This document discusses the industrial production process of four antibiotics: penicillin, streptomycin, tetracycline, and griseofulvin. It begins with introductions to antibiotics and their mechanisms of action. It then describes the history of antibiotic development and types of antibiotics. The remainder of the document details the fermentation and purification processes used to produce each of the four antibiotics on an industrial scale, including information on culture media, fermentation conditions, and downstream processing steps.
Process scale-up is a critical activity that enables a fermentation process achieved in research and development to operate at a commercially viable scale for manufacturing.
Process scale-up is a critical activity that enables a fermentation process achieved in research and development to operate at a commercially viable scale for manufacturing.
Polysaccharides produced by microorganism during their growth and especially at the stationary phase of growth when there is excess of carbon source in the medium.
High molecular weight carbohydrate polymers mainly produced by bacteria and fungi.
Microbial polysaccharides are of two types:
Storage polysaccharides like glycogen, inulin etc.
Exopolysaccarides like xanthans, dextrans, levans which are secreted by the cells.
Single Cell Protein -slideshare ppt
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Steps involved in fermentation products producing a viable product output.various steps and process were explained in them. A semester syllabus of undergraduate microbiology student in his/her semester -5 in paper -6 . I think this might be helpful to you and have a good response after reading this .thank you.
streptomycin production, uses, disadvantages , medium, inoculum preparation, commercial production, harvest and recovery process, biosynthetic pathway from glucose to streptomycin, flow sheet of streptomycin production by submerged culture method, chemical structure of streptomycin,
which functional unit have antibiotic activity?
This presentation about the glance of industrial production and application of antibiotics useful for learner who quikly understand the antibiotics production and their uses.
Generally, organic acids are produced commercially either by chemical synthesis or fermentation. ... All organic acids of tricarboxylic acid cycle can be produced in high yields in microbiological processes. Among fermentation processes, the production of organic acids is dominated by submerged fermentation.
Secondary screening of industrial important microbes DhruviSuvagiya
Detection and isolation of a microorganism from a natural environment like soil containing large number of microbial population is called as screening. It is very time consuming and expensive process.
Polysaccharides produced by microorganism during their growth and especially at the stationary phase of growth when there is excess of carbon source in the medium.
High molecular weight carbohydrate polymers mainly produced by bacteria and fungi.
Microbial polysaccharides are of two types:
Storage polysaccharides like glycogen, inulin etc.
Exopolysaccarides like xanthans, dextrans, levans which are secreted by the cells.
Single Cell Protein -slideshare ppt
tag
,
single cell protein slideshare
,
single cell protein
,
flowchart of single cell protein production
,
single cell protein pdf
,
single cell protein production ppt
Steps involved in fermentation products producing a viable product output.various steps and process were explained in them. A semester syllabus of undergraduate microbiology student in his/her semester -5 in paper -6 . I think this might be helpful to you and have a good response after reading this .thank you.
streptomycin production, uses, disadvantages , medium, inoculum preparation, commercial production, harvest and recovery process, biosynthetic pathway from glucose to streptomycin, flow sheet of streptomycin production by submerged culture method, chemical structure of streptomycin,
which functional unit have antibiotic activity?
This presentation about the glance of industrial production and application of antibiotics useful for learner who quikly understand the antibiotics production and their uses.
Generally, organic acids are produced commercially either by chemical synthesis or fermentation. ... All organic acids of tricarboxylic acid cycle can be produced in high yields in microbiological processes. Among fermentation processes, the production of organic acids is dominated by submerged fermentation.
Secondary screening of industrial important microbes DhruviSuvagiya
Detection and isolation of a microorganism from a natural environment like soil containing large number of microbial population is called as screening. It is very time consuming and expensive process.
It is about information about well known pharmaceutical industry in Pune , which also includes production of penicillin and Streptomycin which is helpful for biotechnology students
A broad module on industrial microbiology is summarized with pictures .It includes the production of vitamins,vaccine ,alcohol,vinegar,steroids,amino acids ,antibiotics .it also includes the general idea on history ,media,equipment,fermentation,procedure ,uses of industrial microbiology .The production of wine,beer and vinegar are mine core interest .Hope may help ....Thank you .
production of penicillin b pharma 6th sem by piyush lodhiDrx Piyush Lodhi
project b pharma 6th sem.
Penicillium mold naturally produces the antibiotic penicillin. ... Scientists learned to grow Penicillium mold in deep fermentation tanks by adding a kind of sugar and other ingredients. This process increased the growth of Penicillium.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
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This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
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Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
3. INTRODUCTION
• Antibiotic: Any substance that can destroy or inhibit the growth of
bacteria and similar microorganisms
• Antibiotics are the secondary metabolites of microorganisms.
• Microbial production of antibiotics by secondary metabolism is one of the
key areas in the field of applied microbiology
• Antibiotics are produced industrially by a process of fermentation, where
the source microorganism is grown in large containers (100,000 –
150,000 liters or more) containing a liquid growth medium.
• During processing, the antibiotic must be extracted and purified to a
crystalline product.
4. HISTORY OF ANTIBIOTIC DEVELOPMENT
• 1928: Alexander Fleming
noted mould of the genus
penicillium contaminating
one of his cultures
preventing the growth of
bacteria.
• 1935: Domagk,
sulphonamide – synthetic
dye
• 1941: clinical trials of
penicillin- Florey and Chain
5. TYPES OF ANTIBIOTICS
• Bactericidal antibiotics kill bacteria directly,
• Bacteriostatic antibiotics stop bacteria from growing.
• Another important thing to remember about antibiotics is that they don't
work against all types of bacteria.
• Narrow-spectrum antibiotics are only effective against a narrow range of
bacteria,
• Broad-spectrum antibiotics are effective against a broad range of bacteria
6. MECHANISM OF ACTION
• Antibiotics act by disrupting various molecular targets within bacteria
and cell surface, preventing growth or initiating killing.
• 3 broad mechanisms:
• • Disrupt bacterial cell envelope
• • Block production of new proteins
• • Inhibit DNA replication
7.
8. PENICILLIN
• Penicillin (PCN or pen) is a group of antibiotics which include penicillin G
(intravenous use), penicillin V (use by mouth), procaine penicillin, and
benzathine penicillin (intramuscular use).
• Penicillin was discovered in 1928 by Scottish scientist Alexander Fleming.
• • People began using it to treat infections in 1942.
• • Penicillin antibiotics were among the first medications to be effective against
many bacterial infections caused by staphylococci and streptococci.
• • They are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria have developed
resistance following extensive use.
• All penicillin are beta-lactam antibiotics.
9. • The Penicillium cells are grown using a technique called fed-batch culture, in
which the cells are constantly subject to stress, which is required for
induction of penicillin production.
• • The available carbon sources are also important: glucose inhibits penicillin
production, whereas lactose does not.
• • The pH and the levels of nitrogen, lysine, phosphate, and oxygen of the
batches must also be carefully controlled.
• Medium for penicillin
• The Penicillium chrysogenum usually contain its carbon source, which is
found in corn steep liquor and glucose.
• A medium of corn steep liquor and glucose are added to the fermenter.
Medium also consists of salts such as MgSO4, K3PO4 and sodium nitrates.
They provide the essential ions required for the fungus metabolic activity.
10. • Medium is sterilized at high heat and high pressure, usually through a
holding tube or sterilized together with the fermenter.
FERMENTATION
• It is done in a fed-batch mode as glucose must not be added in high
amounts at the beginning of growth The fermentation conditions for the
Penicillium mold, usually requires temperatures at 20-24°C while pH
conditions are kept at 6.5 The pressure in the bioreactor is much higher
than the atmospheric pressure (1.02atm). It is necessary to mix the
culture evenly throughout the culture medium. Fungal cells are able to
handle rotation speed of around 200 rpm.
• The seed culture is developed first in the lab by the addition of Penicillium
chrysogenum spores into a liquid medium. When it has grown to the
acceptable amount, it is inoculated into the fermenter.
• After about 40 hours, penicillin begins to be secreted by the fungus.
• After about 7 days, growth is completed, the pH rises to 8.0 or above and
penicillin production ceases
11. • Organic solvents such as amyl acetate /butyl acetate are added to dissolve
the Penicillin present in the filtrate
• Centrifugation is done to separate the solid waste from the liquid
component which contains the penicillin.
• Usually a disk centrifuge is used at this point. The supernatant will then
be transferred further in the downstream process to continue with
extraction.
• A series of extraction processes are carried upon the dissolved penicillin,
to obtain a better purity of the penicillin product.
• The penicillin-sodium salt is obtained from the liquid material by basket
centrifugation,
• Drying is necessary. Penicillin is stored in containers and kept in a dried
environment
12. STREPTOMYCIN
• Streptomycin is an antibiotic used to treat a number of bacterial infections.
• This includes tuberculosis, Mycobacterium avium complex, endocarditis,
brucellosis, Burkholderia infection, plague, tularemia, and rat bite fever.
• For active tuberculosis it is often given together with isoniazid, rifampicin, and
pyrazinamide. It is given by injection into a vein or muscle
MEDIUM
The culture medium for streptomycin consists of –
1. Carbon source : starch, dextrin, glucose,
2. Nitrogen source : natural agricultural by-products, soybean meal, corn steep
liquor, cotton seed flour, casein hydrolyte, or yeast & its extract. Inorganic N salts
like ammonium sulphate & ammonium nitrates are also used
13. • Inoculum -S. griseus spores maintained in soil stocks or lyophilized in
carrier are inoculated into sporulation medium, which builds up mycelial
inoculum.
• THE HOCKENHUL MEDIUM----Glucose, extracted soya meal, distillers
dried soluble sodium chloride, pH as 2.5% 4%, 0.5%, 0.25%, 7.3 - 7.5
respectively.
• Spores of S. griseus are inoculated into a medium to establish a culture
with high mycelial biomass
• • Yield in production vessel responds to high aeration & agitation
conditions.
• Other conditions involve-Temperature range 25-30°C pH range 7-8 Time
5-7 days
• Mycelium is separated from broth by filteration & streptomycin is
recovered. Recovery process - broth is acidified, filtered & neutralized
14. TETRACYCLINE
• A family of broad-spectrum antibiotics effective against a remarkably
wide variety of organisms. Bacteria susceptible to tetracycline include
Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Mycoplasma
pneumoniae, Chlamydia psittaci, Chlamydia trachomatis, and Neisseria
gonorrhoeae.
• The first member of the group to be discovered is chlortetracycline
(Aureomycin) in the late 1940s by Benjamin Minge Duggar, who derived
the substance from a golden-colored, fungus-like, soil-dwelling bacterium
named Streptomyces aureofaciens.
15.
16.
17. GRISEOFULVIN
• It is an antifungal antibiotic first isolated from a Penicillium species in
1939. It is a secondary metabolite produce by the fungus Penicillium
griseofulvum.
• Griseofulvin inhibit fungal cell mitosis and nuclear acid synthesis
• It is used in the treatment of Ringworm of the Beard, Ringworm of Scalp,
Fungal Disease of the Nails, Ringworm of Groin Area, Athlete's Foot,
Ringworm of the Body.
18. PREPARATION OF MEDIA
• Medium- Czapek Dox Medium ----Chemicals - Glucose 5%, Sodium Nitrate
0.2% , Potassium Hydrogen Phosphate 0.1%, Magnesium Sulphate 7H20
0.05%
Steps Involved In The Manufacturing Process
• Fermentation
• Pre treatment of fermentation broth
• Filtration
• Extraction
• Decolorization
• Isolation and separation
• Precipitation and purification
Editor's Notes
The period from 1950 to 1960 is often called the golden age of antibiotic discovery. Since then, antibiotic discovery, development and release for widespread use has been in decline
This is to prevent contamination from occurring as it prevents
external contaminants from entering.
