Investigation of fresh vegetables and effects of vegetables extracts and to make it more effective than commercial
antiobiotics by using Zingiber offinale (ginger) extract with vegetables against Bacterial strains.
This thesis report examines antibiotic resistance due to spices like garlic and turmeric. The objectives were to extract the spices using solvents, test their antimicrobial properties, and determine the minimum inhibitory concentration. Garlic, turmeric, and a combination were extracted using distilled water, ethanol, and chloroform. Extracts showed antibacterial effects against E. coli and Staphylococcus aureus, with ethanol and distilled water being most effective. The minimum inhibitory concentration of extracts was lower than standard antibiotics, indicating they may help reduce antibiotic resistance.
Studies on Phytochemical Constituents of Medicinal PlantsGaurav kumar sharma
This document describes a study on the phytochemical constituents of four medicinal plants - Justica adhatoda, Momordica charantia, Nordostachys jatamansi, and Tephrosia purpurea. Qualitative analysis found that all plants contained terpenoids, steroids, cardiac glycosides, saponins, flavonoids, tannins, and phenolic compounds and alkaloids. Coumarin glycosides were present in N. jatamansi and J. adhatoda but absent in the others. Anthraquinone glycosides were present in J. adhatoda, M. charantia, and N. jatamansi but absent from
The document presents a project report on Cassia grandis. It includes an introduction to the plant, literature review on previous studies conducted on it, overview of the project which involves collection of leaves, extraction, yield calculation, phytochemical analysis, antimicrobial study using TLC and column chromatography. Materials and methods for each experiment are detailed along with the respective results obtained. The project was aimed at studying the phytochemical properties and antimicrobial activity of C. grandis leaves.
This is Sumaiya Nahid hail from Chittagong, Bangladesh.It's my M.Pharm (Thesis) presentation slide. This is the total display of my hard works.I tried my best to summarize my one year enthusiastic workings.Any suggestions and corrections will be cordially accepted. Thank you all.
EVALUATION OF ANTI-OXIDANT AND ANTI-TUMOUR ACTIVITIES OF CROTON LAEVIGATUS Vahl.DAWN V TOMY
The document is a thesis submitted by Dawn V Tomy for the degree of Master of Pharmacy in Pharmacology. It discusses conducting a study on the plant Croton laevigatus Vahl. The objectives are to determine the phytochemicals, toxicity, cytotoxic and antitumor activities, and antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of C. laevigatus. The plan of work involves extraction of the plant leaves, phytochemical analysis, subacute toxicity studies, and evaluation of cytotoxicity, antioxidant activities and other pharmacological properties.
Preliminary Phytochemical Screening and Antibacterial Activity on Stem Bark E...IOSR Journals
This document summarizes a study on the preliminary phytochemical screening and antibacterial activity of stem bark extracts of Ceiba pentandra. The stem bark was extracted using n-hexane, acetone, and ethanol. Phytochemical analysis found flavonoids, steroids, saponins, and triterpenes in the acetone extract. The extracts were tested for antibacterial activity against three bacteria. The acetone extract showed the highest activity, inhibiting all three bacteria at 300mg/ml. The phytochemicals identified, like flavonoids, saponins, and triterpenes have been shown to have antibacterial properties and may be responsible for the antibacterial activity observed.
PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS AND ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF LEAVES EXTRACT FROM Pong...Siva Dharshini R
This document presents the results of a study analyzing the phytochemicals and antibacterial activity of extracts from the leaves of Pongamia glabra. Testing found that acetone and chloroform extracts of P. glabra exhibited antibacterial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, including Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Escherichia coli. The acetone extract showed stronger antibacterial effects than the chloroform extract. Phytochemical screening identified the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, tannins, and polyphenols in the extracts. The results support the traditional use
PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF VARIOUS SOLVENT EXTRAC...IJSIT Editor
The document summarizes a study on the phytochemical screening and antimicrobial activity of leaf extracts from Annona reticulata. Key findings:
1) Leaves were extracted using ethyl acetate, butanol, and methanol. Phytochemical screening found alkaloids, tannins, terpenoids, and coumarins present.
2) Antimicrobial testing found the ethyl acetate and methanol extracts showed the highest inhibitory activity against E. coli, P. putida, and L. acidophilus compared to butanol.
3) FT-IR analysis revealed the presence of functional groups like -CH, -OH, CH-OH and –NH2, indicating
This thesis report examines antibiotic resistance due to spices like garlic and turmeric. The objectives were to extract the spices using solvents, test their antimicrobial properties, and determine the minimum inhibitory concentration. Garlic, turmeric, and a combination were extracted using distilled water, ethanol, and chloroform. Extracts showed antibacterial effects against E. coli and Staphylococcus aureus, with ethanol and distilled water being most effective. The minimum inhibitory concentration of extracts was lower than standard antibiotics, indicating they may help reduce antibiotic resistance.
Studies on Phytochemical Constituents of Medicinal PlantsGaurav kumar sharma
This document describes a study on the phytochemical constituents of four medicinal plants - Justica adhatoda, Momordica charantia, Nordostachys jatamansi, and Tephrosia purpurea. Qualitative analysis found that all plants contained terpenoids, steroids, cardiac glycosides, saponins, flavonoids, tannins, and phenolic compounds and alkaloids. Coumarin glycosides were present in N. jatamansi and J. adhatoda but absent in the others. Anthraquinone glycosides were present in J. adhatoda, M. charantia, and N. jatamansi but absent from
The document presents a project report on Cassia grandis. It includes an introduction to the plant, literature review on previous studies conducted on it, overview of the project which involves collection of leaves, extraction, yield calculation, phytochemical analysis, antimicrobial study using TLC and column chromatography. Materials and methods for each experiment are detailed along with the respective results obtained. The project was aimed at studying the phytochemical properties and antimicrobial activity of C. grandis leaves.
This is Sumaiya Nahid hail from Chittagong, Bangladesh.It's my M.Pharm (Thesis) presentation slide. This is the total display of my hard works.I tried my best to summarize my one year enthusiastic workings.Any suggestions and corrections will be cordially accepted. Thank you all.
EVALUATION OF ANTI-OXIDANT AND ANTI-TUMOUR ACTIVITIES OF CROTON LAEVIGATUS Vahl.DAWN V TOMY
The document is a thesis submitted by Dawn V Tomy for the degree of Master of Pharmacy in Pharmacology. It discusses conducting a study on the plant Croton laevigatus Vahl. The objectives are to determine the phytochemicals, toxicity, cytotoxic and antitumor activities, and antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of C. laevigatus. The plan of work involves extraction of the plant leaves, phytochemical analysis, subacute toxicity studies, and evaluation of cytotoxicity, antioxidant activities and other pharmacological properties.
Preliminary Phytochemical Screening and Antibacterial Activity on Stem Bark E...IOSR Journals
This document summarizes a study on the preliminary phytochemical screening and antibacterial activity of stem bark extracts of Ceiba pentandra. The stem bark was extracted using n-hexane, acetone, and ethanol. Phytochemical analysis found flavonoids, steroids, saponins, and triterpenes in the acetone extract. The extracts were tested for antibacterial activity against three bacteria. The acetone extract showed the highest activity, inhibiting all three bacteria at 300mg/ml. The phytochemicals identified, like flavonoids, saponins, and triterpenes have been shown to have antibacterial properties and may be responsible for the antibacterial activity observed.
PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS AND ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF LEAVES EXTRACT FROM Pong...Siva Dharshini R
This document presents the results of a study analyzing the phytochemicals and antibacterial activity of extracts from the leaves of Pongamia glabra. Testing found that acetone and chloroform extracts of P. glabra exhibited antibacterial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, including Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Escherichia coli. The acetone extract showed stronger antibacterial effects than the chloroform extract. Phytochemical screening identified the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, tannins, and polyphenols in the extracts. The results support the traditional use
PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF VARIOUS SOLVENT EXTRAC...IJSIT Editor
The document summarizes a study on the phytochemical screening and antimicrobial activity of leaf extracts from Annona reticulata. Key findings:
1) Leaves were extracted using ethyl acetate, butanol, and methanol. Phytochemical screening found alkaloids, tannins, terpenoids, and coumarins present.
2) Antimicrobial testing found the ethyl acetate and methanol extracts showed the highest inhibitory activity against E. coli, P. putida, and L. acidophilus compared to butanol.
3) FT-IR analysis revealed the presence of functional groups like -CH, -OH, CH-OH and –NH2, indicating
The document discusses a study on Acalypha indica, a plant used in traditional medicine. The study aimed to determine the preliminary phytochemical constituents and antimicrobial activity of different extracts from the plant's leaves and stems. Methanolic extracts showed the highest antimicrobial activity against tested pathogens like Salmonella typhimurium. Phytochemical screening of the methanolic extracts revealed the presence of secondary metabolites like tannins, cardiac glycosides, alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids and saponins which may contribute to its antimicrobial properties. The results suggest Acalypha indica may be a potential source of natural compounds to develop treatments for drug-resistant bacterial infections.
evaluation of phytochemical, anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cytotoxicit...PATHEPARAPU HANUMANTHA RAO
The document reports on a study that evaluated the phytochemical, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cytotoxic properties of extracts from Acalypha indica leaves on breast cancer cell lines. Acalypha indica is a medicinal plant used traditionally to treat various ailments. The study involved extracting leaves using different solvents, performing phytochemical analysis, assessing antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, and testing cytotoxicity on MCF-7 breast cancer cells. The results showed that the methanolic and ethyl acetate extracts contained several phytochemicals and exhibited antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cytotoxic effects, suggesting Acalypha indica may have potential in treating breast cancer.
Preliminary phytochemical Investigation of Various extracts of Dalbergia sisooiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry (IOSR-JAC) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of applied chemistry and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Chemical Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
ABSTRACT- The phytochemicals are the most important sources for the treatment of common diseases. The present
investigation deals with the qualitative phytochemical analysis of leaves of ten medicinal plants. These are Bauhinia
variegata Linn. (Caesalpiniaceae), Calotropis procera (Ait.) R.Br. (Asclepiadaceae), Catharanthus roseus (Linn.) Don.
(Apocynaceae), Lantana camara (Linn.) Var. (Verbenaceae), Mangifera indica Linn. (Anacardiaceae), Moringa oleifera
Lamk. (Moringaceae), Ocimum sanctum Linn. (Lamiaceae), Pithecellobium dulce (Roxb) Benth. (Mimosaceae), Solanum
nigrum Linn. (Solanaceae), Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Mier. ex Hook. f. and Th. (Menispermaceae). Methonolic
extracts of powder of leaves were screened for qualitative determination of different phytochemicals like alkaloids,
carbohydrates, glycosides, phytosterols, flavonoids, protein and amino acid, diterpenes, phenols and tannin. All plant
materials were collected from Shivpuri district (M.P.).
Key-words- Medicinal plants, Phytochemical study, Methanolic extracts
Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from Natural Productssenaimais
This document discusses supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) as an alternative to conventional extraction methods for bioactive compounds from natural products. SFE uses carbon dioxide above its critical temperature and pressure, allowing it to have properties between a gas and liquid. SFE can provide higher extraction yields, control over the solute composition extracted, and retention of antioxidant and antimicrobial activities compared to low pressure extractions. The document reviews extraction of natural products, their biological activities, and conventional extraction methods before introducing SFE as a more effective technique.
Natural products, including medicinal plants, have traditionally played an important role in drug discovery. Even today with advanced technology, we rely on natural products to develop drugs, though we can now modify them. The document examines the plant Schumannianthus dichotomus, determining its phytochemicals, evaluating its pharmacological properties beyond traditional uses, and comparing activities between leaf and rhizome extracts. It finds the plant shows antioxidant, membrane stabilizing and thrombolytic activities, suggesting it warrants further study for new drug development.
Antibacterial activity of naturally obtained plant that gives a antibacterial activity and some anti malarial activity functions also.This plant majorly seen in hills areas.
Study of the antibacterial activities of soursop (annona muricata l.) leavesAstri Xiao Lu
The document summarizes a study that investigated the antibacterial activities of methanol extract and chloroform fraction of soursop (Annona muricata L.) leaves against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The methanol extract showed inhibition zones of 14.1 mm against S. aureus and 13.1 mm against E. coli at a concentration of 150 mg/ml. At 250 mg/ml, the methanol extract inhibited E. coli with a zone of 14.5 mm. The chloroform fraction only inhibited S. aureus with a zone of 9.9 mm at 150 mg/ml. The methanol extract demonstrated higher antibacterial activity compared to the chloroform fraction against both bacterial strains.
Qualitative Phytochemical Screening and Antimicrobial Activity Evaluation of ...Paulo Cumbane
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the antimicrobial activity and qualitative phytochemical screening of extracts from the bulb of Gladiolus psittacinus Hook. In Mozambique, the bulb is traditionally used to treat various ailments. The study extracted dried and fresh bulb samples using different solvents and tested the extracts against several bacteria and fungi. Most extracts showed strong inhibitory activity against Candida albicans, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The aqueous extract revealed antagonism with ciprofloxacin while the fresh bulb juice showed an additive effect. The study aimed to validate traditional medicinal uses of G. psittacinus through antimicrobial and phytochem
This document discusses guidelines for standardizing herbal drugs and herbal formulations. It provides details on various parameters for standardization including macroscopic, microscopic, physical, chemical and biological studies. Some key points covered are methods for determining moisture content, extractive values, ash values, volatile oil content, and biological activities like bitterness value, haemolytic activity and tannin content. The document emphasizes the importance of quality control and standardization of herbal drugs and formulations to ensure identity, purity and consistency in their composition.
The document summarizes a study on the antimicrobial activity of three Lippia species from Brazil: L. alnifolia, L. origanoides, and L. thymoides. Extracts from different parts of the plants were tested against bacteria and yeast using agar disk diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration assays. L. origanoides leaf extracts showed the broadest antimicrobial action against all test microbes. Fractionation of the L. origanoides crude extract improved its activity, and phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of compounds like terpenes and flavonoids that are known to have antimicrobial properties. The results provide preliminary support for the traditional use of these Lippia species as antiseptic
Analysis of phytochemical constituents and antimicrobial activities in aloe veraWan Syafawani
This document analyzes the phytochemical constituents and antimicrobial activities of Aloe vera against clinical pathogens. It identifies 26 bioactive phytochemical compounds in the ethanolic extract of Aloe vera using GC-MS analysis. It also finds that Aloe vera exhibits the highest antibacterial activity against Streptococcus pyogenes and Pseudomonas aeroginosa, and the highest antifungal activity against Aspergillus flavus. However, further research is needed to better understand the effects of oral ingestion and define the clinical effectiveness of Aloe vera.
A comparative study of In-vitro Thrombolytic activity and Anti-inflammatory a...Anindya_shuvo773
The document presents research on the thrombolytic and anti-inflammatory properties of methanolic leaf extracts of Blumea lacera and Acanthus ilicifolius. In vitro assays found that the B. lacera extract had 49.27% clot lysis compared to 38.25% for A. ilicifolius, with streptokinase as the positive control at 69.34%. Anti-inflammatory assays showed the B. lacera extract inhibited protein denaturation by 64.56% versus 45.27% for A. ilicifolius, compared to the standard acetyl salicylic acid. Overall, the results indicate the leaf extracts of both plants show significant thrombolytic and anti-
This document discusses the industrial production of the secondary metabolite forskolin from the plant Coleus forskohlii. It describes how hairy root cultures can be established from the plant using Agrobacterium rhizogenes to produce forskolin through biotechnological methods. This allows for a controlled production of forskolin independent of wild plant sources and helps conserve C. forskohlii populations by reducing demand for wild-harvested plants. Hairy root cultures were shown to produce detectable levels of forskolin through HPLC analysis.
This document summarizes a research study that evaluated the antimicrobial activity of methanol extracts from several medicinal plants (Acacia nilotica, Withania somnifera, Ziziphus mauritiana, Tinospora cordifolia) against three bacterial species (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli). The study found that extracts from the plant leaves and barks possessed antimicrobial properties, with minimum inhibitory concentration values ranging from 7.5-23 mm depending on the plant and bacterial species. The results indicate these plants have potential as sources of antimicrobial compounds.
Extraction and phytochemical analysis of medicinal plantsShameem_Byadgi
This study investigated the phytochemical constituents and total phenolic content of several medicinal plants. Plant materials were extracted using different solvents and subjected to qualitative and quantitative analysis. Qualitative testing identified the presence of compounds like phenols, tannins, flavonoids, saponins, alkaloids, etc. Total phenolic and flavonoid content was determined using spectrophotometric methods. The results showed that the plants contained valuable phytochemicals and could be a potential source of drugs. The methanol extracts generally had the highest concentration of phytochemicals.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This document discusses phytochemical screening and biological activity of medicinal plants. It provides information on extraction techniques used to isolate phytochemicals from plants, including maceration, digestion, decoction, percolation, soxhlet extraction, and sonication. Qualitative and quantitative analysis methods are described for detecting various phytochemicals like alkaloids, carbohydrates, saponins, phytosterols, phenolic compounds, tannins, flavonoids, proteins, amino acids, and terpenoids. The factors that influence extraction quality like solvent, temperature, and particle size are also summarized.
This is an Engg Biotechnology project based on medicinal plant i.e singapore cherry or jamaican cherry tree (scientific name Muntingia calabure ), we did in 2013 in GMIT college Davangere, karanataka, India. i have complete project detail what we did..,
The document discusses a study on Acalypha indica, a plant used in traditional medicine. The study aimed to determine the preliminary phytochemical constituents and antimicrobial activity of different extracts from the plant's leaves and stems. Methanolic extracts showed the highest antimicrobial activity against tested pathogens like Salmonella typhimurium. Phytochemical screening of the methanolic extracts revealed the presence of secondary metabolites like tannins, cardiac glycosides, alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids and saponins which may contribute to its antimicrobial properties. The results suggest Acalypha indica may be a potential source of natural compounds to develop treatments for drug-resistant bacterial infections.
evaluation of phytochemical, anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cytotoxicit...PATHEPARAPU HANUMANTHA RAO
The document reports on a study that evaluated the phytochemical, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cytotoxic properties of extracts from Acalypha indica leaves on breast cancer cell lines. Acalypha indica is a medicinal plant used traditionally to treat various ailments. The study involved extracting leaves using different solvents, performing phytochemical analysis, assessing antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, and testing cytotoxicity on MCF-7 breast cancer cells. The results showed that the methanolic and ethyl acetate extracts contained several phytochemicals and exhibited antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cytotoxic effects, suggesting Acalypha indica may have potential in treating breast cancer.
Preliminary phytochemical Investigation of Various extracts of Dalbergia sisooiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry (IOSR-JAC) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of applied chemistry and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Chemical Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
ABSTRACT- The phytochemicals are the most important sources for the treatment of common diseases. The present
investigation deals with the qualitative phytochemical analysis of leaves of ten medicinal plants. These are Bauhinia
variegata Linn. (Caesalpiniaceae), Calotropis procera (Ait.) R.Br. (Asclepiadaceae), Catharanthus roseus (Linn.) Don.
(Apocynaceae), Lantana camara (Linn.) Var. (Verbenaceae), Mangifera indica Linn. (Anacardiaceae), Moringa oleifera
Lamk. (Moringaceae), Ocimum sanctum Linn. (Lamiaceae), Pithecellobium dulce (Roxb) Benth. (Mimosaceae), Solanum
nigrum Linn. (Solanaceae), Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Mier. ex Hook. f. and Th. (Menispermaceae). Methonolic
extracts of powder of leaves were screened for qualitative determination of different phytochemicals like alkaloids,
carbohydrates, glycosides, phytosterols, flavonoids, protein and amino acid, diterpenes, phenols and tannin. All plant
materials were collected from Shivpuri district (M.P.).
Key-words- Medicinal plants, Phytochemical study, Methanolic extracts
Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from Natural Productssenaimais
This document discusses supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) as an alternative to conventional extraction methods for bioactive compounds from natural products. SFE uses carbon dioxide above its critical temperature and pressure, allowing it to have properties between a gas and liquid. SFE can provide higher extraction yields, control over the solute composition extracted, and retention of antioxidant and antimicrobial activities compared to low pressure extractions. The document reviews extraction of natural products, their biological activities, and conventional extraction methods before introducing SFE as a more effective technique.
Natural products, including medicinal plants, have traditionally played an important role in drug discovery. Even today with advanced technology, we rely on natural products to develop drugs, though we can now modify them. The document examines the plant Schumannianthus dichotomus, determining its phytochemicals, evaluating its pharmacological properties beyond traditional uses, and comparing activities between leaf and rhizome extracts. It finds the plant shows antioxidant, membrane stabilizing and thrombolytic activities, suggesting it warrants further study for new drug development.
Antibacterial activity of naturally obtained plant that gives a antibacterial activity and some anti malarial activity functions also.This plant majorly seen in hills areas.
Study of the antibacterial activities of soursop (annona muricata l.) leavesAstri Xiao Lu
The document summarizes a study that investigated the antibacterial activities of methanol extract and chloroform fraction of soursop (Annona muricata L.) leaves against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The methanol extract showed inhibition zones of 14.1 mm against S. aureus and 13.1 mm against E. coli at a concentration of 150 mg/ml. At 250 mg/ml, the methanol extract inhibited E. coli with a zone of 14.5 mm. The chloroform fraction only inhibited S. aureus with a zone of 9.9 mm at 150 mg/ml. The methanol extract demonstrated higher antibacterial activity compared to the chloroform fraction against both bacterial strains.
Qualitative Phytochemical Screening and Antimicrobial Activity Evaluation of ...Paulo Cumbane
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the antimicrobial activity and qualitative phytochemical screening of extracts from the bulb of Gladiolus psittacinus Hook. In Mozambique, the bulb is traditionally used to treat various ailments. The study extracted dried and fresh bulb samples using different solvents and tested the extracts against several bacteria and fungi. Most extracts showed strong inhibitory activity against Candida albicans, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The aqueous extract revealed antagonism with ciprofloxacin while the fresh bulb juice showed an additive effect. The study aimed to validate traditional medicinal uses of G. psittacinus through antimicrobial and phytochem
This document discusses guidelines for standardizing herbal drugs and herbal formulations. It provides details on various parameters for standardization including macroscopic, microscopic, physical, chemical and biological studies. Some key points covered are methods for determining moisture content, extractive values, ash values, volatile oil content, and biological activities like bitterness value, haemolytic activity and tannin content. The document emphasizes the importance of quality control and standardization of herbal drugs and formulations to ensure identity, purity and consistency in their composition.
The document summarizes a study on the antimicrobial activity of three Lippia species from Brazil: L. alnifolia, L. origanoides, and L. thymoides. Extracts from different parts of the plants were tested against bacteria and yeast using agar disk diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration assays. L. origanoides leaf extracts showed the broadest antimicrobial action against all test microbes. Fractionation of the L. origanoides crude extract improved its activity, and phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of compounds like terpenes and flavonoids that are known to have antimicrobial properties. The results provide preliminary support for the traditional use of these Lippia species as antiseptic
Analysis of phytochemical constituents and antimicrobial activities in aloe veraWan Syafawani
This document analyzes the phytochemical constituents and antimicrobial activities of Aloe vera against clinical pathogens. It identifies 26 bioactive phytochemical compounds in the ethanolic extract of Aloe vera using GC-MS analysis. It also finds that Aloe vera exhibits the highest antibacterial activity against Streptococcus pyogenes and Pseudomonas aeroginosa, and the highest antifungal activity against Aspergillus flavus. However, further research is needed to better understand the effects of oral ingestion and define the clinical effectiveness of Aloe vera.
A comparative study of In-vitro Thrombolytic activity and Anti-inflammatory a...Anindya_shuvo773
The document presents research on the thrombolytic and anti-inflammatory properties of methanolic leaf extracts of Blumea lacera and Acanthus ilicifolius. In vitro assays found that the B. lacera extract had 49.27% clot lysis compared to 38.25% for A. ilicifolius, with streptokinase as the positive control at 69.34%. Anti-inflammatory assays showed the B. lacera extract inhibited protein denaturation by 64.56% versus 45.27% for A. ilicifolius, compared to the standard acetyl salicylic acid. Overall, the results indicate the leaf extracts of both plants show significant thrombolytic and anti-
This document discusses the industrial production of the secondary metabolite forskolin from the plant Coleus forskohlii. It describes how hairy root cultures can be established from the plant using Agrobacterium rhizogenes to produce forskolin through biotechnological methods. This allows for a controlled production of forskolin independent of wild plant sources and helps conserve C. forskohlii populations by reducing demand for wild-harvested plants. Hairy root cultures were shown to produce detectable levels of forskolin through HPLC analysis.
This document summarizes a research study that evaluated the antimicrobial activity of methanol extracts from several medicinal plants (Acacia nilotica, Withania somnifera, Ziziphus mauritiana, Tinospora cordifolia) against three bacterial species (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli). The study found that extracts from the plant leaves and barks possessed antimicrobial properties, with minimum inhibitory concentration values ranging from 7.5-23 mm depending on the plant and bacterial species. The results indicate these plants have potential as sources of antimicrobial compounds.
Extraction and phytochemical analysis of medicinal plantsShameem_Byadgi
This study investigated the phytochemical constituents and total phenolic content of several medicinal plants. Plant materials were extracted using different solvents and subjected to qualitative and quantitative analysis. Qualitative testing identified the presence of compounds like phenols, tannins, flavonoids, saponins, alkaloids, etc. Total phenolic and flavonoid content was determined using spectrophotometric methods. The results showed that the plants contained valuable phytochemicals and could be a potential source of drugs. The methanol extracts generally had the highest concentration of phytochemicals.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This document discusses phytochemical screening and biological activity of medicinal plants. It provides information on extraction techniques used to isolate phytochemicals from plants, including maceration, digestion, decoction, percolation, soxhlet extraction, and sonication. Qualitative and quantitative analysis methods are described for detecting various phytochemicals like alkaloids, carbohydrates, saponins, phytosterols, phenolic compounds, tannins, flavonoids, proteins, amino acids, and terpenoids. The factors that influence extraction quality like solvent, temperature, and particle size are also summarized.
This is an Engg Biotechnology project based on medicinal plant i.e singapore cherry or jamaican cherry tree (scientific name Muntingia calabure ), we did in 2013 in GMIT college Davangere, karanataka, India. i have complete project detail what we did..,
IOSRPHR(www.iosrphr.org) IOSR Journal of Pharmacyiosrphr_editor
The study evaluated the antimicrobial and phytochemical properties of organic solvent extracts of Calotropis gigantea leaves. Ethanol and methanol extracts showed the highest antimicrobial activity against bacterial and fungal pathogens compared to chloroform and n-hexane extracts. The ethanol extract was most effective against Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis, Proteus mirablis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of cardiac glycosides, saponins, flavonoids, steroids and terpenoids in the extracts. The results confirm the antimicrobial activity of C. gigantea extracts against human pathogens.
IOSRPHR(www.iosrphr.org) IOSR Journal of Pharmacyiosrphr_editor
This study evaluated the antimicrobial and phytochemical properties of Calotropis gigantea leaf extracts. The leaves were extracted using ethanol, methanol, chloroform and n-hexane solvents. The extracts were tested for antimicrobial activity against various bacteria and fungi using the agar well diffusion method. The ethanol extract showed the highest antimicrobial activity against pathogens like Candida albicans and Proteus mirablis. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of compounds like alkaloids, tannins, saponins, flavonoids, terpenoids in the extracts. The results confirm that C. gigantea extracts have antibacterial and antifungal properties against human pathogens.
The document summarizes a study that investigated the phytochemical composition and antimicrobial activity of dried seed extracts of Maranthes polyandra. Key findings include:
1) Preliminary phytochemical screening revealed the presence of steroidal triterpenes, cardiac glycosides, and trace amounts of alkaloids in the chloroform, ethyl acetate, and methanol extracts.
2) The ethyl acetate extract exhibited the highest inhibition zone (29mm) against Candida stellatoidea. Ethyl acetate and methanol extracts inhibited growth of many test organisms at a concentration of 3.75mg/mL.
3) The minimum bactericidal/fungicidal concentration of most extracts against
Phytochemical Potential and Antimicrobial Activity of Andrographispaniculataiosrjce
The Herbal medicine today ensures safety in contrast to the synthetic preparations. Herbs the Nature’s
Physician, have been reported as an important source of medicine for years and years. Using of herbs for
curing diseases dated back to prehistory and people of all continents have this old tradition.Recently, wide
research proposals highlight the property of medico potential from phytalsources. My herb of interest is also the
above said, ofcourseAndrographispaniculata (Acanthaceae) is a medicinal plant used for the treatment of
various ailments, which has been documented in history of all civilizations. The present study is to learn the
phytochemical properties and the antimicrobial activity of the above using disc diffusion method
PRELIMINARY PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS AND ANTI-MICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF MURRAYA KOI...Hima Haridasan
This document summarizes a study on the antimicrobial properties of Murraya koenigii leaves. Phytochemical analysis of the methanolic extract of the leaves revealed the presence of tannins, phenols, flavonoids, terpenoids, quinones, steroids, carbohydrates, proteins and amino acids. Antibacterial analysis showed the extract inhibited the growth of 3 gram-positive bacteria, with Staphylococcus being the most susceptible. The extract did not inhibit the 2 gram-negative bacteria or 3 fungal strains tested. The study demonstrates antimicrobial activity of M. koenigii leaves, supporting its traditional uses.
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
1. The study aimed to evaluate the in-vitro and in-vivo antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of Thunbergia grandiflora and perform HPTLC fingerprinting and quantification of bioactive compounds.
2. Preliminary phytochemical screening of plant extracts showed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, saponins, carbohydrates, steroids and terpenoids. In-vitro assays demonstrated antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects.
3. HPTLC fingerprinting was conducted and total phenolic content was found to be 233.6 mg GAE/g extract while total flavonoid content was 275.3 mg QE/g
This document summarizes the standardization and in vitro screening of selected plants for pharmacological properties. It describes the aims to standardize plants according to WHO guidelines and screen for anti-diabetic activity. The methodology involves standardizing the selected plant Daucus carota by evaluating various physicochemical parameters like organoleptic properties, foreign matter, moisture content, ash values, density and angle of repose. It also involves preliminary phytochemical analysis and in vitro assays for antioxidant and alpha amylase inhibition potential. The results show Daucus carota has properties like light yellow color, fruity odor, sweet taste. It reports values for parameters like tapped density, bulk density, Carr's index, Hausner's ratio
This document summarizes a student's evaluation of the antioxidant and anthelminthic activity of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis leaf extract. The student conducted phytochemical screening of the leaf extract, which showed the presence of alkaloids, amino acids, flavonoids, cardiac glycosides, saponins, carbohydrates, phenols, and tannins. Anthelminthic assays found that the extract paralyzed and killed earthworms in a time-dependent manner. Antioxidant assays determined the extract had DPPH radical scavenging, hydrogen peroxide scavenging, and NO radical scavenging activities with IC50 values of 188.17 μg/ml,
This study evaluated the antimicrobial properties of three local Guyanese fruits - Morinda citrifolia (Noni), Persea americana (Avocado), and Musa sapientum (Banana). Fruit extracts were tested against bacterial and fungal strains using disc diffusion methods. The extracts showed antimicrobial activity against certain pathogens. Staphylococcus was most susceptible while Candida albicans was most resistant. Avocado extracts were effective against both bacteria and fungi. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of compounds like tannins and flavonoids in the fruit extracts that could contribute to antimicrobial effects. Statistical analysis showed ethanol extracts had significant antimicrobial activity while hexane and water extracts did not.
Phytochemical screening and antibacterial properties from extract of Alchorne...Uploadworld
This study involved a survey on the use of extract of Alchornea cordifolia a medicinal plant used locally in Cameroon as traditional medicine for the treatment of infectious diseases.
Microbial assays or microbiological assays could be a sort of bioassays designed to analyse the compounds or substances that have impact on micro-organisms. They help to estimate concentration and efficiency of antibiotics. Also facilitate in determination of the simplest anti-biotic appropriate for patient recovery.
This study evaluated the antibacterial activity of Moringa oleifera leaf extracts against selected bacterial pathogens. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids and saponins in the chloroform and aqueous extracts. The chloroform extract showed the highest inhibitory activity against E. coli, S. typhi and P. aeruginosa. The minimum inhibitory concentration ranged from 10-20mg/ml while the minimum bactericidal concentration ranged from 20-40mg/ml. The results suggest that M. oleifera leaf extracts have antibacterial properties and could be further explored as potential antibacterial agents.
Exploring the Mycobactericidal potential of vitamin C rich fruits TARUNSAROCH
Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the infective agent of tuberculosis(TB) Causes one of the world’s most devastating global health crisis
The treatment of drug-susceptible TB lasts more than six-months and require the use of drugs to achieve a cure, whereas for XDR treatment lasts for more than1 year
The two most effective first- line TB drugs for drug susceptible TB are isoniazid (INH) and rifampicin(RIF), which has to be taken for six months.
The long treatment period is of major concern as it leads to the development of the drug resistant TB.
The study found that anti-tuberculosis drugs killed more bacteria in laboratory when the mice received vitamin C.
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
This seminar discusses extraction and analysis of phytochemicals from medicinal plants. It begins with an introduction to medicinal plants as a source of traditional and modern medicines. It then covers various extraction techniques including maceration, digestion, decoction, soxhlet extraction, and sonication. The document discusses factors that influence extraction quality and choice of solvents. It also describes qualitative and quantitative analysis methods for identifying phytochemicals like phenolics, flavonoids, terpenoids, alkaloids, and other compounds. Case studies are presented demonstrating extraction and analysis of specific plants.
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2. Contents:
Introduction
Aim and Objectives
Materials and Methods
Results and Discussion
Summary and Conclusion
Future line of Investigation
References
3. Vegetables play an important role in human nutrition.
They supply dietary fiber and are important sources of essential vitamins, minerals, and trace
elements.
When vegetables are included in the diet, there is found to be a reduction in the incidence
of cancer, stroke, cardiovascular disease, and other chronic diseases varies considerably; some vegetables
contains useful amounts of protein though generally they contain little fat, and varying proportions of
vitamins such as vitamin A, vitamin K, and vitamin B6 and carbohydrates.
Many nutritionists encourage people to consume plenty of fruit and vegetables, five or more portions a
day often being recommended.
Introduction
4. Vegetables possess immunomodulatory and antioxidant properties, leading to antibacterial activities.
The use of vegetable extracts and phytochemicals, both with known antimicrobial properties, can be of
great significance in therapeutic treatments.
They are known to have versatile immunomodulatory activity by stimulating both non-specific and specific
immunity.
Many vegetables have been used because of their antimicrobial traits, which are due to compounds
synthesized in the “secondary” metabolism of them.
Many plants belonging to the Tomato, Cucumber, cabbage , beetroot and carrot family, have a history
of health and fitness. Best known are beetroot,turmeric and tomato.
5. Aim and Objectives
The objectives of the present study are as follows:
Extraction of Phytochemicals from Vegetables using Methanol and Chloroform.
To estimate phytochemicals of Brassica oleraceae, Solanum lycopersicum, Beta vulgaris, Daucus carota
and Cucumis sativus.
To determine Antibacterial effects of vegetables extracts and to make it more effective than commercial
antiobiotics by using Zingiber offinale (ginger) extract with vegetables against Bacterial strains.
To determine antioxidant activity of vegetable extract with and without Zingiber offinale.
6. Collection and Proceesing of Vegetables
Fresh Vegetables were collected and washed
properly with tap water
Rinsed with distilled water
Allowed the vegetables to dry for 2-3 days in shade
Crushed the vegetables with mechanical grinder.
Made dry powder of it
Stored the fine powder in airtight container in
refrigerator(4⁰C)
Prepararion of Vegetable Extracts
20 Grams dried powder + 150mL 90% Alcohol/
Chloroform
Kept on rotary shaker for 24 hours and than filterd
The liquid was stained off. The solid material was
pressed and than liquid was clarified using
muslin cloth
filtrates were air dried at room temperature.Moisture
was removed by vaccum oven( 50 ⁰C- 55 ⁰C)
Dried extracts were weighted to analyze the total
extract yield. Dissolved in Dimethyl sulfoxide
(DMSO). Stored in refrigerator for further use.
7. Microorganisms and Culture Conditions
• Grams positive bacteria:- Staphylococcus
aureus, Bacillis subtilis and Bacillus cereus.
• Gram negative bacteria:-Salmonella typhi,
Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia.
• All cultures were maintain by sub culturing on
nutrient agar slant and stored at 4°C in
refrigerator.
Culture media and Inoculums
preparation
• The different bacterial strain like gram positive
(staphylococcus aureus, Bacillissubtilis, Bacillus
cereus) and gram negative (Salmonella
typhi,Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia)
were inoculated in nutrient broth at 37°C for 24
hours.
8. Phytochemical analysis of different vegetable extracts
• Phytochemical analysis of methanol and chloroform extract were studied by following
methods, Steroids by Salkowski test, Flavonoids with the use of lead acetate, Saponins by foam test,
Tannins by ferric chloride test, Alkaloids by Mayer’s test, Carbohydrates by Molish test, Test for
Quinones and Reducing sugar by Benedict’s test
Test for Alkaloid:
•0.5mL extract+10mL
alcohol (boiled &filtered)
•5 ml filtrate+2mL dil
ammonia+5mL Chloroform
•Shake it gently& add mayers
reagent. Reddish brown preci
-pitates confirms positive
result
Test for Flavanoides:N
aOH Test:
•1-2 drops of aqueous NaO
H + few drops of HCL + 2
ml of vegetable extract
•yellow orange colour
Confirm positive result
Test for Tannins:Ferric
Chloride Test
•2 ml of vegetable extract+1
mL alcohol + 1 ml of neutral
ferric chloride
•blue or greenish colour
confirms positive result
Test for saponins:
Foam Test
•3 ml of water+ 2 ml of
vegetable extract(Shake it
vigorously)
•foam indicates the
presence of saponins
Test for Carbohydrates:
Molisch’s Test
•Few drops of Molisch’s
Reagent+ 1 ml extract followed
by 1mL of Conc. H2SO4
( Allowed
to stand for 2mins.)
•diluted with 5 ml of distilled
water . Red or dull violet
color at
Test for Steroids :
Salkowski Test
•2 ml of chloroform+ 0.5gm
extract+3mL Conc. H2SO4
to form layer
• reddish brown coloration
of the interface indicates
positive result
Test for Quinones:
Few drops of extracts+2 ml
of Con. HCL. yellow colour
precipitate indicates the
presence of quinones.
Test for Reducing sugar :
Benedicts test
•Few drops of extract+2ml
of Conc. HCL
•yellow color indicates the
presence of reducing sugar
9. Determination of Antimicrobial activity
Antibacterial activity of individual Vegetable extract,
mixture of three vegetable extract and mixture of all five
vegetable extract mixed with and without Zingiber offiinale
(ginger) against pathogen
• Well difusion method was performed for
antimicrobial activity of vegetable extract
• The lawn culture test organisms on nutrient agar
media were used and wells were made on
imoculated plates.
• Individual extract, mixture of three extracts and
mixture of five extracts with and without
Zingiber offiinale (ginger) were added in three
different wells (50 mg/ml,500 µl).
• Allowed to diffuse extract for 24hours and
incubated at 37˚C
• Determination was done by measuring
diameterof zone size
Antibacterial activity of Antibiotic against
pathogen
• Twelve different Antibiotics were used for
screening
• The lawn culture of test organisms on nutrient
agar media were used and wells were made on
imoculated plates.
• Antibiotics (50mg/ml,500 µl) was added into the
well
• Allowed to diffuse extract for 24hours and
incubated at 37˚C
• Determination was done by measuring
diameterof zone size
Nutrient broth was used as the media for culturing of bacterial strains . A loop full of bacterial culture were
inoculated in nutrient broth and incubated at 37˚C for 24 hours.
10. MIC (Minimum inhibitory concentration) determination: Agar macro-dilution method for
various vegetable extracts (Indiviual vegetable extract, mixture of three vegetable extract
and mixture of all five vegetable extract)without Zingiber offiinale (ginger) and with
Zingiber offiinale (ginger)
Microbes inoculated in flask containing 50mL nutient broth
flask incubated at 37˚C for 24 hour .Referred as seeded broth.
Muller hinton agar plates were made and inoculated.
Swabbing of test organisms from the seeded broth was done on
Muller hinton agar plates
After solidification of agar, 6mm wells were made by punching.
from 2,00,000 µg/ml to 195.31µg/ml concentration, extracts
were added in wells
Incubated for 24hours at 37˚C
MIC was defined as lowest concentration of extract in which no
growth was observed after incubation .
11. Antioxidant activity of various vegetable extracts (Indiviual vegetable extract,
mixture of three vegetable extract, mixture of all five vegetable extract)without
Zingiber offiinale (ginger) and with Zingiber offiinale (ginger)
A) Reducing power activity
• Extract (20, 40, 60, 80, 100 μg)+1.0 mL deionised
water +1.0 mL of 0.2 M phosphate buffer (pH
6.6)+1.0 mL of 1% potassium ferricyanide
Incubated at 50 °C for 20 min
1.0 ml of 10% trichloroacetic acid (TCA)
was centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 10 min.
2.5 ml supernatent+2.5 mL deionised water+0.5mL 0.1%
ferric chloride
absorbance was measured at 700 nm
higher absorbance indicates a higher reducing power.
B) Ames test
• 500µl (50 mg/ml) of extract was applied at centre of
glucose minimal agar plate seeded with test
organisms.
• Extract diffusion into the agar concentration gradient
is formedIf the chemical is mutagenic it will give
rise to a ring of revertant colonies surrounding the
area where the extract was applied. If the extract is
toxic it will give rise to zone of inhibition of growth.
Ethydium bromide was used as positive control to
determine the mutagenic effect of the extract
15. ⁕Table 4 Antibacterial activity of Methanol extract of individual vegetables mixed with
Zingiber offiinale (ginger).
Test organisms
Brassica
Oleracae+G
Solanum
lycopersicm+
G
Beta
vulgaris+G
Daucus
carota+G
Cucumis
sativus+G
Escherichia
coli
16 33 17 11 34
Klebsiella
pneumonia
22 13 12 14 28
Salmonella
typhi
11 20 23 24 26
Staphylococccus
aureus
16 22 19 15 23
Bacillus cereus 13 19 25 17 21
Bacillus subtilis 17 13 26 20 15
Zone of inhibition in mm
16. ⁕ Table 5 Antibacterial activity of Methanol mixture of three vegetable extract
Test organisms SL+DC+BV DC+BV+BO BV+BO+CS BO+CS+SL DC+CS+SL CS+BV+DC
Escherichia
coli
19 23 27 23 22 22
Klebsiella
pneumonia
22 20 30 26 23 23
Salmonella
typhi
24 20 19 25 20 20
Staphylococcus
aureus
24 25 28 23 20 20
Bacillus cereus 26 28 30 35 20 20
Bacillus subtilis 25 24 24 30 21 21
Zone of inhibition in mm
17. ⁕Table 6 Antibacterial activity of Methanol mixture of three vegetable extract mixed with
Zingiber offiinale (ginger)
Test organisms SL+DC+BV
+G
DC+BV+BO
+G
BV+BO+CS
+G
BO+CS+SL
+G
DC+CS+SL
+G
CS+BV+DC
+G
Escherichia
coli
25 31 35 29 28 32
Klebsiella
pneumonia
30 33 37 34 30 31
Salmonella
typhi
29 27 26 31 30 35
Staphylococcus
aureus
35 34 34 31 31 35
Bacillus cereus 33 36 37 40 30 33
Bacillus subtilis 32 31 31 36 29 28
Zone of inhibition in mm
18. Test organism
SL +BO +BV +DC +
CS
Escherichia coli 29
Klebsiella pneumonia 34
Salmonella typhi
36
Staphylococcus aureus
28
Bacillus cereus
30
Bacillus subtilis
33
⁕Table 7 Antibacterial activity of methanol extract
of mixture of all five vegetables
⁕Table 8 Antibacterial activity of methanol extract
of mixture of all five vegetable extract mixed with
Zingiber offiinale (Ginger)
Zone of inhibition in
mm
Test organism
SL +BO +BV +DC + CS +G
Escherichia coli 29
Klebsiella pneumonia 34
Salmonella typhi 36
Staphylococcus aureus 28
Bacillus cereus 30
Bacillus subtilis 33
Zone of inhibition in mm
19. Fig.1 Methenol extract of Cucumis
sativus mixed with Zingiber offiinale
(ginger) and Cucumis sativus
individual against Escherichia coli
Fig.2 Methanol extract of mixture
of BV+BO+CS and BV+BO+CS+
G against Bacillus cereus
Fig.3 Methanol extract Mixture of all
five vegetables with and without
Zingiber offiinale)
21. ⁕Table 10Antibacterial activity of chloroform extract of individual vegetables with
Zingiber offiinale (ginger)
Test organisms Zone of inhibition in mm
Brassica
Oleracae+
G
Solanum
lycopersicm
+G
Beta
vulgaris+
G
Daucus
carota+
G
Cucumis
sativus+
G
Escherichia
coli
16 33 17 11 34
Klebsiella pneu
monia
22 13 12 14 28
Salmonella
typhi
11 20 23 24 26
Staphylococccus
aureus
16 22 19 15 23
Bacillus cereus 13 19 25 17 21
Bacillus subtilis 17 13 26 20 15
22. ⁕Table 11 Antibacterial activity of chloroform mixture of three vegetable extract
Test organisms
Zone of inhibiton in mm
SL+D
C+BV
DC+B
V+BO
BV+B
O+CS
BO+C
S+SL
DC+C
S+SL
CS+B
V+DC
Escherichia coli 13 17 23 24 23 21
Klebsiella pneumonia 20 20 28 24 22 23
Salmonella typhi 23 22 21 24 19 27
Staphylococcus aureus 23 24 24 25 24 25
Bacillus cereus 25 27 32 30 22 27
Bacillus subtilis 27 26 25 28 21 22
23. *Table 12 Antibacterial activity of Chloroform mixture of three vegetable extract mixed with
Zingiber offiinale (ginger)
Test organisms
Zone of inhibition in mm
SL+DC
+BV+G
DC+ BV+
BO+ G
BV+BO
+CS+ G
BO+CS
+SL+G
DC+CS+
SL+G
CS+BV
+DC+G
Escherichia coli 25 24 24 25 29 31
Klebsiella pneumonia 29 31 35 37 31 30
Salmonella typhi 28 28 27 33 28 34
Staphylococcus aureus 33 30 31 30 30 32
Bacillus cereus 31 33 36 38 27 31
Bacillus subtilis 30 30 32 34 26 27
24. Test organism
SL +BO +BV +DC + CS
Escherichia coli 29
Klebsiella pneumonia 34
Salmonella typhi 36
Staphylococcus aureus 28
Bacillus cereus 30
Bacillus subtilis 33
Test organism Zone of inhibition in mm
SL +BO +BV +DC + CS +G
Escherichia coli 29
Klebsiella pneumonia 34
Salmonella typhi 36
Staphylococcus aureus 28
Bacillus cereus 30
Bacillus subtilis 33
Zone of Inhibition in mm
*Table 13 Antibacterial activity of Chloroform
extract of mixture of all five vegetables
*Table 14 Antibacterial activity of Chloroform
extract of mixture of all five vegetables mixed with
Zingiber offiinale (Ginger) .
25. Brassica Oleracae, Solanum
lycopersim, Beta vulgaris and
Cucumis sativus against
Escherichia coli
FigChloroform extract of SL+DC+
BV, DC+BV+BO, BV+BO+CS and
BO+CS+SL mixed with Zingiber
offiinale (ginger) against
Escherichia coli
Chloroform extract of Mixture
of all five vegetables with and
without Zingiber offiinale
against Bacillus cereus
27. • The antimicrobial activity of antibiotics against test organisms were performed and sensitivity of organisms
was known. Test organisms were sensitive to Levofloxacin(100%), Oxacillin (50%), Ampicillin (66.66%),
Gentamycin ( 83.3%), Cefluzidin (33.3%), Vancomycin (16%), Tetracyclin (50%), Neomycin (33.3%) and
Chloramphenicol (66.66%). Organisms were found resistant against Piperacillin, Methicillin and
Clindamycin.
Bacillus cereus is
sensitive to
Levofloxacin, Oxacillin,
and Gentamycin and is
ressistent to Piperacillin
Bacillus cereus is sensitive
to Cefluzidin and resistant
to Methicillin,
Clindamycin and
Vancomycin
28. MIC of Methanol extract of. Brassica Oleracae for various microorganisms
The MIC value of methanol extracts of Brassica Oleracae was found to be 100,000 µg/ml against
Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumonia.
MIC of chloroform extract of. Brassica Oleracae for various microorganisms
The MIC value of methanol extracts of Brassica Oleracae was found to be 100,000 µg/ml against Bacillus
subtilis and Klebsiella pneumonia.
MIC of Methanol extract of. Brassica Oleracae with Zingiber offiinale for various microorganisms
The MIC value of methanol extracts of Brassica Oleracae with Zingiber offiinale was found to be 50,000
µg/ml against Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhi.
MIC of chloroform extract of Brassica Oleracae with Zingiber offiinale for various microorganisms
The MIC value of methanol extracts of Brassica Oleracae was found to be 50,000 µg/ml against Bacillus
subtilis and Klebsiella pneumonia.
MIC of Methanol extract of Solanum lycopersicum for various microorganisms
The MIC value of methanol extracts of Solanum lycopersicum was found to be 100,000 µg/ml against
Bacillus subtilis and Klebsiella pneumonia.
MIC of chloroform extract of Solanum lycopersicum for various microorganisms
The MIC value of chloroform extracts of Solanum lycopersicum was found to be 100,000 µg/ml against
Bacillus subtilis..
MIC of Methanol extract of Solanum lycopersicum with Zingiber offiinale for various microorganisms
The MIC value of methanol extracts of Solanum lycopersicum with Zingiber offiinale was found to be
50,000 µg/ml against, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella Pneumonia
29. MIC of chloroform extract of Solanum lycopersicum with Zingiber offiinale for various
microorganisms
The MIC value of methanol extracts of Solanum lycopersicum was found to be 50,000 µg/ml against
Bacillus cereus and Salmonella typhi.
MIC of Methanol extract of Beta vulgaris for various microorganisms
The MIC value of methanol extracts of Beta vulgaris was found to be 100,000 µg/ml against Bacillus
subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi and Klebsiella pneumonia.
MIC of chloroform extract of Beta vulgaris for various microorganisms
The MIC value of chloroform extracts of Beta vulgaris was found to be 100,000 µg/ml against Bacillus
subtilis, Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhi.
MIC of Methanol extract of Beta vulgaris with Zingiber offiinale for various microorganisms
The MIC value of methanol extracts of Beta vulgaris with Zingiber offiinale was found to be 50,000 µg/ml
against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcu aureus Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi and Klebsiella
Pneumonia.
MIC of chloroform extract of Beta vulgaris with Zingiber offiinale for various microorganisms
The MIC value of chloroform extracts of Beta vulgaris was found to be 50,000 µg/ml against
Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella typhi.
MIC of Methanol extract of Daucus carota for various microorganisms
The MIC value of methanol extracts of Daucus carota was found to be 100,000 µg/ml against Bacillus
cereus, bacillu subtilis, Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhi
MIC of chloroform extract of Daucus carota for various microorganisms
The MIC value of chloroform extracts of Daucus carota was found to be 100,000 µg/ml against Bacillus
cereus, bacillus subtilis and Salmonella typhi
30. MIC of Methanol extract of Daucus carota with Zingiber offiinale for various microorganisms
The MIC value of methanol extracts of Daucus carota with Zingiber offiinale was found to be 50,000 µg/ml
against Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcu aureus, Salmonella typhi, and Klebsiella Pneumonia.
MIC of chloroform extract of Daucus carota with Zingiber offiinale for various microorganisms
The MIC value of chloroform extracts of Daucus carota with Zingiber offiinale was found to be 50,000
µg/ml against Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcu aureus, Salmonella typhi, and Klebsiella Pneumonia.
MIC of Methanol extract of Cucumis sativus for various microorganisms
The MIC value of methanol extracts of Daucus carota was found to be 100,000 µg/ml against Bacillus
cereus, bacillu subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia and Salmonella typhi
.
MIC of chloroform extract of Cucumis sativus for various microorganisms
The MIC value of chloroform extracts of Cucumis sativus was found to be 100,000 µg/ml against Bacillus
cereus and Salmonella typhi
MIC of Methanol extract of Cucumis sativus with Zingiber offiinale for various microorganisms
The MIC value of methanol extracts of Cucumis sativus with Zingiber offiinale was found to be 50,000
µg/ml against Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcu aureus and Klebsiella Pneumonia.
MIC of chloroform extract of Cucumis sativus with Zingiber offiinale for various microorganisms
The MIC value of chloroform extracts of Cucumis sativus with Zingiber offiinale was found to be 50,000
µg/ml against Staphylococcu aureus and Klebsiella Pneumonia.
MIC of Methanol extract of mixture of (Solanum lycopersicum, Daucus carota and Beta vulgaris )for
various microorganisms
The MIC value of methanol extracts of mixture of (Solanum lycopersicum, Daucus carota and Beta
vulgaris ) was found to be 25,000 µg/ml against bacillus subtilis and Klebsiella pneumonia
31. MIC of chloroform extract of mixture of (Solanum lycopersicum, Daucus carota and Beta vulgaris)
for various microorganisms
The MIC value of chloroform extracts of mixture of (Solanum lycopersicum, Daucus carota and Beta
vulgaris ) was found to be 25,000 µg/ml against Klebsiella pneumonia.
MIC of Methanol extract of (Solanum lycopersicum, Daucus carota and Beta vulgaris )with Zingiber
offiinale for various microorganisms
The MIC value of Methanol extracts of Solanum lycopersicum, Daucus carota and Beta vulgaris )with
Zingiber offiinale was found to be 12,500 µg/ml against Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli
and Salmonella typhi.
MIC of Methanol extract of (Solanum lycopersicum, Daucus carota and Beta vulgaris )with Zingiber
offiinale for various microorganisms
The MIC value of chloroform extracts of Solanum lycopersicum, Daucus carota and Beta vulgaris )with
Zingiber offiinale was found to be 12,500 µg/ml against Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia
coli.
25 MIC of Methanol extract of mixture of (Daucus carota, Beta vulgaris and Brassica Oleracae )for
various microorganisms
The MIC value of methanol extracts of mixture of (Daucus carota, Beta vulgaris and Brassica Oleracae )
was found to be 25,000 µg/ml against bacillus subtilis Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumonia.
MIC of Chloroform extract of mixture of (Daucus carota, Beta vulgaris and Brassica Oleracae )for
various microorganisms
The MIC value of methanol extracts of mixture of (Daucus carota, Beta vulgaris and Brassica Oleracae )
was found to be 25,000 µg/ml against bacillus subtilis Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumonia.
32. MIC of Methanol extract of (Daucus carota, Beta vulgaris and Brassica Oleracae )with Zingiber
offiinale for various microorganisms
The MIC value of Methanol extracts of (Daucus carota, Beta vulgaris and Brassica Oleracae )s )with
Zingiber offiinale was found to be 12,500 µg/ml against Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella
typhi. and lkebsiella pneumonia
MIC of Chloroform extract of (Daucus carota, Beta vulgaris and Brassica Oleracae )with Zingiber
offiinale for various microorganisms
The MIC value of chloroform extracts of (Daucus carota, Beta vulgaris and Brassica Oleracae ) with
Zingiber offiinale was found to be 12,500 µg/ml against Bacillus cereus, Salmonella typhi. and klebsiella
pneumonia.
MIC of Methanol extract of mixture of (,Beta vulgaris, Brassica Oleracae and cucumis sativu s)for
various microorganisms
The MIC value of methanol extracts of mixture of (Beta vulgaris, Brassica Oleracae and cucumis sativas)
was found to be 25,000 µg/ml against bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia
coli, and Klebsiella pneumonia.
MIC of Chloroform extract of mixture of (Beta vulgaris, Brassica Oleracae and cucumis sativus)for
various microorganisms
The MIC value of chloroform extracts of mixture of (Beta vulgaris, Brassica Oleracae and cucumis
sativas) was found to be 25,000 µg/ml against bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus,
Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella pneumonia.
33. MIC of Methanol extract of (Beta vulgaris, Brassica Oleracae and cucumis sativus) with Zingiber
offiinale for various microorganisms
The MIC value of Methanol extracts of (Beta vulgaris, Brassica Oleracae and cucumis sativus)with
Zingiber offiinale was found to be 12,500 µg/ml against Bacillus cereus, Salmonella typhi. and klebsiella
pneumonia
MIC of Chloroform extract of (Beta vulgaris, Brassica Oleracae and cucumis sativus) with Zingiber
offiinale for various microorganisms
The MIC value of Methanol extracts of (Beta vulgaris, Brassica Oleracae and cucumis sativus)with
Zingiber offiinale was found to be 12,500 µg/ml against Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella
typhi. and klebsiella pneumonia
MIC of Methanol extract of mixture of (Brassica Oleracae, cucumis sativus and (Solanum
lycopersicum )for various microorganisms
The MIC value of methanol extracts of mixture of (Brassica Oleracae, cucumis sativus and (Solanum
lycopersicum ) was found to be 25,000 µg/ml against bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia
coli, and Klebsiella pneumonia.
MIC of Chloroform extract of mixture of (Brassica Oleracae, cucumis sativus and (Solanum
lycopersicum )for various microorganisms
The MIC value of chloroform extracts of mixture of (Brassica Oleracae, cucumis sativus and (Solanum
lycopersicum ) was found to be 25,000 µg/ml against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and
Klebsiella pneumonia.
MIC of Methanol extract of (Brassica Oleracae, cucumis sativus and (Solanum lycopersicum ) with
Zingiber offiinale for various microorganisms
The MIC value of Methanol extracts of (Brassica Oleracae, cucumis sativus and (Solanum
lycopersicum)with Zingiber offiinale was found to be 12,500 µg/ml against Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus
aureus, Salmonella typhi. and klebsiella pneumonia
34. MIC of Chloroform extract of (Brassica Oleracae, cucumis sativus and (Solanum lycopersicum ) with
Zingiber offiinale for various microorganisms
The MIC value of Chloroform extracts of (Brassica Oleracae, cucumis sativus and (Solanum
lycopersicum)with Zingiber offiinale (table 4.51) was found to be 12,500 µg/ml against Bacillus cereus,
Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella typhi.
MIC of Methanol extract of ( Daucus carota, cucumis sativus and solanum lycopersicum) for various
microorganism.
The MIC value of methanol extracts of ( Daucus carota, cucumis sativus and solanum lycopersicum) ( table
4.52) was found to be 25,000 µg/ml against bacillus subtilis, bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus,
Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi and Klebsiella pneumonia.
MIC of Chloroform extract of ( Daucus carota, cucumis sativus and solanum lycopersicum) for various
microorganism.
The MIC value of chloroform extracts of ( Daucus carota, cucumis sativus and solanum lycopersicum) (
table 4.52) was found to be 25,000 µg/ml against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi
and Klebsiella pneumonia.
MIC of Methanol extract of ( Daucus carota, cucumis sativus and solanum lycopersicum) with
Zingiber offiinale for various microorganisms
The MIC value of Methanol extracts of ( Daucus carota, cucumis sativus and solanum lycopersicum) with
Zingiber offiinale (table 4.50) was found to be 12,500 µg/ml against Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus
aureus, Salmonella typhi. and klebsiella pneumonia
MIC of Chloroform extract of ( Daucus carota, cucumis sativus and solanum lycopersicum) with
Zingiber offiinale for various microorganisms
The MIC value of Chloroform extracts of (( Daucus carota, cucumis sativus and solanum lycopersicum)
with Zingiber offiinale (table 4.51) was found to be 12,500 µg/ml against Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus
aureus and Salmonella typhi.
35. MIC of Methanol extract of ( Daucus carota, cucumis sativus and Beta vulgaris for various
microorganism.
The MIC value of methanol extracts of (Daucus carota, cucumis sativus and Beta vulgaris was found to be
25,000 µg/ml against bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi and
Klebsiella pneumonia.
MIC of Chloroform extract of (Daucus carota, cucumis sativus and Beta vulgaris) for various
microorganism.
The MIC value of chloroform extracts of (Daucus carota, cucumis sativus and Beta vulgaris was found to
be 25,000 µg/ml against bacillus cereus, Salmonella typhi and Klebsiella pneumonia.
MIC of Methanol extract of ( Daucus carota, cucumis sativus and Beta vulgaris) with Zingiber
offiinale for various microorganisms
The MIC value of Methanol extracts of (Daucus carota, cucumis sativus and solanum lycopersicum) with
Zingiber offiinale was found to be 12,500 µg/ml against Bacillus cereus,Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus
aureus,Escherichia coli Salmonella typhi. and klebsiella pneumonia
MIC of Chloroform extract of ( Daucus carota, cucumis sativus and Beta vulgaris) with Zingiber
offiinale for various microorganisms
The MIC value of chloroform extracts of ( Daucus carota, cucumis sativus and solanum lycopersicum)
with Zingiber offiinale was found to be 12,500 µg/ml against Bacillus cereus,Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia
coli and klebsiella pneumonia
MIC of Methanol extract of all five vegetables ( Daucus carota, cucumis sativus, Beta vulgaris, Solanum
lycopersicum and Brassica oleracae for various microorganism
The MIC value of methanol extracts of all five vegetables (Daucus carota, cucumis sativus, Beta vulgaris,
Solanum lycopersicum and Brassica oleracae) was found to be 6,250 µg/ml against bacillus cereus and
bacillus subtilis.
36. MIC of Chloroform extract of all five vegetables ( Daucus carota, cucumis sativus, Beta vulgaris,
Solanum lycopersicum and Brassica oleracae for various microorganism
The MIC value of chloroform extracts of all five vegetables (Daucus carota, cucumis sativus, Beta vulgaris,
Solanum lycopersicum and Brassica oleracae) was found to be 6,250 µg/ml against bacillus subtilis.
MIC of Methanol extract of all five vegetables ( Daucus carota, cucumis sativus, Beta vulgaris, Solanum
lycopersicum and Brassica oleracae) with Zingiber offiinale for various microorganism
The MIC value of methanol extracts of all five vegetables (Daucus carota, cucumis sativus, Beta vulgaris,
Solanum lycopersicum and Brassica oleracae) was found to be 3,125 µg/ml against bacillus cereus,bacillus
subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus,Escherichia coli, Salmonella tyhi and Klebsiella pneumonia..
MIC of Chloroform extract of all five vegetables ( Daucus carota, cucumis sativus, Beta vulgaris,
Solanum lycopersicum and Brassica oleracae) with Zingiber offiinale for various microorganism
The MIC value of chloroform extracts of all five vegetables (Daucus carota, cucumis sativus, Beta vulgaris,
Solanum lycopersicum and Brassica oleracae) was found to be 3,125 µg/ml against bacillus cereus,bacillus
subtils, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumonia..
41. 0.98
0.99
1
1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
20
40
60
80
100
Reducingpoweractivity
(ODat700nm)
Concentration
Methanol
Chlorofo…
0.98
1
1.02
1.04
1.06
20 40 60 80 100
Reducingpower
activity(ODat700nm)
Concentration
(a)Brassica oleracae + Beta vulgaris+ Daucus carota+
Solanum lycopersicum+ Cucumis sativus
(b) Brassica oleracae + Beta vulgaris +Daucus carota
+Solanum lycopersicum + Cucumis sativus +
Zingiber offinale
•In order to evaluate reducing power activity, all the extract were incubated with ferricyanide complex and observed for their
efficiency to reduce this complex in ferrous form.
•The results obtained from the sets of experiments showed that, maximum reduction of ferricyanide complex was observed with
Brassica oleracae + Beta vulgaris +Daucus carota +Solanum lycopersicum + Cucumis sativus + Zingiber offinale (1.056).
•In order to evaluate reducing power activity, all the extract were incubated with ferricyanide complex and observed for their
efficiency to reduce this complex in ferrous form.
•The results obtained from the sets of experiments showed that, maximum reduction of ferricyanide complex was observed with
(j) Daucus carota+Cucumis sativus+ Solanum lycopersicum+ Zingiber offinale (0.493).
Reducing power activity of five mixture of vegetables with and without Zingiber offinale
42. Ames test
• The spot test was done as described by Ames and Whitfield., (1966) by applying 500µl
(50 µg/ml) of the Vegestable extracts with and without zingiber offinale to the centre
of a glucose minimal agar plate seeded with test organisms.
• If the chemical is mutagenic it will give rise to a ring of revertant colonies surrounding
the area where the extract was applied.
• The results observed shows that no ring of revertant colonies were observed
surrounding the area of extracts in glucose minimal agar plate.
• Thus, the extract of both all the vegetables can be considered as non carcinogenic
compound.