HDT Practical Exp. 4
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This document provides instructions for determining the moisture content or loss on drying of a herbal drug extract. The process involves weighing 0.5g of finely powdered extract, drying it in an oven at 100-105°C for 3 hours, cooling in a desiccator, and calculating the percentage of moisture content in mg per gm of the original sample. Determining the moisture content reflects the quality and care taken during processing, as a lower moisture value ensures better quality of the extract.
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The document reports on a study that evaluated the components and polyphenol content of Terminalia arjuna samples using proximate analysis and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Proximate analysis identified foreign matter, moisture content, ash, extractable matter, tannins, swelling index, and foaming index of different Terminalia arjuna dosage forms. HPLC analysis identified and quantified six polyphenols - gallic acid, 3,4-dihydroxy benzoic acid, caffeic acid, coumaric acid, ellagic acid, and chlorogenic acid. Capsule dosage form had the highest levels of 3,4-dihydroxy benzoic acid and gallic acid, while choornam
LIMIT TESTS FOR PESTICIDE RESIDUES
This document discusses methods for determining pesticide residues in medicinal plant materials. It covers the qualitative and quantitative determination of organochlorine pesticides through extraction, clean-up, and gas chromatography analysis. It also describes the determination of phosphates using a spectrophotometric method and provides recommendations for determining specific pesticide residues, including using reference substances, checking for linear relationships, and storing reference solutions properly.
Quality control lec3
This document discusses various methods for evaluating the quality of natural medicinal products, including physical, chemical, and biological tests. It describes procedures for determining foaming index, volatile oils, tannin content, contaminants like pesticides and microbes, and using quantitative microscopy with lycopodium spores to calculate drug purity percentages. Evaluation methods help ensure manufacturing quality and consistency of natural medicines.
Compendial evaluation for evaluation of crude and herbal drugs
This document discusses methods for evaluating crude drugs and herbal formulations. It outlines various compendial parameters for evaluation including identification, foreign matter, loss on drying, moisture content, residue on ignition, water and alcohol soluble extractives, heavy metals, pesticide residues, microbial contamination, aflatoxins, and assays. Methods are described for many of these tests including identification by macroscopic and microscopic examination, TLC/HPTLC. Loss on drying is determined by drying a sample to a constant weight. Total ash involves incinerating a sample and calculating the percentage of residue. Water and alcohol soluble extractives involve macerating a sample in water or alcohol and evaporating the filtrate to a constant weight.
JCSN 2014 02 Revised Manuscript
The document summarizes a study that investigated the phytochemical composition and antimicrobial activity of dried seed extracts of Maranthes polyandra. Key findings include:
1) Preliminary phytochemical screening revealed the presence of steroidal triterpenes, cardiac glycosides, and trace amounts of alkaloids in the chloroform, ethyl acetate, and methanol extracts.
2) The ethyl acetate extract exhibited the highest inhibition zone (29mm) against Candida stellatoidea. Ethyl acetate and methanol extracts inhibited growth of many test organisms at a concentration of 3.75mg/mL.
3) The minimum bactericidal/fungicidal concentration of most extracts against
Evaluation of parenterals; subhankar karmakar
This document summarizes sterility testing methods for sterile pharmaceutical products. It discusses that sterile products must be free of viable microorganisms. The two main culture media used for sterility testing are Fluid Thioglycollate Medium and Soybean-Casein Digest. It describes the direct transfer and membrane filtration methods for transferring sample contents to the media. Key steps for each method are outlined. The document also discusses visual inspection methods and grading classifications for particulate matter in sterile products.
Total aflatoxin
This document provides instructions for performing an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to quantitatively detect total aflatoxins (B1, B2, G1, and G2) in grains, nuts, and other commodities. Aflatoxins are toxic metabolites produced by certain molds that can contaminate foods and animal feeds. The ELISA uses an aflatoxin-specific antibody to competitively bind sample aflatoxins or HRP-conjugated aflatoxin. The intensity of the color reaction indicates the aflatoxin concentration in samples, which can be quantified by comparison to standard curves. Validation studies showed the assay can reliably detect aflatoxins from 1-20 p
INVESTIGATION OF PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING, ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY AND ANTIOXI...
Investigation of fresh vegetables and effects of vegetables extracts and to make it more effective than commercial
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Phytochemical Analysis and Antioxidant Potential of Cucumis Melo Seeds
Phytochemical Analysis and Antioxidant Potential of Cucumis Melo SeedsSSR Institute of International Journal of Life Sciences
ABSTRACT- Secondary metabolites or phytochemicals from plants have eminent pharmacological activities such as
anti-oxidative, anti-allergic, antibiotic, hypoglycaemic and anti-carcinogenic. These secondary metabolites protect the
cells from the damage caused by unstable molecules known as free radicals. They can inhibit oxidation of free radicals in
both human body and food system. Food industry uses both natural and synthetic antioxidants to extend shelf life of
products. But the application of synthetic antioxidant has been limited due to its carcinogenicity. Recently research is
being focused on fruit materials, which are considered rich source of antioxidant compounds. In this study the
phytoconstituents of seed extracts of two varieties of Cucumis melo L, namely Cucumis melo cantalupensis and Cucumis
melo reticulatus, were studied for their antioxidant property by DPPH free radical scavenging method. In this
investigation, chloroform, petroleum ether, acetone, aqueous and ethanolic extracts of the fruit seed were made using cold
extraction process. Phytochemical study reveals that anthroquinones, quinines, cardiac glycosides, terpenoids, phenols and
steroids were present in aqueous extract of both the samples. The total phenolic content of their seed extracts were found
to be 8.8 mg GAE/g of dry sample and 9.2 mg GAE/g of dry sample respectively. The phenolic content was found to be
linearly proportional to the antioxidant ability of the samples.
Key-words- Cucumis melo cantalupensis, Cucumis melo reticulates, DPPH, Antioxidant, Phenolic content,
PhytochemicalsFORMULATION DEVELOPMENT OF METFORMIN HYDROCHLORIDE AND PIOGLITAZONE BILAYERED...
FORMULATION DEVELOPMENT OF METFORMIN HYDROCHLORIDE AND PIOGLITAZONE BILAYERED...ANURAG GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS
ABSTRACT
Hyperglycemia is the technical term for high blood glucose (sugar). It
happens when the body has too little or not enough insulin or when the
body can‘t use insulin properly. The main objective of the present
research work was to develop a bilayer tablet of immediate release
Pioglitazone and controlled release Metformin Hydrochloride, which is
used as an Anti-hyperglycemic agent. Metformin Hydrochloride has
biological half-life nearly about 6 hours, so, an attempt was made in
the direction of preparation and optimization of a combination of
sustained release and immediate release in a single tablet. In controlled
release layer natural gums like xanthum gum, gum trgacanth and guar
gum were used as retarding materials and in immediate release laye
croscarmellose sodium was used as a superdisintegrent to give the faster release of
pioglitazone. The tablets were prepared by wet granulation method and by direct
compression. Granules were evaluated for precompression parameters and the tablets were
evaluated for post compression parameters.
Key Words: Bilayer tablets, Metformin Hydrochloride, pioglitazone, xanthum gum, guar
gum, gum tragacanth and crosscarmellose sodium.Trichrome stain procedures
This document provides procedures for several staining techniques used to detect intestinal parasites in stool specimens. It describes the Trichrome staining procedure, which produces well-stained smears of protozoa, cells, and artifacts. It also provides procedures for modified acid-fast staining, chromotrope staining, quick-hot Gram-chromotrope staining, modified safranin staining, and Calcofluor white staining. Each procedure lists the reagents needed and step-by-step instructions for staining and examining specimens under a microscope. Quality control recommendations involve using a known control slide for each staining run.
IOSRPHR(www.iosrphr.org) IOSR Journal of Pharmacy
The study evaluated the antimicrobial and phytochemical properties of organic solvent extracts of Calotropis gigantea leaves. Ethanol and methanol extracts showed the highest antimicrobial activity against bacterial and fungal pathogens compared to chloroform and n-hexane extracts. The ethanol extract was most effective against Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis, Proteus mirablis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of cardiac glycosides, saponins, flavonoids, steroids and terpenoids in the extracts. The results confirm the antimicrobial activity of C. gigantea extracts against human pathogens.
IOSRPHR(www.iosrphr.org) IOSR Journal of Pharmacy
This study evaluated the antimicrobial and phytochemical properties of Calotropis gigantea leaf extracts. The leaves were extracted using ethanol, methanol, chloroform and n-hexane solvents. The extracts were tested for antimicrobial activity against various bacteria and fungi using the agar well diffusion method. The ethanol extract showed the highest antimicrobial activity against pathogens like Candida albicans and Proteus mirablis. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of compounds like alkaloids, tannins, saponins, flavonoids, terpenoids in the extracts. The results confirm that C. gigantea extracts have antibacterial and antifungal properties against human pathogens.
Phytosomes
Phytosomes are one of the novel drug delivery system containing hydrophilic bioactive phyto-constituents of herbs surrounded and bounded by phospolipids.
Ochratoxin
This document provides instructions for using an ochratoxin A assay kit. It describes ochratoxin A as a mycotoxin produced by molds that is toxic and carcinogenic in humans and animals. The kit is intended to quantitatively detect ochratoxin A in grains, coffee, cocoa, spices and other foods. It works by competitively binding ochratoxin A from standards and samples to an antibody, and then detecting the amount of bound conjugate using a colorimetric reaction. Detailed procedures are provided for extracting ochratoxin A from different sample types and running the assay.
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Sterility testing products (solids, liquids, ophthalmic and other sterile pro...
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Phytochemical screening and Polyphenol estimation by HPLC of Terminalia arjuna
Phytochemical screening and Polyphenol estimation by HPLC of Terminalia arjuna
Compendial evaluation for evaluation of crude and herbal drugs
Compendial evaluation for evaluation of crude and herbal drugs
INVESTIGATION OF PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING, ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY AND ANTIOXI...
INVESTIGATION OF PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING, ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY AND ANTIOXI...
Phytochemical Analysis and Antioxidant Potential of Cucumis Melo Seeds
Phytochemical Analysis and Antioxidant Potential of Cucumis Melo Seeds
FORMULATION DEVELOPMENT OF METFORMIN HYDROCHLORIDE AND PIOGLITAZONE BILAYERED...
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Types of Herbal Cosmetics its standardization.
Physiology and chemistry of skin and pigmentation, hairs, scalp, lips and nail, Cleansing cream, Lotions, Face powders, Face packs, Lipsticks, Bath products, soaps and baby product,
Preparation and standardization of the following : Tonic, Bleaches, Dentifrices and Mouth washes & Tooth Pastes, Cosmetics for Nails.
Biological Screening of Herbal Drugs in detailed.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Analytical Profile of Herbal Drugs and its significance.
Analytical Profile of Herbal Drugs and its significance.Ashokrao Mane college of Pharmacy Peth-Vadgaon
Analytical Profiles of herbal drugs:
Andrographis paniculata,
Boswellia serata,
Coleus forskholii,
Curcuma longa,
Embelica officinalis,
Psoralea corylifolia
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology ......
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
Raw materials used in Herbal Cosmetics.pptx
This document discusses raw materials and natural preservatives commonly used in herbal cosmetics. It provides examples of raw materials such as aloe vera gel, lavender essential oil, coconut oil, and kaolin clay. It also discusses natural preservatives like rosemary extract, grapefruit seed extract, neem extract, tea tree oil, and lavender oil that are used to extend the shelf life of herbal cosmetic products while ensuring their natural and organic composition is maintained. The document emphasizes the importance of natural preservatives in developing sustainable and eco-friendly herbal cosmetic formulations.
Adulteration and Deterioration, Adulteration/ Substitution of Herbal drugs, C...
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Adulteration and Deterioration: Introduction, Types of
Adulteration/ Substitution of Herbal drugs, Causes and Measures
of Adulteration, Sampling Procedures, Determination of Foreign
Matter, DNA Finger printing techniques in identification of drugs of
natural origin, detection of heavy metals, pesticide residues, phytotoxin, microbial contamination in herbs and their
formulations.
Plant Metabolites and Introduction to Primary Metabolites and Secondary Meta...
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This document provides an overview of primary and secondary plant metabolites presented by Mrs. Poonam Nilesh Chougule. It discusses primary metabolites such as carbohydrates, proteins, enzymes, and lipids, giving examples of each including their sources, preparation, evaluation, preservation, storage, therapeutic uses, and commercial applications. It also introduces secondary metabolites, describing how they are formed through biochemical pathways in plants. Examples of different classes of secondary metabolites like alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, and phenolics are provided.Herbal Cosmetics , Industries involved in the production of Herbal/natural co...
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Herbal/natural cosmetics, Classification &
Economic aspects. Regulatory Provisions relation to manufacture of cosmetics: -
License, GMP, offences & Penalties, Import & Export of
Herbal/natural cosmetics, Industries involved in the production of Herbal/natural cosmetics.
Herbal Remedies : Toxicity and Regulations.
Toxicity and Regulations: Herbals vs
Conventional drugs, Efficacy of Herbal medicine products, Validation of herbal therapies, Pharmacodynamic and
Pharmacokinetic issues.
Pharmacovigilance of Natural Drugs.
Content:
Pharmacovigilance of drugs of natural origin:
WHO and AYUSH guidelines for safety monitoring of natural medicine, Spontaneous reporting schemes for bio drug adverse reactions, bio drug-drug and bio drug-food interactions with suitable examples.
Phytopharmaceuticals
Phytopharmaceuticals: Occurrence, isolation and characteristic
features (Chemical nature, uses in pharmacy, medicinal and
health benefits) of following.
a) Carotenoids – i) α and β - Carotene ii) Xanthophyll (Lutein)
b) Limonoids – i) d-Limonene ii) α – Terpineol
c) Saponins – i) Shatavarins
d) Flavonoids – i) Resveratrol ii) Rutin iii) Hesperidin iv)
Naringin v) Quercetin
e) Phenolic acids- Ellagic acid
f) Vitamins
g) Tocotrienols and Tocopherols
h) Andrographolide, Glycolipids, Gugulipids, Withanolides,
Vascine, Taxol
i) Miscellaneous
Testing of Herbals.
Testing of natural products and drugs: Herbal medicines -
clinical laboratory testing. Stability testing of natural products,
protocols.
Patents
Patents: Indian and international patent laws, proposed
amendments as applicable to herbal/natural products and
process. Geographical indication, Copyright, Patentable subject
maters, novelty, non obviousness, utility, enablement and best
mode, procedure for Indian patent filing, patent processing, grant
of patents, rights of patents, cases of patents, opposition and
revocation of patents, patent search and literature, Controllers of
patents.
Monographs of Herbals.
Monographs of herbal drugs: General parameters of
monographs of herbal drugs and comparative study in IP, USP,
Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia, Siddha and Unani Pharmacopoeia,
American herbal pharmacopoeia, British herbal pharmacopoeia,
WHO guidelines in quality assessment of herbal drugs.
Topic: Nutraceuticals.
Nutraceuticals: Current trends and future scope, Inorganic
mineral supplements, Vitamin supplements, Digestive enzymes,
Dietary fibres, Cereals and grains, Health drinks of natural origin,
Antioxidants, Polyunsaturated fatty acids, Herbs as functional
foods, Formulation and standardization of neutraceuticals,
Regulatory aspects, FSSAI guidelines,
Sources, name of marker
compounds and their chemical nature, medicinal uses and health
benefits of following
i) Spirulina ii) Soya bean iii) Ginseng iv) Garlic v) Broccoli VI)
Green and Herbal Tea vii) Flax seeds viii) Black cohosh ix)
Turmeric.
Regulatory Asspects
Establishing a herbal drug industry requires navigating complex regulatory requirements related to safety, efficacy, quality and public health. Key aspects include complying with Good Manufacturing Practices, obtaining product licenses by submitting data on safety and efficacy to regulatory authorities, adhering to labeling and packaging guidelines, implementing quality control testing, monitoring adverse events, and ensuring compliance with international standards such as those of the International Conference on Harmonisation. Meeting these regulatory standards contributes to the success, credibility and public health impact of the herbal drug industry.
Topic: Herbal Drug Industry
INDUSTRIAL PHARMACOGNOSTICAL TECHNOLOGY
Herbal drug industry: Infrastructure of herbal drug industry
involved in production of standardized extracts and various
dosage forms. Current challenges in upgrading and
modernization of herbal formulations. Entrepreneurship
Development, Project selection, project report, technical
knowledge, Capital venture, plant design, layout and construction.
Pilot plant scale –up techniques, case studies of herbal extracts.
Formulation and production management of herbals.
Marine Pharmacognosy.
Marine natural products: General methods of isolation and
purification, Study of Marine toxins, Recent advances in research
in marine drugs, Problems faced in research on marine drugs
such as taxonomical identification, chemical screening and their
solution.
Plant Drug Cultivation
Unit I: Plant Drug Cultivation
General introduction to the importance of
Pharmacognosy in herbal drug industry, Indian Council of
Agricultural Research, Current Good Agricultural Practices,
Current Good Cultivation Practices, Current Good Collection
Practices, Conservation of medicinal plants- Ex-situ and Insitu
conservation of medicinal plants.
Estimation and Utilization Phytoconstituents.
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Academy of Oriental Medicine at Austin
Academy of Oriental Medicine at Austin
Academy of Oriental Medicine at Austin
About AOMA: The Academy of Oriental Medicine at Austin offers a masters-level graduate program in acupuncture and Oriental medicine, preparing its students for careers as skilled, professional practitioners. AOMA is known for its internationally recognized faculty, award-winning student clinical internship program, and herbal medicine program. Since its founding in 1993, AOMA has grown rapidly in size and reputation, drawing students from around the nation and faculty from around the world. AOMA also conducts more than 20,000 patient visits annually in its student and professional clinics. AOMA collaborates with Western healthcare institutions including the Seton Family of Hospitals, and gives back to the community through partnerships with nonprofit organizations and by providing free and reduced price treatments to people who cannot afford them. The Academy of Oriental Medicine at Austin is located at 2700 West Anderson Lane. AOMA also serves patients and retail customers at its south Austin location, 4701 West Gate Blvd. For more information see www.aoma.edu or call 512-492-303434.
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Skin is the largest organ of the human body, serving crucial functions that include protection, sensation, regulation, and synthesis. Structurally, it consists of three main layers: the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis (subcutaneous layer).
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2. **Dermis**: Located beneath the epidermis, the dermis contains connective tissue, blood vessels, hair follicles, and sweat glands. It plays a vital role in supporting and nourishing the epidermis, regulating body temperature, and housing sensory receptors for touch, pressure, temperature, and pain.
3. **Hypodermis**: Also known as the subcutaneous layer, it consists of fat and connective tissue that anchors the skin to underlying structures like muscles and bones. It provides insulation, cushioning, and energy storage.
Skin performs essential functions such as regulating body temperature through sweat production and blood flow control, synthesizing vitamin D when exposed to sunlight, and serving as a sensory interface with the external environment.
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Acne is a common skin condition that occurs when hair follicles become clogged with oil and dead skin cells. It typically manifests as pimples, blackheads, or whiteheads, often on the face, chest, shoulders, or back. Acne can range from mild to severe and may cause emotional distress and scarring in some cases.
**Causes:**
1. **Excess Oil Production:** Hormonal changes during adolescence or certain times in adulthood can increase sebum (oil) production, leading to clogged pores.
2. **Clogged Pores:** When dead skin cells and oil block hair follicles, bacteria (usually Propionibacterium acnes) can thrive, causing inflammation and acne lesions.
3. **Hormonal Factors:** Fluctuations in hormone levels, such as during puberty, menstrual cycles, pregnancy, or certain medical conditions, can contribute to acne.
4. **Genetics:** A family history of acne can increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
**Types of Acne:**
- **Whiteheads:** Closed plugged pores.
- **Blackheads:** Open plugged pores with a dark surface.
- **Papules:** Small red, tender bumps.
- **Pustules:** Pimples with pus at their tips.
- **Nodules:** Large, solid, painful lumps beneath the surface.
- **Cysts:** Painful, pus-filled lumps beneath the surface that can cause scarring.
**Treatment:**
Treatment depends on the severity and type of acne but may include:
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- **Oral Medications:** Antibiotics or oral contraceptives for hormonal acne.
- **Procedures:** Such as chemical peels, extraction of comedones, or light therapy for more severe cases.
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- **Sun Protection:** Use sunscreen to prevent exacerbation of acne scars and inflammation.
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PGx Analysis in VarSeq: A User’s Perspective
Since our release of the PGx capabilities in VarSeq, we’ve had a few months to gather some insights from various use cases. Some users approach PGx workflows by means of array genotyping or what seems to be a growing trend of adding the star allele calling to the existing NGS pipeline for whole genome data. Luckily, both approaches are supported with the VarSeq software platform. The genotyping method being used will also dictate what the scope of the tertiary analysis will be. For example, are your PGx reports a standalone pipeline or would your lab’s goal be to handle a dual-purpose workflow and report on PGx + Diagnostic findings.
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Discuss and demonstrate the approaches with array and NGS genotyping methods for star allele calling to prep for downstream analysis.
Following genotyping, explore alternative tertiary workflow concepts in VarSeq to handle PGx reporting.
Moreover, we will include insights users will need to consider when validating their PGx workflow for all possible star alleles and options you have for automating your PGx analysis for large number of samples. Please join us for a session dedicated to the application of star allele genotyping and subsequent PGx workflows in our VarSeq software.
acne vulgaris -Mpharm (2nd semester) Cosmetics and cosmeceuticals
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Guru Gobind Singh college of pharmacy, yamunanagar, haryana
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Gene Expression System-viral gene delivery Mpharm(Pharamaceutics)
Gene therapy can be broadly defined as the transfer of genetic material to cure a disease or at least to improve the clinical status of a patient.
One of the basic concepts of gene therapy is to transform viruses into genetic shuttles, which will deliver the gene of interest into the target cells.
Safe methods have been devised to do this, using several viral and non-viral vectors.
In the future, this technique may allow doctors to treat a disorder by inserting a gene into a patient's cells instead of using drugs or surgery.
The biggest hurdle faced by medical research in gene therapy is the availability of effective gene-carrying vectors that meet all of the following criteria:
Protection of transgene or genetic cargo from degradative action of systemic and endonucleases,
Delivery of genetic material to the target site, i.e., either cell cytoplasm or nucleus,
Low potential of triggering unwanted immune responses or genotoxicity,
Economical and feasible availability for patients .
Viruses are naturally evolved vehicles that efficiently transfer their genes into host cells.
Choice of viral vector is dependent on gene transfer efficiency, capacity to carry foreign genes, toxicity, stability, immune responses towards viral antigens and potential viral recombination.
There are a wide variety of vectors used to deliver DNA or oligo nucleotides into mammalian cells, either in vitro or in vivo.
The most common vector system based on retroviruses, adenoviruses, herpes simplex viruses, adeno associated viruses.
Osvaldo Bernardo Muchanga-GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS AND GASTRITIS-2024.pdf
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GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS AND GASTRITIS
Osvaldo Bernardo Muchanga
Gastrointestinal Infections
GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS result from the ingestion of pathogens that cause infections at the level of this tract, generally being transmitted by food, water and hands contaminated by microorganisms such as E. coli, Salmonella, Shigella, Vibrio cholerae, Campylobacter, Staphylococcus, Rotavirus among others that are generally contained in feces, thus configuring a FECAL-ORAL type of transmission.
Among the factors that lead to the occurrence of gastrointestinal infections are the hygienic and sanitary deficiencies that characterize our markets and other places where raw or cooked food is sold, poor environmental sanitation in communities, deficiencies in water treatment (or in the process of its plumbing), risky hygienic-sanitary habits (not washing hands after major and/or minor needs), among others.
These are generally consequences (signs and symptoms) resulting from gastrointestinal infections: diarrhea, vomiting, fever and malaise, among others.
The treatment consists of replacing lost liquids and electrolytes (drinking drinking water and other recommended liquids, including consumption of juicy fruits such as papayas, apples, pears, among others that contain water in their composition).
To prevent this, it is necessary to promote health education, improve the hygienic-sanitary conditions of markets and communities in general as a way of promoting, preserving and prolonging PUBLIC HEALTH.
Gastritis and Gastric Health
Gastric Health is one of the most relevant concerns in human health, with gastrointestinal infections being among the main illnesses that affect humans.
Among gastric problems, we have GASTRITIS AND GASTRIC ULCERS as the main public health problems. Gastritis and gastric ulcers normally result from inflammation and corrosion of the walls of the stomach (gastric mucosa) and are generally associated (caused) by the bacterium Helicobacter pylor, which, according to the literature, this bacterium settles on these walls (of the stomach) and starts to release urease that ends up altering the normal pH of the stomach (acid), which leads to inflammation and corrosion of the mucous membranes and consequent gastritis or ulcers, respectively.
In addition to bacterial infections, gastritis and gastric ulcers are associated with several factors, with emphasis on prolonged fasting, chemical substances including drugs, alcohol, foods with strong seasonings including chilli, which ends up causing inflammation of the stomach walls and/or corrosion. of the same, resulting in the appearance of wounds and consequent gastritis or ulcers, respectively.
Among patients with gastritis and/or ulcers, one of the dilemmas is associated with the foods to consume in order to minimize the sensation of pain and discomfort. Call Girls in Kolkata 💯Call Us 🔝 7374876321 🔝 💃 Top Class Call Girl Servic...
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As the world population is aging, Health tourism has become vitally important and will be increased day by day. Because
of the availability of quality health services and more favorable prices as well as to shorten the waiting list for medical
services regionally and internationally. There are some aspects of managing and doing marketing activities in order for
medical tourism to be feasible, in a region called as clustering in a region with main stakeholders groups includes Health
providers, Tourism cluster, etc. There are some related and affecting factors to be considered for the feasibility of medical
tourism within this study such as competitiveness, clustering, Entrepreneurship, SMEs. One of the growth phenomenon
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that is an economical model that shows the four main factors that affect the competitiveness of a nation and its industries
in this study. The short literature of medical tourism and regional clustering have been mentioned.Helminthiasis or Worm infestation in Children for Nursing students
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ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION in community setting
“Environmental sanitation means the art and science of applying sanitary, biological and physical science principles and knowledge to improve and control the environment therein for the protection of the health and welfare of the public”.The overall importance of sanitation are to provide a healthy living environment for everyone, to protect the natural resources (such as surface water, groundwater, soil ), and to provide safety, security and dignity for people when they defecate or urinate .Sanitation refers to public health conditions such as drinking clean water, sewage treatment, etc. All the effective tools and actions that help in keeping the environment clean come under sanitation. Sanitation refers to public health conditions such as drinking clean water, sewage treatment. All the effective tools and actions that help in keeping the environment clean and promotes public health is the necessary in todays life.
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HDT Practical Exp. 4
- 1. By Mrs. Poonam N. Chougule Assistant Professor and HOD of Pharmacognosy department AMCP, Peth- Vadgaon.
- 2. Materials Required- Any vegetable drug extract, flat- bottomed dish, oven, desiccators, diphosphorous pentoxide, anhydrous silica gel. Principle: The percentage of moisture content (loss on drying) reflects on quality and care taken in processing the extract of a herbal drug. The value should be kept as low as possible to ensure quality of the extract.
- 3. 1. Weigh rapidly 0.5gm of the finely powdered extract in a flat- bottomed dish (diameter – 50mm and height – 30mm). 2. Dry in the oven at 100- 105ᵒ C for 3 hours. 3. Cool in a desiccator over diphosphorus pentoxide or anhydrous silica gel. 4. Calculate the percentage of the moisture content (loss on drying) in mg per gm of air dried sample.
- 4. The moisture content (Loss on drying) of the given crude drug was found to be: