SUBJECT- Advanced Nursing Practice UNIT- V

1. LIFE PROCESSES,
HOMEOSTATIC MECHANISM,
BIOLOGICALAND PSYCHOSOCIAL
DYNAMICS INCAUSATION OFDISEASE,
LIFE STYLE
SUBMITTED BY: -
TANU SHEKHAWAT

2. TABLE OF CONTENT
• Life Process - Functions
• Homeostatic Mechanism
• Internal Components Of Homeostasis
• Control Systems Of Homeostasis
• Components Of A Homeostatic Mechanism
• All Organs And Organ Systems Of The Body Help In Maintenance Of
Homeostasis
• Control Systems Of Homeostasis
• Feedback Systems In Homeostasis
• Biological And Psychosocial Dynamics In Disease Causation
• Life Style
• Related Article
• Summary & Conclusion

3. LIFE PROCESS
Various functions are going inside our body and
inside the body of all living organisms. These
functions are necessary to maintain the living being.
The processes which together perform this
maintenance job are life processes.

4. Following functions comprise the life processes:
LIFE
PROCESSES

5. NUTRITION
⁂ Nutrition is the process by which living organisms obtain and utilize
the nutrients necessary for growth, maintenance, and energy
production.
⁂ Process of getting nutrition from organism to organism and is
affected by the external environment.
⁂ Based on mode of getting food organism can be classified as
follows:
 Autotrophs
 Heterotrophs

7. RESPIRATION
 Breaking down of nutrient to release energy is called respiration.
o Internal respiration
o External respiration
 Internal Respiration : it is the gases exchange between blood and
tissues.
 External respiration : it is exchange of gases between lungs and
blood.

8. EXCRETION
● Expulsion of the harmful substances, which are by product of life
process, is called excretion.
● Main Excretory organ is kidney. They filter harmful substances from
blood and expel them through urine.

9. GROWTH AND REPAIR
GROWTH REPAIR

10. REPRODUCTION
All living things must produce offspring like themselves in order for
their species to survive. This is the process known as reproduction.

11. MOVEMENT
• Movement is one of the significant features of
living beings. A change in the position of any
object is called movement.
• Many movements take place in our body and
also in other organisms' body. Animals and plants
exhibit a wide range of movements.
 Movement of cilia, flagella and tentacles are
shown by many organisms.

12. SENSITIVITY
• All living organisms are sensitive; this means that
they have an awareness of changes in their
environment.
• Animals respond quickly to stimuli such as heat,
light, sound, touch and chemicals which have taste
and smell.
• On the other hand, plants generally appear less
sensitive and their response is slower.

13. HOMEOSTATIC MECHANISM
● The word 'homeostasis' was introduced by Walter B Canon in 1930.
● Homeostasis refers to the maintenance of the constant internal
environment of the body. Homeo = same; Stasis = standing.
HOMEOSTASIS
HOMOEOS SIMILAR
STASIS STANDING

14. CONT.
.
• Biologist Bernard enlightened the fact that multicellular organisms
including man live in a perfectly organized and controlled internal
environment, which he called 'milieu interieur’.
• It is defined by Claude Bernad and later Walter cannon in 1926, is the
property of a system, either open or closed, that regulates its internal
environment and ends to maintain a stable, constant condition.
• Multiple dynamic equilibrium adjustment and regulation mechanisms make
homeostasis possible.
(A product of organism and controlled by it)

15. INTERNAL COMPONENTS OF
HOMEOSTASIS
1. Concentration of oxygen and carbon dioxide.
2. pH of the internal environment.
3. Concentration of nutrients and waste products.
4. Concentration of salt and other electrolytes.
5. Volume and pressure of extracellular fluid.

16. COMPONENTS OF A HOMEOSTATIC
MECHANISM
Receptors
Control
Center
Effectors
Response
Stimulus

17. ALL ORGANS AND ORGAN SYSTEMS OF THE BODY HELP IN
MAINTENANCE OF HOMEOSTASIS
 Cardiovascular system.
 Respiratory system.
 Nervous system.
 Endocrine system.
 Gastrointestinal system.
 Excretory system.
 Skeletal system.
 Integumentry system.
 Reproductive system.

18. Control Systems of Homeostasis

19. Control Systems of Homeostasis
EXTRINSIC:
• Most homeostatic systems are extrinsic: they are
controlled from outside the body. Endocrine and
nervous systems are the major control systems in
higher animals.
• Some reflexes have a combination of nervous and
endocrine response. The thyroid gland secretes
thyroxin (which controls the metabolic rate) into the
bloodstream.

20. Control Systems of Homeostasis
INTRINSIC:
• Local, or intrinsic, controls
usually involve only one organ or
tissue.
• When muscles use more oxygen,
and also produce more carbon
dioxide, intrinsic controls cause
dilation of the blood vessels
allowing more blood into those
active areas of the muscles.
Eventually the vessels will return
to "normal".

21. FEEDBACK SYSTEMS IN
HOMEOSTASIS
NEGATIVE FEEDBACK MECHANISM:
These are used by most of the body's systems, and
are called negative because the information
caused by the feedback causes a reverse of the
response. Negative feedback mechanism consists
of reducing the output or activity of any organ or
system back to its normal range of functioning.

22. CONT..
POSITIVE FEEDBACK MECHANISM:
It is designed to accelerate or enhance the output
created by a stimulus that has already been
activated. Input increases or accelerates the
response. Unlike negative feedback
mechanisms that initiate to maintain or
regulate physiological functions within a set
and narrow range, the positive feedback
mechanisms are designed to push levels out of
normal ranges.

23. BIOLOGICAL AND PSYCHOSOCIAL
DYNAMICS IN DISEASE CAUSATION
Health is a state of complete physical, mental, social wellbeing and merely the
absence of disease or infirmity. (WHO)
Webster defines disease – as a condition in which body health is impaired, a
departure from a state of health, an alteration of the human body interrupting
the performance of vital function.

24. RISK FACTOR
Risk factors is any situation, habit,social or environmental condition physiological
or psychological condition, developmental or intellectual condition or spiritual
or other variable that increases the vulnerability of an individual or group to an
illness or accident.The presence of risk factors do not mean that a disease will
develop, risk factors increases the chances that the individual will experience a
particular disease or dysfunction. The risk factors can be divided in to

25. CONT
..
Genetic &
Physiologic
factor
Age
Environmental Life style

26. ETIOLOGY
• It is defined as a specific part of the disease which actas the main cause
for the occurrence of the disease.
• Etiology along with risk factors and other triggering mechanism of the
body as well as the environment causes a disease.

27. HEREDITARY
CONGENITAL
INFLAMMATORY & INFECTION
DEGENERATIVE
INFECTION
DEFICIENCY
METABOLIC, NEOPLASTIC , TRAUMATIC

28. LIFE STYLE
 Life style - The way a person lives. It is the interest, opinion, behavior and
behavioral orientation of an individual, group and cultural. It reflects a
whole range of social values, attitude and activities, composed of cultural
and behavioral patterns and lifelong personal habits that have developed
through process of socialization.
 LIFESTYLE IN RELATION TO HEALTH : Almost 80% of deaths
could be prevented through a healthy lifestyle modification

29.  FAULTY LIFESTYLES:
It include :
● Sedentary life
● Unhealthy diet
● Smoking, drug abuse
● Alcoholic use
● Lack of sleep
● Stress
● BARRIERS TO BEHAVIOUR
CHANGE:
1. Internal (lack of knowledge,
absence of motivation)
2. External (changes that need to
occur in order for the behavior to be
more convenient or affordable)

30. APPROACHES TO HEALTHY LIFESTYLES OR
LIFESTYLE MODIFICATIONS
7 Simple Steps to Healthy Living
1. Decide to live a healthy lifestyle
2. See where you are now
3. Understand healthy eating
4. Recognize the benefits of physical activity
5. Set goals and plan
6. Shop, cook, eat together
7. Support a healthier lifestyle for your family

31.  THE ROLE OF A HEALTHY LIFESTYLE IN THE PREVENTION
OF MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION
● From: Neo Scientific Peer Reviewed Journal
● ISSN (E): 2949-7752
● 9, April, 2023
● The article discusses in detail the role of a healthy lifestyle in human
health. Preventing heart disease through a healthy lifestyle is important
because science has proven that heart disease is caused by a passive
physical life, poor diet and bad habits.
RELATED ARTICLE

33. CONCLUSION
In conclusion, our lives are governed by a complex interplay of biological
and psychosocial factors that impact our health and well-being. From the
fundamental processes of nutrition, respiration, excretion, growth, and
reproduction to the ability to move and sense our environment, our bodies
are intricate systems designed to maintain a delicate balance known as
homeostasis. The understanding of these processes and the factors
influencing them is crucial for promoting a healthy lifestyle.

34. REFERENCES
1. Brar NK, Rawat HC. Textbook of Advanced Nursing Practice. New Delhi: Jaypee Brothers
Medical Publishers (P) Ltd; 2015. Page no. 762-817
2. Basheer SP, Khan SY. A Concise Textbook of Advanced Nursing Practice. 3rd edition. New Delhi:
Emmess publisher; 2022. Page no 190-97
3. Park K. Park’s Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine. 19th Edition. New Delhi: Banarsidas
Bhanot Publishers; 2021. Page no 29-36, 80-82
4. Hinkle JL, Cheever KH. Brunner & Sudharath’S Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing. 13th
edition. New Delhi: Wolters Kluwer India Pt. Ltd. ;2014.
5. Jalolov NN, Sobirov OG, Kabilzhonova SR, Imamova AO. The role of a healthy lifestyle in the
prevention of myocardial infarction. Neo Sci Peer Rev J. 2023;9(4):8.