
•Fermentation is carried out in an open fermenter, with nutrients added and product
removed at a steady rate throughout
•This results in a continuous reaction with no idle time, reducing labor costs and
increasing product yields
•A disadvantage of continuous culture is that there is a higher risk of contamination due to
the constant adjustments
•Continuous fermentation is feasible only when the inoculated cells are genetically stable

15. Production of Citric Acid via Continuous Fermentation

16. Industrial Production of Penicillin's and Tetracyclines
•Penicillin's are lactam antibiotics, Natural and biosynthetic penicillin's ,Semisynthetic penicillin Broad
spectrum of activity
•Penicillin production is typical of a secondary metabolite Production only begins after near-
exhaustion of carbon source ,High levels of glucose repress penicillin production.
•First discovered by Fleming in 1932
•19% of worldwide antibiotic market.
• Superior inhibitory action on bacterial cell wall synthesis
• Broad spectrum of antibacterial activity
•Low toxicity , Outstanding efficacy against various bacterial strains , Excessive use has led to
development of resistant pathogens.
•Biosynthesis of tetracycline has a large number of enzymatic steps More than 72 intermediates More
than 300 genes involved, Complex biosynthetic regulation.

17. Role of industrial production of antibiotics in human
life
Antibiotics produced by microbes are regarded was one of the most significant discoveries of the
twentieth century and have made major contributions towards the welfare of human society. Due
to continuous changes in lifestyles and we see new variants of virus and some other fungus are
creating tensions for normal human life style so we all need antibiotics nearly once in every
weather change or mild discomfort in body can easily treated with antibiotics so in past some
revolution in industrial microbiology is very rapidly increased due to demand of antibiotics is very
very high in todays modern life. Although the principles of antibiotic action were not discovered
until the twentieth century, the first known use of antibiotics was by the Chinese over 2,500 years
years ago. Today, over 10,000 antibiotic substances have been reported. Currently, antibiotics
represent a multibillion dollar industry that continues to grow each year.

18. REFERENCES
•Crueger, W. Biotechnology: A Textbook of Industrial Microbiology. Sunderland: Sinauer
Associates, Inc., 1989.
•Read more: http://www.madehow.com/Volume-4/Antibiotic.html#ixzz7Ojp3Uyzw
•Production of antibiotics - Wikipediahttps://en.wikipedia.org › wiki › Production_of_antibiotics
•Antibiotics | Microbes and the human body - Microbiology ...https://microbiologysociety.org ›
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