This presentation by CIFOR scientist Herry Purnomo held at The Jakarta Foreign Correspondents Club during a panel discussion on the Indonesian fires and haze focuses on the stakeholders involved in the haze issue, socio-economic drivers leading to it, policy and governance and the way forward with the landscape approach in connection to haze.

1. Haze Crisis and Landscape Approach
Herry Purnomo
The Jakarta Foreign Correspondents Club, Jakarta, 2 July 2014

2. Structure
• Fires and haze
• The stakeholders
• Socio-economic drivers
• Policy and governance
• Ways forward: Landscape approach

3. Fires and Haze
On 21 June 2013:
atmospheric
pollution levels
reached record
high in Indonesia,
Singapore and
Malaysia due to
haze from fires in
Sumatra
Gaveau et al. 2014

4. Gaveau et al. 2014

5. • The fires in Riau were not an accident.
Gaveau et al. 2014
Rainfall deficit in
May and June 2013
uly ug ept ct ov ec an eb ar pr ay une

6. • An estimated 163,336 ha (including 137,044 ha, or 84% on peat)
burned
Gaveau et al. 2014

7. • 52% of total burned area was within concessions, but 60% of this (50,248 ha; or 31%
of total burned area) was occupied by smallholders
• 48% of total burned areas was outside concessions (production forest)
Gaveau et al. 2014

8. A typical
Industrial
planted
forest
concession
Gaveau et al. 2014

9. Verchot, 2014
• The 2013 fires are part of the process that converts forests to agricultural
plantations.

10. • Large-scale paper-pulp plantation
companies say they are “the
victim” in the haze crisis.
• Small-scale community groups say
the same, complain of being
scapegoated and pushed aside.
• Power imbalance among local
communities, government and
commercial companies.
Stakeholders

11. • There is a lack of capacity to fight the fires
• Different agencies within government show disagreement over
responsibility over fires
• Fires and haze: consequences of the battle among indigenous
population vs. migrants vs. large companies (Al Azhar, Lembaga
Adat Melayu Riau, 2014)

12. • Lack of appropriate
education of decision
makers, the general
public, and the private
sector
• Poverty and Greed
– The palm oil business is
lucrative
– Poor people to be
‘mobilized’ by the rich to set
fire
– Fire is used as a way to
claim land tenure
– Fire is a way to do business
Socio-economic
drivers

13. Insights from 23 subnational initiatives in six countries
• Tenure is a fundamental challenge
• Disadvantageous economics of REDD+
• Other interventions will be the primary means to reduce
GHG emissions reduction
Learning
from
Global
REDD+
pilots
Sunderlin et al. 2014

14. There are numerous policies with respect to fires, but little
enforcement or monitoring
Policy and Governance
Law 41 (1999) on Forestry
Government Regulation 4 (2001)
on Forest and Land Fires

15. Local News

16. • Integrate research into policy making and actions
• More research needed to address gaps in knowledge
and especially on governance at different levels
• Pay more attention to markets
• Need to pull evidence together
• Law enforcement is main governance problem
• Towards landscape approach
Ways
Forward

17. What is Landscape approach?
Holmgren, 2013
• Landscape = “A place with governance in place”
• A place: A landscape is a geographical area that can be of any size — from
very small to very large.
• with governance in place: There exists institution(s) that will consider options
for the landscape and set priorities.
Landscape objectives and indicators

18. Hypothetical Landscape
Forest core
Forest
edge
Agricultural
mosaic land
Agro-
forrest
Small-scale
forests
Vertical
commodity value
chains
Horizontal
pressure
Market

19. How to do Landscape Approach?
• Defining landscape objective(s)
• Synergizing various interests under
that objective(s): REDD+, Fire and
haze prevention, timber logging,
certification, eco-tourism, green
economy
• With adaptive collaborative
management
• Learning process
• Action research (reflection-planning-
action-monitoring)
• Modeling (soft and hard)
• KPH (Forest Management Unit) is a
place for landscape approach

20. Speech for Rio+21 Summit
We know the problems
We know the solutions
We must act now! SBY@cifor, 2012

21. Thank You
Herry Purnomo
• Scientist at Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR)
• Professor at Bogor Agricultural University (IPB)