This document discusses concepts related to health, disease, and their determinants. It covers: 1) Different historical concepts of health including biomedical, ecological, psycho-social, holistic, and positive health concepts. 2) Determinants of health like biological, behavioral, environmental, socio-economic, and health system factors. 3) The web of causation model which shows how various risk factors can interact and accumulate to result in disease. 4) Concepts of prevention including primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention strategies to reduce disease burden.

1. HEALTH
AND
PSYCHODYNAMICS IN CAUSATION
OF DISEASE

2. INTRODUCTION
• The study of pathophysiology (or patho biology)
considers the changes that happen to normal anatomy
and physiology due to illness and disease.
• Any cellular change or damage can affect the whole
body. Injury, malnutrition or invasion by pathogens can
all disrupt homeostasis. Cells check for such imbalances
during the cell cycle and replication and usually adapt
successfully in response to such stresses.
• However, sometimes the cell cycle fails to detect
unwanted changes and the resulting mutation may
cause disease.

3. CONTI…
• Pathology is the branch of medical sciences that treats the
essential nature of disease, especially the changes of
structure and function in tissues and organs of the body that
cause or are caused by disease.Pathophysiology involves the
study of functional or physiologic changes in the body that
result from disease processes.
• This builds on knowledge of the normal structure, and
function of the human body. As a disease develops, the
changes in the normal anatomy and/or physiology of the
body may be obvious or maybe hidden, occurring at the
cellular level.

4. DEFINITION
• Subclinical Condition
When not associated with clinical features, the disease is called a
“subclinical condition”.
• Carrier
A person with subclinical infectious disease who can transmit the disease to
others is called carrier.
• Disability
The inability to carry out the activities of daily living like bathing, combing,
cooking, dressing is called disability.
• Handicap
When the disability prevents the individual from engaging in his vocation, it
is called handicap.

5. • Health
Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well
being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.
• Disease
Disease is just the opposite of the health “Disease is a condition
in which body health is impaired, a departure from the state of
health, an alteration of human body interrupting the
performance of vital functions”.
• Pathophysiology The term combines pathology and
physiology. Pathology deals with the study of study of
structural and functional changes in physiology deals with the
functions of the human body.

6. SOME HISTORICAL
CONCEPTS OF HEALTH

7. CONCEPTS OF HEALTH
Biomedical Concept - “absence of disease”
• Human body = Machine,
• Disease = Consequence of the
break down of machine
• Doctor’s task = repair of machine.
Limitation- it has minimized the role of
environmental, social, psychological & cultural
determinants of health.

8. Ecological Concept
• Health = It is a dynamic equilibrium
between man & his environment.
• Disease = It is the maladjustment of
human organisms to the environment.
The concept supports the need for clean
air, safe water, food, atmosphere etc. to protect
us from exposure to unhealthy factors.

9. Psycho - Social Concept
Health is not only a biomedical
phenomenon, but one which is in influenced by
social psychological, cultural, economic and
political factors of the people concerned.

10. Holistic Concept
• Biomedical + ecological + psychosocial
concept.
• It has been defined as unified or
multidimensional process involving the
well being of the whole person in the
context of his environment.
• Holistic concept implies that, all sectors of
society have an effect on health.

11. Positive Health – “Perfect Functioning”
• It Explains the potentialities of an
individual to modify himself to the society
in the face of changing conditions of life.

12. LEVEL OF LIVING
• 9 Components
• Health,
• Food consumption,
• Education,
• Occupation and working condition,
• Housing,
• Social security,
• Clothing,
• Recreation and leisure,
• Human right.

13. QUALITY OF LIFE
Quality of life includes perceived sense of
happiness, satisfaction and gratification by the
person.

14. DIMENSIONS OF HEALTH

15. DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH
Biological
Behavioral
Environmen
tal
Socio-
economic
Health
system
Socio-
cultural
Ageing of
population Science &
technology
Information
&
communicat
ion
Gender
Equity &
Social
justice
Human
rights

16. INDICATORS OF HEALTH

17. RESPONSIBILITIES FOR
HEALTH PROMOTION
• Individual Responsibilities
• Community Responsibilities
• National Responsibilities
• International Responsibilities

18. CONCEPT OF DISEASE

35. WEB OF CAUSATION
Change in life style Stress
Aging &
Abundance of food Smoking Emotional other factor
Disturbance
Obesity Lack of physical activity Hypertension
Hyperlidemia Increase Changes in walls
of catecholamine
arteries
Thrombotic activity
Coronary atherosclerosis
Coronary occlusion
Myocardial Infarction
Myocardial Infarction

42. CONCEPTS OF PREVENTION