nursing process Presentation by gedion ed1.pptxGEDIONZERIHUN1
This module is designed to equip trainees with appropriate knowledge, Attitude and skills required to undertake nursing assessment, diagnosis, planning, implementation and evaluation of patient care.
FEATURESWellness Promotion and the Institute ofMedicine’.docxpauline234567
FEATURES
Wellness Promotion and the Institute of
Medicine’s Future of Nursing Report
Are Nurses Ready?
■ Kelley Strout, MSN, RN
This article highlights the gap between wellness in nursing practice and the mission statement of the Institute of
Medicine’s Future of Nursing Report. It explores wellness from 3 philosophical arguments, provides a historical
evolution of wellness, and explores nurses’ current understanding of wellness. Future directions for implementing
wellness in nursing practice are provided for science, education, and leadership. KEY WORDS: disease prevention,
Institute of Medicine Future of Nursing Report, health promotion, wellness in nursing Holist Nurs Pract 2012;26(3):129–136
The Future of Nursing Report published by the
Institute of Medicine (IOM) symbolizes a paradigm
shift in health care delivery from sick care to well
care.1 The IOM envisions a health care system where
nurses intentionally promote wellness and disease
prevention and improve health care outcomes
throughout the lifespan.1 The nursing profession is
well recognized for the role of disease prevention and
health promotion as established in the seminal article
of Donaldson and Crowley2 to the recent Future of
Nursing Report from the IOM.1 Within the scope of
nursing practice, the words “health,” “health
promotion,” and “wellness” appear to be used
interchangeably. Florence Nightingale, Virginia
Henderson, and Margaret Newman developed
frameworks that conceptualize wellness; however,
wellness is not clearly defined within these theories.3–6
Nurses’ ability to achieve the mission of the IOM and
intentionally promote wellness is limited by the
absence of a universally recognized understanding of
Author Affiliation: School of Nursing, Bouvé College of Health Sciences,
Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts.
The author thanks Elizabeth P. Howard, PhD, RN, ACNP, associate pro-
fessor, School of Nursing, Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Northeastern
University, for her time and support in editing the manuscript for publication.
The author has disclosed that she has no significant relationships with, or
financial interest in, any commercial companies pertaining to this article.
Correspondence: Kelley Strout, MSN, RN, c/o Elizabeth P. Howard, School
of Nursing, Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, 360
Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115 ([email protected]).
DOI: 10.1097/HNP.0b013e31824ef581
the concept of wellness and a common paradigm to
promote wellness in nursing practice.7 The purpose of
this article is to conceptualize the historical evolution
of wellness and highlight the gap in nursing practice
between knowing and promoting wellness.
THE CONCEPT OF WELLNESS
The absence of a universally recognized concept of
wellness in the nursing profession is better understood
after examining the complexity of wellness through 3
philosophical arguments: ontology, realism, and
empiricism.
Plato’s ontological argument establishes wel.
This topic introduced the concept of Health Education in details i.e
Meaning of Health Education
Objectives of Health Education,
Factors affecting/influencing the health of individual,
History of Health Education in Nigeria
Health agencies in Nigeria (national, state, local and international), etc
The Health Promotion Model Nola J. PenderChapter 18Ov.docxoreo10
The Health Promotion Model:
Nola J. Pender
Chapter 18
Overview of Pender’s Health Promotion Model
Three major categories to consider in Pender’s health promotion model:
Individual characteristics and experiences
Behavior-specific cognitions and affect
Behavioral outcome
Individual Characteristics and Experiences: Prior Behavior
Prior behavior directly and indirectly effects likelihood of engaging in health-promoting behaviors
Direct effect of past behavior on current health-promoting behavior is due to habit formation
Prior behavior indirectly influences health-promoting behavior through perceptions of self-efficacy, benefits, barriers & activity-related affect
Individual Characteristics and Experiences: Personal Factors
Personal biological factors include age, body mass index, pubertal status, menopausal status, aerobic capacity, strength, agility, or balance
Personal psychological factors include self-esteem, self-motivation, perceived health status
Personal sociocultural factors include education, ethnicity, acculturation, socioeconomic status
Behavior-Specific Cognitions and Affect
Perceived benefits of action or the anticipated positive outcomes resulting from health behavior
Perceived barriers to action or anticipated, imagined, or real blocks or personal costs of a behavior
Behavior-Specific Cognitions and Affect
Perceived self-efficacy or the judgment of personal capability to organize and execute a health-promoting behavior
Activity-related affect or the subjective positive or negative feelings that occur before, during, and following behavior based on the stimulus properties of the behavior
Behavioral Outcome
Commitment to a plan of action marks the beginning of a behavioral event
Interventions in the health promotion model focus on raising consciousness related to:
Health-promoting behaviors
Promoting self-efficacy
Enhancing the benefits of change
Control of environment to support behavior change
Managing the barriers to change
Major Concepts of Nursing
According to Pender
Person: the individual who is the primary focus of the model
Environment: the physical, interpersonal, and economic circumstances in which persons live
Health: a positive high-level state
Major Concepts of Nursing
According to Pender
Nursing: role of nurse includes raising consciousness related to health-promoting behaviors, promoting self-efficacy, enhancing the benefits of change, controlling the environment to support behavior change, and managing barriers to change
Assumptions of the Health
Promotion Model
Persons seek to create conditions of living through which they can express their unique human potential
Persons have the capacity for reflective self-awareness, including assessment of their own competencies
Persons seek to actively regulate their own behavior
Assumptions of the Health
Promotion Model
Persons value growth in directions viewed as positive and attempt to achieve a personally acceptable balance between change ...
Steven Boyages on Clinical Governance in AustraliaIQPC Australia
This interview with Steven Boyages from the Clinical Education and Training Institute NSW explores the culture of effective hospital management and identifies the common risk areas within corporate governance.
nursing process Presentation by gedion ed1.pptxGEDIONZERIHUN1
This module is designed to equip trainees with appropriate knowledge, Attitude and skills required to undertake nursing assessment, diagnosis, planning, implementation and evaluation of patient care.
FEATURESWellness Promotion and the Institute ofMedicine’.docxpauline234567
FEATURES
Wellness Promotion and the Institute of
Medicine’s Future of Nursing Report
Are Nurses Ready?
■ Kelley Strout, MSN, RN
This article highlights the gap between wellness in nursing practice and the mission statement of the Institute of
Medicine’s Future of Nursing Report. It explores wellness from 3 philosophical arguments, provides a historical
evolution of wellness, and explores nurses’ current understanding of wellness. Future directions for implementing
wellness in nursing practice are provided for science, education, and leadership. KEY WORDS: disease prevention,
Institute of Medicine Future of Nursing Report, health promotion, wellness in nursing Holist Nurs Pract 2012;26(3):129–136
The Future of Nursing Report published by the
Institute of Medicine (IOM) symbolizes a paradigm
shift in health care delivery from sick care to well
care.1 The IOM envisions a health care system where
nurses intentionally promote wellness and disease
prevention and improve health care outcomes
throughout the lifespan.1 The nursing profession is
well recognized for the role of disease prevention and
health promotion as established in the seminal article
of Donaldson and Crowley2 to the recent Future of
Nursing Report from the IOM.1 Within the scope of
nursing practice, the words “health,” “health
promotion,” and “wellness” appear to be used
interchangeably. Florence Nightingale, Virginia
Henderson, and Margaret Newman developed
frameworks that conceptualize wellness; however,
wellness is not clearly defined within these theories.3–6
Nurses’ ability to achieve the mission of the IOM and
intentionally promote wellness is limited by the
absence of a universally recognized understanding of
Author Affiliation: School of Nursing, Bouvé College of Health Sciences,
Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts.
The author thanks Elizabeth P. Howard, PhD, RN, ACNP, associate pro-
fessor, School of Nursing, Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Northeastern
University, for her time and support in editing the manuscript for publication.
The author has disclosed that she has no significant relationships with, or
financial interest in, any commercial companies pertaining to this article.
Correspondence: Kelley Strout, MSN, RN, c/o Elizabeth P. Howard, School
of Nursing, Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, 360
Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115 ([email protected]).
DOI: 10.1097/HNP.0b013e31824ef581
the concept of wellness and a common paradigm to
promote wellness in nursing practice.7 The purpose of
this article is to conceptualize the historical evolution
of wellness and highlight the gap in nursing practice
between knowing and promoting wellness.
THE CONCEPT OF WELLNESS
The absence of a universally recognized concept of
wellness in the nursing profession is better understood
after examining the complexity of wellness through 3
philosophical arguments: ontology, realism, and
empiricism.
Plato’s ontological argument establishes wel.
This topic introduced the concept of Health Education in details i.e
Meaning of Health Education
Objectives of Health Education,
Factors affecting/influencing the health of individual,
History of Health Education in Nigeria
Health agencies in Nigeria (national, state, local and international), etc
The Health Promotion Model Nola J. PenderChapter 18Ov.docxoreo10
The Health Promotion Model:
Nola J. Pender
Chapter 18
Overview of Pender’s Health Promotion Model
Three major categories to consider in Pender’s health promotion model:
Individual characteristics and experiences
Behavior-specific cognitions and affect
Behavioral outcome
Individual Characteristics and Experiences: Prior Behavior
Prior behavior directly and indirectly effects likelihood of engaging in health-promoting behaviors
Direct effect of past behavior on current health-promoting behavior is due to habit formation
Prior behavior indirectly influences health-promoting behavior through perceptions of self-efficacy, benefits, barriers & activity-related affect
Individual Characteristics and Experiences: Personal Factors
Personal biological factors include age, body mass index, pubertal status, menopausal status, aerobic capacity, strength, agility, or balance
Personal psychological factors include self-esteem, self-motivation, perceived health status
Personal sociocultural factors include education, ethnicity, acculturation, socioeconomic status
Behavior-Specific Cognitions and Affect
Perceived benefits of action or the anticipated positive outcomes resulting from health behavior
Perceived barriers to action or anticipated, imagined, or real blocks or personal costs of a behavior
Behavior-Specific Cognitions and Affect
Perceived self-efficacy or the judgment of personal capability to organize and execute a health-promoting behavior
Activity-related affect or the subjective positive or negative feelings that occur before, during, and following behavior based on the stimulus properties of the behavior
Behavioral Outcome
Commitment to a plan of action marks the beginning of a behavioral event
Interventions in the health promotion model focus on raising consciousness related to:
Health-promoting behaviors
Promoting self-efficacy
Enhancing the benefits of change
Control of environment to support behavior change
Managing the barriers to change
Major Concepts of Nursing
According to Pender
Person: the individual who is the primary focus of the model
Environment: the physical, interpersonal, and economic circumstances in which persons live
Health: a positive high-level state
Major Concepts of Nursing
According to Pender
Nursing: role of nurse includes raising consciousness related to health-promoting behaviors, promoting self-efficacy, enhancing the benefits of change, controlling the environment to support behavior change, and managing barriers to change
Assumptions of the Health
Promotion Model
Persons seek to create conditions of living through which they can express their unique human potential
Persons have the capacity for reflective self-awareness, including assessment of their own competencies
Persons seek to actively regulate their own behavior
Assumptions of the Health
Promotion Model
Persons value growth in directions viewed as positive and attempt to achieve a personally acceptable balance between change ...
Steven Boyages on Clinical Governance in AustraliaIQPC Australia
This interview with Steven Boyages from the Clinical Education and Training Institute NSW explores the culture of effective hospital management and identifies the common risk areas within corporate governance.
Health Promotion Plan Essay
Health Promotion Goals
Essay on Health Promotion
Health Promotion
Essay on Health Promotion
Health Promotion
Health Promotion
Essay on Health Promotion
Health Promotion
Nursing care plan based on self care deficit theory by Dorothea Orem. The process is on Medical Surgical Nursing. It is helpful for students of M.Sc Nursing.
Healthcare -- putting prevention into practiceZafar Hasan
This slidedeck is submitted by Zafar Hasan because one of the trends in medicine for the last 20 years isa focus on prevention and this deck is an outstanding practice primer.
Assessment and Planning in Educational technology.pptxKavitha Krishnan
In an education system, it is understood that assessment is only for the students, but on the other hand, the Assessment of teachers is also an important aspect of the education system that ensures teachers are providing high-quality instruction to students. The assessment process can be used to provide feedback and support for professional development, to inform decisions about teacher retention or promotion, or to evaluate teacher effectiveness for accountability purposes.
Forensic nursing is a relatively new specialty, recognized by the American Nurses Association in 1995. In an ideal situation, a forensic nurse will be the first healthcare professional to deal with a victim of violence or abuse – that includes sexual assault, domestic violence, child or elder abuse, human trafficking, assault, or homicide.
Health Promotion Plan Essay
Health Promotion Goals
Essay on Health Promotion
Health Promotion
Essay on Health Promotion
Health Promotion
Health Promotion
Essay on Health Promotion
Health Promotion
Nursing care plan based on self care deficit theory by Dorothea Orem. The process is on Medical Surgical Nursing. It is helpful for students of M.Sc Nursing.
Healthcare -- putting prevention into practiceZafar Hasan
This slidedeck is submitted by Zafar Hasan because one of the trends in medicine for the last 20 years isa focus on prevention and this deck is an outstanding practice primer.
Assessment and Planning in Educational technology.pptxKavitha Krishnan
In an education system, it is understood that assessment is only for the students, but on the other hand, the Assessment of teachers is also an important aspect of the education system that ensures teachers are providing high-quality instruction to students. The assessment process can be used to provide feedback and support for professional development, to inform decisions about teacher retention or promotion, or to evaluate teacher effectiveness for accountability purposes.
Forensic nursing is a relatively new specialty, recognized by the American Nurses Association in 1995. In an ideal situation, a forensic nurse will be the first healthcare professional to deal with a victim of violence or abuse – that includes sexual assault, domestic violence, child or elder abuse, human trafficking, assault, or homicide.
Educational objectives are the statements of those desired changes in behavior as a result of specific teaching-learning activities or specific teacher-learner activity
Education aims the behavior modification of learners. Behavior modification is achieved through a series of activities curriculum is concerned with guiding the teachers and students in the educative process. Therefore curriculum for the preparation of a teacher, nurse and student who can carry out these professional functions humanely and competently must be developed.
Data analysis means the ordering, manipulating, and summarizing of data to obtain answers to research questions. Its purpose is to reduce data to intelligible and interpretable form so that the relations of research problems can be studied and tested.
Schizophrenia is a psychotic condition characterized by a disturbance in thinking, emotions, volition and faculties in the presence of clear consciousness, which usually leads to social withdrawal
Evaluation in educational context implies broad programme that examines achievements, attitude, interests, personality, traits and skills factors which are taken into consideration. Thus cognitive, affective and psychomotor learning outcome is measured in the evaluation process. The evaluation is a two part process. The first part of evaluation is the determination of what is to evaluate (Goal) and the second part is the judgment of whether the goals are being achieved. The overall purpose will be to provide information to enable each student to develop according to his potential with in the frame work of educational objectives
A relaxation technique (also known as relaxation training) is any method, process, procedure, or activity that helps a person to relax; to attain a state of increased calmness; or otherwise reduce levels of pain, anxiety, stress or anger.
Recreation is a form of activity therapy used in most psychiatric settings. It is a planned therapeutic activity that enables people with limitations to engage in recreational experiences
It is a form of treatment for problem in which a trained person deliberately establishes a professional relationship with the patient, with the objective of removing or modifying existing symptoms and promoting positive personality, growth and development.
EQ is emotional intelligence, which, as stated above, is all about identifying emotions in ourselves and others, relating to others, and communicating about our feelings
Planning is as intellectual process of thinking resorted to decide a course of action which helps to achieve the pre-determined objectives of the organization in future
A Research problem is a problem that a researcher wants to solve moreover, it is an issues or a concern that an investigator / researcher presents and justifies in a research study.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
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June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
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Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
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Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
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Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
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2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...
Health and illness.pdf
1. C
HEALTH AND ILLNESS
B.KAVITHA M.SC(N)
ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR
ASWINI COLLEGE OF NURSING
THRISSUR
Prof.Kavitha.B, Aswini college of nursing
15-03-2022
2. Syllabus – 10 hrs
• Concept of health illness continuum
• Factor influencing health
• Cause and risk factor for developing illness
• Illness and illness behavior
• Impact of illness on patient and family
• Health care services- health promotion & prevention
• Health care teams
• Types of health care agencies
• Hospitals – types, organization & functions
• Health promotion- levels of disease prevention
Prof.Kavitha.B, Aswini college of nursing
15-03-2022
4. ❑Disease:
• Disturbance of structure or of function of the body or its
constituent parts.
• Lack of or inadequate adaptation of
the organism to his environment.
• Failure of the adaptive mechanism to
adequately counteract the stimuli or
stresses to which it is subject resulting
in disturbances in function and
structure of any part, organ or system
of the body
Prof.Kavitha.B, Aswini college of nursing
15-03-2022
5. ❑ Morbidity: Condition of being diseased.
❑ Morbidity Rate: The proportion of disease to
health in a
community.
❑ Mortality: Condition or quality of being subject to
death
❑ Epidemiology: Study of the patterns of health and
disease, its occurrence and distribution in man, for
the purpose of control and prevention of disease.
Prof.Kavitha.B, Aswini college of nursing
15-03-2022
6. ❑ Susceptibility: The degree of resistance the potential host
has against the pathogen.
❑ Etiologic Agent: One that possesses the potential for
producing injury or disease. (e.g. Streptococcus,
Staphylococcus)
❑ Virulence: Relative power or the degree of pathogenicity of
the invading microorganism, the ability to produce poisons
that repel or destroy phagocytes.
Prof.Kavitha.B, Aswini college of nursing
15-03-2022
7. ❑ Symptomatology: Study of symptoms.
❑ Symptom: Subjective evidence of disease. Any disorder of appearance,
sensation or function experienced by the patient indicative of a certain
phase of a disease. Manifestation of perceptible changes in the body
which indicate the presence of a disease or disorder.
❑ Sign: An objective symptom or objective evidence or physical
manifestation made apparent by special methods of examination or use
of sense. Prof.Kavitha.B, Aswini college of nursing
15-03-2022
8. ❑ Syndrome. A set of symptom, the sum of which constituents a
disease.
▪ A group of symptoms which commonly occurs together
▪ A group of signs & symptoms which when considered together
characterize a disease.
❑ Pathology. The branch of medicine which deals with the cause,
nature, treatment and resultant structural and functional changes of
disease.
Prof.Kavitha.B, Aswini college of nursing
15-03-2022
9. ❑ Diagnosis. Art or act of determining the nature of a disease, recognition of a
diseased state.
❑ Complication. A condition that occurs during or after the course of an illness.
❑ Recovery. Implies that the person has no observable or known after effects from
his illness; there is apparent restoration to the pre-illness state.
❑ Prognosis. Prediction of the course and of a disease, medical opinion as to the
outcome of a disease process. Good prognosis means that there is great possibility
to recover from the disease and poor prognosis means that there is great risk for
morbidity or mortality.
Prof.Kavitha.B, Aswini college of nursing
15-03-2022
11. Most people define and describe health
as the following:
• Being free from symptoms of disease and pain as much as
possible.
• Being able to be active and to do what they want or must.
• Being in good spirits most of the time.
Prof.Kavitha.B, Aswini college of nursing
15-03-2022
12. DEFINITIONS OF HEALTH
❑Health: a state of complete physical, mental, and
social well being, not merely the absence of disease
(WHO)
❑Illness: the unique response of a person to a disease
❑Wellness: an active state, oriented toward maximizing
the potential of the individual
Prof.Kavitha.B, Aswini college of nursing
15-03-2022
13. Wellness & Well-Being
Wellness further describes health status. It allows health to be
placed on a continuum from one’s optimal level (“wellness”) to
a maladaptive state (“illness”)
Prof.Kavitha.B, Aswini college of nursing
15-03-2022
14. ❑Wellness is a dynamic process that is ever changing. The well person usually
has some degree of illness and the ill person usually has some degree of
wellness.
❑This concept of a health continuum negates the idea that wellness and illness
are opposite because they may occur simultaneously in the same person in
varying degrees
❑The classic description of wellness was developed by Dunn in the early 1960s.
According to Dunn (1961), high-level wellness means functioning to one’s
maximum health potential while remaining in balance with the environment.
Prof.Kavitha.B, Aswini college of nursing
15-03-2022
16. ❑Physical: The ability to carry out daily tasks, achieve fitness (e.g.
pulmonary, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal), maintain adequate nutrition
and proper body fat, avoid abusing drugs and alcohol or using tobacco
products, and generally to practice positive lifestyle habits.
❑Social: The ability to interact successfully with people and within the
environment
❑Emotional: The ability to manage stress and to express emotions
appropriately, Emotional wellness involves the ability to recognize,
accept, and express feelings.
Prof.Kavitha.B, Aswini college of nursing
15-03-2022
17. ❑Intellectual: The ability to learn and use information effectively for personal,
family, and career development
❑Environmental: The ability to promote health measures that improve the
standard of living and quality of life in the community
❑Spiritual: The belief in some force (nature, science, religion, or a higher power)
that serves to unite human beings and provide meaning and purpose of life
❑Occupational: The ability to achieve a balance between work and leisure time,
A person's beliefs about education, employment, and home influence personal
satisfaction and relationships with others.
Prof.Kavitha.B, Aswini college of nursing
15-03-2022
20. Copyright 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Agent-Host-Environment Model
• The Agent, Host, And
Environment Interact In Ways
That Create Risk Factors.
• Each factor constantly
interacts with the others
• When in balance, health is
maintained
• When not in balance, disease
occurs
Prof.Kavitha.B, Aswini college of nursing
15-03-2022
21. Copyright 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Health-Illness Continuum
•Views Health As A Constantly Changing State With
High-level Wellness And Death On Opposite Sides Of
A Continuum
•Measure person’s perceived level of wellness
•Health and illness/disease opposite ends of a health
continuum
•Move back and forth within this continuum day by
day
•Wide ranges of health or illness
Prof.Kavitha.B, Aswini college of nursing
15-03-2022
23. Basic Human Needs (Maslow)
Prof.Kavitha.B, Aswini college of nursing
15-03-2022
24. The Health Belief Model
The HBM is based on the understanding that a person will take a
health-related action (i.e., use condoms) if that person:
1. Feels that a negative health condition (i.e., HIV) can be
avoided,
2. Has a positive expectation that by taking a recommended
action, he/she will avoid a negative health condition (i.e., Using
condoms will be effective at preventing HIV), and
3. Believes that he/she can successfully take a recommended
health action (i.e. He/she can use condoms comfortably and
with confidence).
Prof.Kavitha.B, Aswini college of nursing
15-03-2022
26. Health Promotion Model
• The health promotion model (HPM) proposed by
Nola J Pender (1982; revised, 1996) was designed
to be a “complementary counterpart to models
of health protection.”
• It defines health as "a positive dynamic state not
merely the absence of disease".
• Health promotion is directed at increasing a
client’s level of well being.
• The health promotion model describes the multi
dimensional nature of persons as they interact
within their environment to pursue health.
Prof.Kavitha.B, Aswini college of nursing
15-03-2022
28. Top Ten Causes of Death
Number of deaths for leading causes of death
1. Heart disease: 652,091
2. Cancer: 559,312
3. Stroke (cerebrovascular diseases): 143,579
4. Chronic lower respiratory diseases: 130,933
5. Accidents (unintentional injuries): 117,809
6. Diabetes: 75,119
7. Alzheimer's disease: 71,599
8. Influenza/Pneumonia: 63,001
9. Nephritis, nephrotic syndrome, and nephrosis:
43,901
10. Septicemia: 34,136
Prof.Kavitha.B, Aswini college of nursing
15-03-2022
29. Factors Influencing Health
Status, Beliefs, And Practices
Internal
variables
External
variables
Prof.Kavitha.B, Aswini college of nursing
15-03-2022
32. Internal factors
• Biologic dimension genetic
makeup, sex, age, and
developmental level all
significantly influence a
person's health.
• Psychological dimension
emotional factors influencing
health include mind-body
interactions and self-
concept.
• Cognitive dimension include
lifestyle choices and spiritual
and religious beliefs.
External factors
◼ Environment.
◼ Standards of living. Reflecting
occupation, income, and
education.
◼ Family and cultural beliefs.
Patterns of daily living and
lifestyle to offspring( children).
◼ Social support networks.
Family, friends, or confidant
(best friend) and job
satisfaction helps people
avoid illness.
Prof.Kavitha.B, Aswini college of nursing
15-03-2022
33. C
CONCEPT OF ILLNESS
Rey Vincent H. Labadan, RN
Prof.Kavitha.B, Aswini college of nursing
15-03-2022
34. People may view illness and disease as the same entity,
health professionals view them as completely separate.
Illness is a personal state in which the person feels
unhealthy or ill.
• Illness may or may not be related to disease
• Illness is a state in which a person’s physical,
emotional, intellectual, social, developmental or
spiritual functioning is diminished or impairment
compared with previous experience.
• Although nurses must be familiar with different
kinds of diseases and their treatments, they are
concerned more with illness, which may include
disease.
Prof.Kavitha.B, Aswini college of nursing
15-03-2022
35. Disease is used to describe as an alteration in
body functions resulting in a reduction of capacities
or a shortening of the normal life span.
• Etiology – causation of the disease. Etiologic
description includes identification of all
factors that act together to bring a disease
condition.
Prof.Kavitha.B, Aswini college of nursing
15-03-2022
36. Risk Factors of a Disease
1. Genetic and Physiological Factors
• Heredity, or genetic predisposition to
specific illness, is a major physical risk
factor. - for example
2. Age
• Age increases or decreases
susceptibility to certain illnesses (the
risk of heart diseases increases with
age for both sexes)
• The risk of birth defects and complications of
pregnancy increase in women bearing
children after age 35.
Prof.Kavitha.B, Aswini college of nursing
15-03-2022
37. 3. Environment
• The physical environment in which a person works
or lives can increase the likelihood that certain
illnesses will occur. - for example
4. Lifestyle
• Many activities, habits and practices involve risk
factors. Lifestyle practices and behaviors have
positive or negative effects on health.
• Stress can be a lifestyle risk factor if it is severe or
prolonged, or if the person is unable to cope.
• Stress can threaten mental health & physical well-
being
Prof.Kavitha.B, Aswini college of nursing
15-03-2022
38. Common Causes of Disease
Biologic Agents
Inherited Generic
Defects
Physical Agents
Chemical Agents
Tissue response to
irritation/injury
(fever,
inflammation)
Faulty chemical or
metabolic process
Emotional or
physical reaction
to stress
Prof.Kavitha.B, Aswini college of nursing
15-03-2022
40. According to Etiologic Factors
1. Hereditary. Due to defect in the genes of one or other parent
which is transmitted to the offspring.
2. Congenital. Due to a defect in the development, hereditary
factors, or prenatal infection; present at birth. (e.g. cleft lip,
cleft palate)
3. Metabolic. Due to disturbances or abnormality in the intricate
processes of metabolism.
4. Deficiency. Results from inadequate intake of absorption of
essential dietary factors.
Prof.Kavitha.B, Aswini college of nursing
15-03-2022
41. 5. Traumatic. Due to injury.
6. Allergic. Due to abnormal response of the body to
chemical or protein substances or to physical stimuli.
7. Neoplastic. Due to abnormal or uncontrolled growth of
cells.
8. Idiopathic. Cause is unknown; Self-originated; of
spontaneous origin.
9. Degenerative. Results from the degenerative changes that
occur in tissue and organs.
10. Iatrogenic. Results from the treatment of a disease.
Prof.Kavitha.B, Aswini college of nursing
15-03-2022
42. According to Duration or
Onset
Acute Illness:
• Typically characterized by severe symptoms of
relatively short duration.
• The signs and symptoms appear abruptly, are
intense and often subside after a relatively
short period.
• Following an acute illness a person may return
to normal level of wellness
Prof.Kavitha.B, Aswini college of nursing
15-03-2022
43. Chronic Illness :
• Slow onset. Persists, usually longer than 6 months & often
for person's life and can also affect functioning in any
dimension.
• Chronically ill person have long term disease process
• The client fluctuate between maximal functioning and
serious relapses that may be life threatening. Characterized
by:
✓ Remission - Period during which the disease is
controlled symptoms are not obvious
✓ Exacerbation - The disease becomes more active again at
a future time, recurrence of pronounced symptoms
Prof.Kavitha.B, Aswini college of nursing
15-03-2022
44. OTHER CLASSIFICATION OF DISEASE MAY BE
DESCRIBED AS:
• Organic – results from changes in the normal structure,
from recognizable anatomical changes in an organ or tissue
of the body
• Functional – no anatomical changes are observed to
account for the symptoms, present may result from
abnormal response to stimuli.
• Occupational – results from factors associated with the
occupation engaged in by the patient (e.g. cancer among
chemical factory workers.
• Familial – occurs in several individuals of the same family
(e.g. hypertension, cancer)
Prof.Kavitha.B, Aswini college of nursing
15-03-2022
45. • Venereal – Usually acquired through sexual
relation (AIDS, gonorrhea)
• Epidemic. Attacks a large number of individuals in
a community at the same time (SARS)
• Endemic. Present more or less continuously or
recurs in the community.
• Pandemic. Epidemic diseases which is extremely
widespread involving an entire country or
continent.
• Sporadic. A disease in which only occasional cases
occur.
Prof.Kavitha.B, Aswini college of nursing
15-03-2022
46. PRECURSOR OF ILLNESS
These are the factors which impose on the
individuals to lead towards illness spectrum.
Heredity. e.g.
family history for
diabetes mellitus,
hypertension,
cancer.
Behavioral
factors. e.g.
cigarette smoking,
alcohol abuse,
high animal fat
intake.
Environmental
factors. e.g.
overcrowding,
poor sanitation,
poor supply of
potable water.
Prof.Kavitha.B, Aswini college of nursing
15-03-2022
47. STAGES OF ILLNESS –
SUCHMAN FIVE STAGES
Stage 1:
symptoms
experiences.
Stage 2:
assumption of
the sick role
confirmation
from family and
friends.
Stage 3:
medical care
contact.
Stage 4:
dependent
client role.
Stage 5:
recovery or
rehabilitation
.
Prof.Kavitha.B, Aswini college of nursing
15-03-2022
48. 1. Symptom experience :
• the person experience believes something is
wrong but couldn't able to diagnose the
problem
• Transition stage.
• Experience some symptoms include
awareness of physical changes like pain,
rashes & lumps
• 3 aspects:
• - Physical (fever, muscles aches, malaise,
headaches)
• - Cognitive (perception of “having flu”)
• - Emotional (worry on consequences of
illness) Prof.Kavitha.B, Aswini college of nursing
15-03-2022
49. 2. Assumption of sick role
1. If symptom persists then the client will assume sick
role & seek confirmation from the family
members
2. Gets excuse from the normal duty
3. Results in emotional changes such as withdrawal,
depression, & physical changes
4. Acceptance of the illness.
5. Seeks advice, support for decision to give up
some activities.
Prof.Kavitha.B, Aswini college of nursing
15-03-2022
50. 3. Medical care contact :
• seeks advice to health professionals for the
following reasons:
- Validation of real illness
- Explanation of symptoms
-Reassurance or prediction of outcome
• Health professional may determine whether the
client is ill or not
Prof.Kavitha.B, Aswini college of nursing
15-03-2022
51. 4. Dependent patient role :
• Accepts the diagnosis & The person becomes a
client dependently on the health professional
for help.
• Accepts/rejects health professional’s
suggestions.
• Becomes more passive and accepting.
• May regress to an earlier behavioral stage.
Prof.Kavitha.B, Aswini college of nursing
15-03-2022
52. Four aspects of sick role:
• Clients are not responsible for their condition
• Clients are excused from certain social roles and tasks
• Clients are obliged to try to get well as quickly as
possible
• Clients or their families are obliged to seek competent
help
Three distinct criteria to determine if a person is ill
• The presence of symptoms
• The perception of how they feel
• Their ability to carry out daily activities
Prof.Kavitha.B, Aswini college of nursing
15-03-2022
53. Recovery and Rehabilitation:
• In this stage the symptoms gets subsiding
• The persons regains the original health status
• In case of chronic illness, final stage involves an
adjustment to a prolonged reduction in health
and functioning
Prof.Kavitha.B, Aswini college of nursing
15-03-2022
54. Fear
Overdependence &
feeling of helplessness
Anxiety
Hope
Anger & hostility
Prof.Kavitha.B, Aswini college of nursing
15-03-2022
55. Impact
on illness
on client
• Rest
• Sleep
Impact
of illness
on family
• Behavioral & emotional
changes
• Impact on family roles
• Impact on body image
• Impact on self concept
• Impact on family
dynamics
IMPACT
OF
ILLNESS
• Privacy
• Autonomy
• Financial
burden
• Life-style
Prof.Kavitha.B, Aswini college of nursing
15-03-2022
56. IMPACT OF ILLNESS
Family and significant others
❖Factors that determine the extent of effect of illness:
• The member of the family who is ill
• The seriousness and length of the illness
• Cultural and social customs the family follows
❖ The changes that can occur in the family:
• Role changes
• Tasks reassignments and increase demands on time
• Increase stress due to anxiety about the outcome of the illness
• Financial problems
• Loneliness resulting from separation and pending loss
• Change in social customs
Prof.Kavitha.B, Aswini college of nursing
15-03-2022
57. PREVENTION AND PROTECTION FROM
ILLNESS
• The health team is mainly responsible for prevention of
illness, protection and promotion of health by making
public aware of illness, injury of illness, injury and disease.
• Nurses play an important role in preventing the
transmission of disease by maintaining medical and
surgical asepsis
• Nurse can protect the public from illness by teaching
them the self care strategies to enhance the fitness,
improve nutrition, and manage stress
Prof.Kavitha.B, Aswini college of nursing
15-03-2022
58. • Encourage the public to avail maximum benefit from
health care system
• Encourage the individual, family, and communities to
promote their level of health by taking well balanced
diet
• Nurses play an important role in prevention of illness by
encouraging and guiding the public to adopt a healthy
life style
• A healthy life style includes good habits , regular
exercise, control the stress by problem solving avoid
smoking, drug abuse and alcohol drinking
Prof.Kavitha.B, Aswini college of nursing
15-03-2022
59. Health Care Services- Health
Promotion & Prevention
Health Promotion – an activity
undertaken for the purpose of achieving
higher level of health and wellness.
Prof.Kavitha.B, Aswini college of nursing
15-03-2022
60. TYPES OF HEALTH CARE SERVICES:
Health promotion:
•Prenatal classes
•Nutritional counselling
•Exercise classes
•Stress management
•Smoking cessation classes
Illness Prevention:
•Screening Programmes
•Routine check ups or
physical examination
•Immunization
•Occupational health and
safety hazards
•Public education
Diagnosis:
• Radiological
procedures
• Physical examination
• Blood testing
Treatment
• Client education
• Surgical intervention
• Laser therapy
• Pharmacological
therapies
Rehabilitation
•Cardiovascular programme
•Pulmonary programmes
•Sports medicine
•Alcohol and drug dependent
•Stroke and spinal cord injury
programmes
Prof.Kavitha.B, Aswini college of nursing
15-03-2022
61. Types of Health Promotion Program
1. Information Dissemination
• Use of variety of media to offer information to the
public about the particular lifestyles choices and
personal behavior, the benefits of changing that
behavior and improving the quality of life.
2. Health Appraisal and Wellness Assessment Programs
• Appraise individuals of their own risk factors that are
inherent in their lives in order to motivate them to
reduce specific risk and develop positive health
habits.
• Wellness assessment programs are focused on more
positive methods of enhancement.
Prof.Kavitha.B, Aswini college of nursing
15-03-2022
62. 3. Lifestyle and Behavior Change Programs
• Basis for changing health behavior.
• Geared toward enhancing the quality of life and
extending the life span.
4. Worksite Wellness Programs
• Include programs that serve the needs of persons
in their workplace.
5. Environmental Control Programs
• Developed to address the growing problem of
environment pollution-air, land, water, etc.
Prof.Kavitha.B, Aswini college of nursing
15-03-2022
63. Body Defense, Immunity and
Immunization
Active immunity
Humoral immunity
Cellular immunity
Combination of both
Passive immunity:
Normal immune Ig
Specific immune Ig
Animal antigen
Prof.Kavitha.B, Aswini college of nursing
15-03-2022
64. Also known as Wellness activities. To encourage optimal
health and to increase the person’s resistance to illness.
Seeks to prevent a disease or condition at a
prepathologic state; to stop something from ever
happening.
• It precedes disease
• Applied generally for health individuals
• Health promotion
Quit smoking
Avoid or limit alcohol
intake
Exercise regularly
Eat well-balanced diet
Reduce fat &increase
fiber in diet
Take adequate fluids
Avoid over exposure to
sunlight
Maintain ideal body
weight
Wear hazard devices in
work site
Complete Immunization
program
also known as health maintenance (for individuals
experiencing health problem). Seeks to identify
specific illnesses or conditions at an early stage with
prompt intervention to prevent or limit disability.
• Early diagnosis/detention/screening
• Prompt treatment to limit disability
• Prevention of complication
Begins after an illness. To support the client's
achievement of successful adaptation to known
risks, and or establishment of high-level wellness. It
focus to rehabilitate individual s and restore them to
an optimum level of functioning within the constraint
of their disability.
• Rehabilitation
Have annual physical examination.
Regular Pap’s test for women.
Monthly BSE for women who are 20 years –
above.
Sputum examination for Tuberculosis.
Annual stool guaiac test and rectal examination
for clients over age 50 years.
Self-monitoring of blood glucose among
diabetics.
Attending self-management education for
diabetes.
Physical therapy after CVA; participation in
cardiac rehabilitation after MI
Undergoing speech therapy after
laryngectomy
Primary
prevention
Secondary
prevention
Tertiary
prevention
Promoting Health and Wellness
Prof.Kavitha.B, Aswini college of nursing
15-03-2022
67. • Long term
hospital
• Short term
hospital
• Day care
hospital
•Teaching
hospital
•Non teaching
hospital
•General
hospital
•Specialized
hospital
• Public hospital
• Charitable
hospital
• Private hospital
• Corporate
hospital
Based on
ownership
of hospital
Based on
clinical
specialties
Based on
LOS
Based on
diversity in
aim of
hospital
Classification Of Hospital
Prof.Kavitha.B, Aswini college of nursing
15-03-2022
68. Hospital Board
Management
Hospital
Administration
Informative
Services
Admission
Billing &
collection
Health
education
Medical record
Information
system
Human
resources
Therapeutic
services
Medical care
Surgical care
Maternity care
Pediatric care
Other
Superspeciality
care
Physiotherapy
Clinical
psychology
nursing
Diagnostic
services
Medical lab
Imaging &
radiology
Cardiology
Lab
Neurology Lab
Supportive
services
Central supply
Dietary
Pharmacy
Biomedical
technology
House
keeping
Maintenance
Transportation
Prof.Kavitha.B, Aswini college of nursing
15-03-2022