The document provides information on the harvesting and processing of cashew nuts. It can be summarized as follows:
1) Cashew apples are harvested approximately two months after fertilization when the fruits have ripened. The fallen fruits are then collected by hand.
2) After harvesting, the nuts need to be dried properly in the sun for 3-4 days to reduce the moisture content below 9% to prevent fungus growth.
3) The dried nuts then undergo processing which includes shelling, drying of kernels to remove the testa, grading of kernels by size and quality, and packing in airtight containers to extend the shelf life. Proper hygiene and safety measures are followed during each processing step.
The document discusses factors to consider when selecting a site for a new cashew plantation, including labor availability, infrastructure, and climatic and soil requirements. It also covers best practices for land preparation such as clearing, leveling, drainage and fire barriers. Proper planting techniques like spacing, staking, and irrigation are important for post-planting care of cashew plants to ensure optimal growth and yield during the critical establishment period. High density planting is also discussed as a method to increase productivity through thinning later on.
The document discusses the growth habits and characteristics of cashew plants. It provides details in 3 paragraphs:
1) Cashew plants are evergreen perennial trees that grow 12-15 feet tall. They have leathery oblong or ovate leaves arranged alternately. The bark secretes a resin for defense.
2) Cashew plants flower from dry weather. The flowers are polygamous, bearing male, female, and bisexual flowers. Pollination relies on insects.
3) The fruit is an edible apple enclosing the cashew nut. Both reach maturity in 60-90 days and fall from the tree.
Cashew is commonly propagated through seeds, which results in genetic variation. Vegetative propagation through methods like grafting, layering, and cuttings conserves the desirable traits of elite mother plants. The document provides detailed instructions on seed collection, storage and sowing techniques. It also describes vegetative propagation methods and nursery management practices like transplanting seedlings, pest and disease control, and preparing plants for field planting. Maintaining proper growing conditions is important for high survival rates of propagated plants.
The document provides details about the mangosteen plant, including its origin in Southeast Asia, appearance, cultivation requirements, propagation methods, pests and diseases. It notes that the mangosteen tree is slow-growing and difficult to propagate, with a long juvenile phase. The fruit has a thick reddish-purple rind covering sweet, acidic, segmented white pulp. Mangosteens require a humid tropical climate with abundant rainfall and shade when young. Propagation is mainly through seeds, which are only viable for a few days.
Soil conditions play a crucial role in successful cashew cultivation. Proper soil management, including maintaining suitable pH and texture, ensures optimal nutrient availability, root development, water retention, and disease resistance for healthy cashew trees and high yields. Soil testing is important to determine soil amendments needed to prepare the soil for cashew planting and ongoing fertility needs. Cashew also requires specific agro-climatic conditions and provides social benefits like employment and income generation in rural communities.
This document provides an overview of garlic, including its introduction, nutritional value, varieties, production, and plant protection. Some key points:
- Garlic is used as a spice and condiment throughout India and has antioxidant properties that promote heart and immune health.
- Major garlic producing countries include the USA, Egypt, China, Korea, and India. The state of Maharashtra is a major producer in India.
- Garlic has high nutritional value and is a source of carbohydrates, protein, phosphorus, vitamins and minerals.
- Popular garlic varieties developed in India include Bhima Omkar, Bhima Purple, and Yamuna Safed-5.
This document provides an overview of cashew cultivation. It discusses the botany of cashew trees, including characteristics, varieties, soil and climate requirements. It also covers propagation methods like seed propagation and vegetative propagation through grafting. Details are given on rootstock and scion selection, grafting techniques, and maintenance of grafts. Other topics include planting, intercropping, training, disease and pest management, harvesting, grading, and post-harvest activities.
Seed productin technology of okra or ladys fingerAminul Haque
Okra is commonly known as 'bhendi' or lady's finger, native to tropical Africa but widely cultivated in South Asia. It grows best in warm temperatures between 18-35°C and requires well-drained soils like sandy loams. Cultural practices for seed production include sowing in rows spaced 60x30-45cm, thinning to one plant per hill, and four hand weedings. Pests like jassids and diseases like yellow vein mosaic are controlled through spraying. Seeds are harvested when pods dry and turn brown, threshed, dried, and processed to yield 1000-1200 kg per hectare.
The document discusses factors to consider when selecting a site for a new cashew plantation, including labor availability, infrastructure, and climatic and soil requirements. It also covers best practices for land preparation such as clearing, leveling, drainage and fire barriers. Proper planting techniques like spacing, staking, and irrigation are important for post-planting care of cashew plants to ensure optimal growth and yield during the critical establishment period. High density planting is also discussed as a method to increase productivity through thinning later on.
The document discusses the growth habits and characteristics of cashew plants. It provides details in 3 paragraphs:
1) Cashew plants are evergreen perennial trees that grow 12-15 feet tall. They have leathery oblong or ovate leaves arranged alternately. The bark secretes a resin for defense.
2) Cashew plants flower from dry weather. The flowers are polygamous, bearing male, female, and bisexual flowers. Pollination relies on insects.
3) The fruit is an edible apple enclosing the cashew nut. Both reach maturity in 60-90 days and fall from the tree.
Cashew is commonly propagated through seeds, which results in genetic variation. Vegetative propagation through methods like grafting, layering, and cuttings conserves the desirable traits of elite mother plants. The document provides detailed instructions on seed collection, storage and sowing techniques. It also describes vegetative propagation methods and nursery management practices like transplanting seedlings, pest and disease control, and preparing plants for field planting. Maintaining proper growing conditions is important for high survival rates of propagated plants.
The document provides details about the mangosteen plant, including its origin in Southeast Asia, appearance, cultivation requirements, propagation methods, pests and diseases. It notes that the mangosteen tree is slow-growing and difficult to propagate, with a long juvenile phase. The fruit has a thick reddish-purple rind covering sweet, acidic, segmented white pulp. Mangosteens require a humid tropical climate with abundant rainfall and shade when young. Propagation is mainly through seeds, which are only viable for a few days.
Soil conditions play a crucial role in successful cashew cultivation. Proper soil management, including maintaining suitable pH and texture, ensures optimal nutrient availability, root development, water retention, and disease resistance for healthy cashew trees and high yields. Soil testing is important to determine soil amendments needed to prepare the soil for cashew planting and ongoing fertility needs. Cashew also requires specific agro-climatic conditions and provides social benefits like employment and income generation in rural communities.
This document provides an overview of garlic, including its introduction, nutritional value, varieties, production, and plant protection. Some key points:
- Garlic is used as a spice and condiment throughout India and has antioxidant properties that promote heart and immune health.
- Major garlic producing countries include the USA, Egypt, China, Korea, and India. The state of Maharashtra is a major producer in India.
- Garlic has high nutritional value and is a source of carbohydrates, protein, phosphorus, vitamins and minerals.
- Popular garlic varieties developed in India include Bhima Omkar, Bhima Purple, and Yamuna Safed-5.
This document provides an overview of cashew cultivation. It discusses the botany of cashew trees, including characteristics, varieties, soil and climate requirements. It also covers propagation methods like seed propagation and vegetative propagation through grafting. Details are given on rootstock and scion selection, grafting techniques, and maintenance of grafts. Other topics include planting, intercropping, training, disease and pest management, harvesting, grading, and post-harvest activities.
Seed productin technology of okra or ladys fingerAminul Haque
Okra is commonly known as 'bhendi' or lady's finger, native to tropical Africa but widely cultivated in South Asia. It grows best in warm temperatures between 18-35°C and requires well-drained soils like sandy loams. Cultural practices for seed production include sowing in rows spaced 60x30-45cm, thinning to one plant per hill, and four hand weedings. Pests like jassids and diseases like yellow vein mosaic are controlled through spraying. Seeds are harvested when pods dry and turn brown, threshed, dried, and processed to yield 1000-1200 kg per hectare.
Capsicum is a cool season crop suitable for protected cultivation in greenhouses. It has high yields of 100-120 t/ha compared to open field yields of 20-40 t/ha. Hybrid varieties with thick fleshy fruits like Indira, Mahabharat and Orobelle are well-suited for greenhouse production. Seedlings are raised in nursery beds and transplanted to growing beds in greenhouses at a spacing of 45x30 cm. Drip irrigation and fertigation are provided. Pruning and training plants on twine supports maintains 4-6 fruiting branches per plant. Harvesting starts at 60 days and continues until plants cease bearing at 180-270 days. Yields of 10-12 kg/
This document provides information on avocado production, including:
- The three main ecotypes of avocados - Guatemalan, Mexican, and West Indian. Several commercial cultivars are hybrids of these.
- Descriptions of common cultivars like Pollock, Lula, Simmonds, Fuerte, and Hass.
- Optimal growing conditions including soil type, rainfall, temperature, wind protection. Proper drainage is important to prevent root rot.
- Details on the avocado flower, fruit, propagation through grafting, land preparation including cover crops, spacing, pruning, and irrigation needs. Avocados require consistent moisture but not excess water.
Protected cultivation of parthenocarpic cucumberAdhiyamaan Raj
Cucumber can be grown in protected cultivation during the winter season when it cannot be grown in open fields. Various genotypes of cucumber are suitable for growing in greenhouses including parthenocarpic varieties that do not require pollination. Cucumbers are grown in raised beds under protected structures using good cultivation practices like pruning and trellising. Pests like fruit flies and diseases like powdery mildew and downy mildew require integrated management. Cucumbers are harvested regularly and packed appropriately for storage and marketing to obtain higher yields and returns throughout the year from protected cultivation.
- Aloe vera, also known as the "wonder plant", is a medicinal crop commonly used to make aloe gel and treat cough. It grows well in well-drained loamy soil with a pH between 7.0-8.5 and temperatures around 25-30°C.
- There are several varieties of aloe vera cultivated including Guruguva, Cap, and Sagotrine. Propagation is done through suckers which are planted at 90-90 cm spacing during the seasons of June-July and September-October.
- Aloe vera requires irrigation during summer months every 15 days and in winter every 30 days. Manure and fertilizers like FYM and N
This document provides information on the advance production technology of walnuts. It discusses the botanical details, nutritional value, varieties, propagation, climate requirements, soil type, training, pruning, flowering, bearing, and pest and disease management of walnuts. The key points covered are that walnuts are best propagated through grafting or budding, require well-drained soil and a moderate climate, and mature grafted plants will bear nuts within 4-5 years whereas seedlings take 10-15 years to fruit. Management practices such as irrigation, fertilization, pruning and pest control are important to maximize yield and quality of the walnut crop.
Lotus is an aquatic perennial plant that grows in ponds and slow-moving rivers. It has broad, floating leaves and fragrant flowers that bloom above the water's surface. The two main species are Nelumbo lutea, found in North America, and Nelumbo nucifera, found in Southeast Asia and Australia. Lotus has cultural and religious significance in many places and all parts of the plant can be eaten or used for medicinal purposes. It requires warm temperatures and full sun exposure to thrive in ponds or containers.
This document discusses two major insect pests that affect cashew plants: the stem and root borer (Plocaederus ferrugineus) and the tea mosquito bug (Helopeltis antonii). The stem and root borer bores into and feeds on the stems and roots of cashew trees, potentially leading to branch and whole tree death. The tea mosquito bug feeds on young leaves, shoots, fruits and flowers, leaving black lesions and potentially causing fruits to drop prematurely. Management strategies for both pests include pruning wounds, applying pesticides, controlling weeds that may harbor the pests, and using biological controls like Weaver Ants for tea mosquito bugs.
This document provides information on the production of carrots. It discusses the botanical details of carrots, their uses, soil and climate requirements, suitable varieties, cultivation practices from land preparation to harvesting, post-harvest handling and storage. It also outlines some physiological disorders, pests like root knot nematodes and their management. Carrots are a good source of vitamin A and fiber and are commercially grown for their storage roots which are ready for harvest within 100-120 days.
This document provides an overview of pecan production technology. It begins with an introduction to pecans, describing their importance and nutritional value. It then discusses pecan varieties, production practices such as propagation, spacing, pruning, and fertilization. Health benefits and nutritional content of pecans are highlighted. Details are given on pecan tree description, floral biology, fruit description, and ecological requirements. Major pecan producing countries and varieties are identified. Common pecan diseases and their management are also summarized.
Muskmelon is a round fruit 8-16 cm in diameter that is valued throughout tropical and subtropical regions. It provides various health benefits and is used in traditional medicines. Muskmelon grows well in warm, sandy loam soils between 25-30°C and is cultivated from November to February by sowing seeds in pits at spacings of 1.5x0.5 or 1.5x1 meters. Common varieties include Durgapur Madhu and Punjab Sunheri. Nutrients are applied during cultivation and fruits are harvested when the netting is visible. Yields of 20 tons per hectare can be obtained in 120 days.
This document discusses the major pests that affect cashew plants in India. It focuses on describing four major pests in detail: the tea mosquito bug, cashew stem and root borer, apple and nut borer, and thrips. For the tea mosquito bug and cashew stem and root borer, it provides information on symptoms, biology, seasonal incidence, and management strategies to control these pests. Red ants are highlighted as a potential biocontrol agent for tea mosquito bugs. The document also includes pictures to illustrate pest damage.
This document provides an overview of the cashew industry, including its origins, production, consumption and health benefits. It discusses how cashews originated in South America but are now widely cultivated in many tropical countries. The top producing countries today are Côte d'Ivoire, India and Cambodia. Global cashew production was over 1 million metric tons in 2022. The document also outlines the nutrient profile and various health benefits of cashews, such as supporting heart health, weight management and bone strength.
This document provides information on the production technology of cucumber. It discusses the botanical details, importance, soil and climate requirements, varieties, cultivation practices like irrigation, fertilizer use, training and pruning, and pest and disease management. It also addresses post-harvest handling, storage, and marketing of cucumbers. The key points covered are the optimal growing conditions for cucumbers, commonly grown varieties in India, and how to manage common diseases and pests that affect the crop.
1. Walnut is an important temperate tree nut cultivated commercially in many countries like China, USA, and India. It is native to the Himalayan region of Nepal where it is found growing naturally.
2. Walnut is propagated through seeds or grafting methods like veneer grafting. It requires specific climatic and soil conditions to grow well and yields an average of 50-80 kg per tree.
3. Major pests of walnut include the San Jose scale, walnut aphid, husk fly, and walnut weevil. Diseases include foot and root rot, walnut canker, and powdery mildew. Proper management practices are needed
tamarind is regarded as a multipurpose tree. It is widely used as a spice crop for seasoning of food and may also be consumed either fresh or as a processed product. In India the commercial cultivation is mainly done in Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Maharashtra, also in some other states but to a lesser extent. It is also grown as a homestead crop in many regions of the country. this presentation deals with the propagation aspects of the crop because although seed propagation is successful, there are vegetative methods of propagation which can be carried out in order to get a better plant
Advanced production technology of almondPawan Nagar
This document provides information on advanced production technology for almond crops. It discusses the taxonomy, origin, nutritional importance, varieties, climate and soil requirements, propagation methods, planting, training, pruning, pollination management and other cultivation practices for almond. The key varieties grown are Non Pareil, California Paper Shell, IXL and Merced. Proper training, pruning, irrigation, and ensuring at least 33% of plants are pollinizer varieties is important for high yields.
This document provides information on pineapple cultivation. It discusses the origin and botanical classification of pineapples. It also outlines key pineapple producing states in India and their production levels. The document covers optimal soil and climate conditions for pineapple growth. It describes production techniques such as planting material, planting methods, irrigation, fertilization, and pest and disease management. Harvesting, post-harvest handling, processing, marketing, and typical yields are also summarized.
importance of production of cashew. it includes about botany, all varities. cotains all cimatic and soil requirement of the crop. also contais different methods of propogation, cultivation ascpects and processig aspects.
This presentation is done by Export Agriculture students of Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka as a requirement for the subject which is “Fruit & Vegetable production”. Note that the information included here is relevant to Sri Lankan condition.
This document provides information on the production technology of Aonla (Emblica officinalis), including varieties, soil and climate requirements, propagation methods, cultivation practices, fertilizer management, irrigation, flowering, fruit set issues, and harvesting. It discusses several varieties of Aonla from Pratapgarh, Uttar Pradesh, as well as varieties released by Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology.
Cereal and Legume Technology lecture slides3.pdfPeterJofilisi
The document describes the composition and structure of rice grains. It states that rice grains consist of an outer hull and inner endosperm. The endosperm makes up 90-91% of the grain and is composed mainly of starch. It also discusses rice classification based on grain size and shape. Further, it provides details on cereal storage, including ideal moisture contents and facilities for long-term storage.
This document summarizes the cashew nut processing unit. It details the various steps involved: drying the raw nuts in sunlight for 2 days; boiling for 20 minutes at 90 degrees Celsius; cooling for 2-3 days; cutting and shelling by hand; drying in a hot chamber at 81 degrees Celsius for 8 hours; peeling, grading, cleaning and passing through a metal detector; weighing and packing. The unit uses raw cashew nuts as input and produces cashew kernels as the final product, with cashew shells as the only solid waste output.
Capsicum is a cool season crop suitable for protected cultivation in greenhouses. It has high yields of 100-120 t/ha compared to open field yields of 20-40 t/ha. Hybrid varieties with thick fleshy fruits like Indira, Mahabharat and Orobelle are well-suited for greenhouse production. Seedlings are raised in nursery beds and transplanted to growing beds in greenhouses at a spacing of 45x30 cm. Drip irrigation and fertigation are provided. Pruning and training plants on twine supports maintains 4-6 fruiting branches per plant. Harvesting starts at 60 days and continues until plants cease bearing at 180-270 days. Yields of 10-12 kg/
This document provides information on avocado production, including:
- The three main ecotypes of avocados - Guatemalan, Mexican, and West Indian. Several commercial cultivars are hybrids of these.
- Descriptions of common cultivars like Pollock, Lula, Simmonds, Fuerte, and Hass.
- Optimal growing conditions including soil type, rainfall, temperature, wind protection. Proper drainage is important to prevent root rot.
- Details on the avocado flower, fruit, propagation through grafting, land preparation including cover crops, spacing, pruning, and irrigation needs. Avocados require consistent moisture but not excess water.
Protected cultivation of parthenocarpic cucumberAdhiyamaan Raj
Cucumber can be grown in protected cultivation during the winter season when it cannot be grown in open fields. Various genotypes of cucumber are suitable for growing in greenhouses including parthenocarpic varieties that do not require pollination. Cucumbers are grown in raised beds under protected structures using good cultivation practices like pruning and trellising. Pests like fruit flies and diseases like powdery mildew and downy mildew require integrated management. Cucumbers are harvested regularly and packed appropriately for storage and marketing to obtain higher yields and returns throughout the year from protected cultivation.
- Aloe vera, also known as the "wonder plant", is a medicinal crop commonly used to make aloe gel and treat cough. It grows well in well-drained loamy soil with a pH between 7.0-8.5 and temperatures around 25-30°C.
- There are several varieties of aloe vera cultivated including Guruguva, Cap, and Sagotrine. Propagation is done through suckers which are planted at 90-90 cm spacing during the seasons of June-July and September-October.
- Aloe vera requires irrigation during summer months every 15 days and in winter every 30 days. Manure and fertilizers like FYM and N
This document provides information on the advance production technology of walnuts. It discusses the botanical details, nutritional value, varieties, propagation, climate requirements, soil type, training, pruning, flowering, bearing, and pest and disease management of walnuts. The key points covered are that walnuts are best propagated through grafting or budding, require well-drained soil and a moderate climate, and mature grafted plants will bear nuts within 4-5 years whereas seedlings take 10-15 years to fruit. Management practices such as irrigation, fertilization, pruning and pest control are important to maximize yield and quality of the walnut crop.
Lotus is an aquatic perennial plant that grows in ponds and slow-moving rivers. It has broad, floating leaves and fragrant flowers that bloom above the water's surface. The two main species are Nelumbo lutea, found in North America, and Nelumbo nucifera, found in Southeast Asia and Australia. Lotus has cultural and religious significance in many places and all parts of the plant can be eaten or used for medicinal purposes. It requires warm temperatures and full sun exposure to thrive in ponds or containers.
This document discusses two major insect pests that affect cashew plants: the stem and root borer (Plocaederus ferrugineus) and the tea mosquito bug (Helopeltis antonii). The stem and root borer bores into and feeds on the stems and roots of cashew trees, potentially leading to branch and whole tree death. The tea mosquito bug feeds on young leaves, shoots, fruits and flowers, leaving black lesions and potentially causing fruits to drop prematurely. Management strategies for both pests include pruning wounds, applying pesticides, controlling weeds that may harbor the pests, and using biological controls like Weaver Ants for tea mosquito bugs.
This document provides information on the production of carrots. It discusses the botanical details of carrots, their uses, soil and climate requirements, suitable varieties, cultivation practices from land preparation to harvesting, post-harvest handling and storage. It also outlines some physiological disorders, pests like root knot nematodes and their management. Carrots are a good source of vitamin A and fiber and are commercially grown for their storage roots which are ready for harvest within 100-120 days.
This document provides an overview of pecan production technology. It begins with an introduction to pecans, describing their importance and nutritional value. It then discusses pecan varieties, production practices such as propagation, spacing, pruning, and fertilization. Health benefits and nutritional content of pecans are highlighted. Details are given on pecan tree description, floral biology, fruit description, and ecological requirements. Major pecan producing countries and varieties are identified. Common pecan diseases and their management are also summarized.
Muskmelon is a round fruit 8-16 cm in diameter that is valued throughout tropical and subtropical regions. It provides various health benefits and is used in traditional medicines. Muskmelon grows well in warm, sandy loam soils between 25-30°C and is cultivated from November to February by sowing seeds in pits at spacings of 1.5x0.5 or 1.5x1 meters. Common varieties include Durgapur Madhu and Punjab Sunheri. Nutrients are applied during cultivation and fruits are harvested when the netting is visible. Yields of 20 tons per hectare can be obtained in 120 days.
This document discusses the major pests that affect cashew plants in India. It focuses on describing four major pests in detail: the tea mosquito bug, cashew stem and root borer, apple and nut borer, and thrips. For the tea mosquito bug and cashew stem and root borer, it provides information on symptoms, biology, seasonal incidence, and management strategies to control these pests. Red ants are highlighted as a potential biocontrol agent for tea mosquito bugs. The document also includes pictures to illustrate pest damage.
This document provides an overview of the cashew industry, including its origins, production, consumption and health benefits. It discusses how cashews originated in South America but are now widely cultivated in many tropical countries. The top producing countries today are Côte d'Ivoire, India and Cambodia. Global cashew production was over 1 million metric tons in 2022. The document also outlines the nutrient profile and various health benefits of cashews, such as supporting heart health, weight management and bone strength.
This document provides information on the production technology of cucumber. It discusses the botanical details, importance, soil and climate requirements, varieties, cultivation practices like irrigation, fertilizer use, training and pruning, and pest and disease management. It also addresses post-harvest handling, storage, and marketing of cucumbers. The key points covered are the optimal growing conditions for cucumbers, commonly grown varieties in India, and how to manage common diseases and pests that affect the crop.
1. Walnut is an important temperate tree nut cultivated commercially in many countries like China, USA, and India. It is native to the Himalayan region of Nepal where it is found growing naturally.
2. Walnut is propagated through seeds or grafting methods like veneer grafting. It requires specific climatic and soil conditions to grow well and yields an average of 50-80 kg per tree.
3. Major pests of walnut include the San Jose scale, walnut aphid, husk fly, and walnut weevil. Diseases include foot and root rot, walnut canker, and powdery mildew. Proper management practices are needed
tamarind is regarded as a multipurpose tree. It is widely used as a spice crop for seasoning of food and may also be consumed either fresh or as a processed product. In India the commercial cultivation is mainly done in Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Maharashtra, also in some other states but to a lesser extent. It is also grown as a homestead crop in many regions of the country. this presentation deals with the propagation aspects of the crop because although seed propagation is successful, there are vegetative methods of propagation which can be carried out in order to get a better plant
Advanced production technology of almondPawan Nagar
This document provides information on advanced production technology for almond crops. It discusses the taxonomy, origin, nutritional importance, varieties, climate and soil requirements, propagation methods, planting, training, pruning, pollination management and other cultivation practices for almond. The key varieties grown are Non Pareil, California Paper Shell, IXL and Merced. Proper training, pruning, irrigation, and ensuring at least 33% of plants are pollinizer varieties is important for high yields.
This document provides information on pineapple cultivation. It discusses the origin and botanical classification of pineapples. It also outlines key pineapple producing states in India and their production levels. The document covers optimal soil and climate conditions for pineapple growth. It describes production techniques such as planting material, planting methods, irrigation, fertilization, and pest and disease management. Harvesting, post-harvest handling, processing, marketing, and typical yields are also summarized.
importance of production of cashew. it includes about botany, all varities. cotains all cimatic and soil requirement of the crop. also contais different methods of propogation, cultivation ascpects and processig aspects.
This presentation is done by Export Agriculture students of Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka as a requirement for the subject which is “Fruit & Vegetable production”. Note that the information included here is relevant to Sri Lankan condition.
This document provides information on the production technology of Aonla (Emblica officinalis), including varieties, soil and climate requirements, propagation methods, cultivation practices, fertilizer management, irrigation, flowering, fruit set issues, and harvesting. It discusses several varieties of Aonla from Pratapgarh, Uttar Pradesh, as well as varieties released by Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology.
Cereal and Legume Technology lecture slides3.pdfPeterJofilisi
The document describes the composition and structure of rice grains. It states that rice grains consist of an outer hull and inner endosperm. The endosperm makes up 90-91% of the grain and is composed mainly of starch. It also discusses rice classification based on grain size and shape. Further, it provides details on cereal storage, including ideal moisture contents and facilities for long-term storage.
This document summarizes the cashew nut processing unit. It details the various steps involved: drying the raw nuts in sunlight for 2 days; boiling for 20 minutes at 90 degrees Celsius; cooling for 2-3 days; cutting and shelling by hand; drying in a hot chamber at 81 degrees Celsius for 8 hours; peeling, grading, cleaning and passing through a metal detector; weighing and packing. The unit uses raw cashew nuts as input and produces cashew kernels as the final product, with cashew shells as the only solid waste output.
POST-HARVEST TECHNOLOGY OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTMahmudul Hasan
Tempering of parboiled paddy involves storing it for periods of 8 hours between drying passes to allow the moisture content to equalize throughout the grains. This shortens total drying time and helps prevent breakage during milling by minimizing internal stresses from uneven shrinking. Modern rice milling processes involve cleaning, shelling with rubber rollers, polishing, grading, and separation stages to produce milled rice and byproducts like bran and husks while minimizing breakage. Proper equipment selection, maintenance, and quality control are important for success.
Primary and minimal processing of fruits and vegetablesrani mamatha
primary processing and minimal processing of fruits and vegetables. (grading, sorting, cleaning, washing, peeling, minimal processing).
minimal processing flow chart , types of sorting, grading.
types of peeling.
blanching, types of blanching.
bio control agent, browning agent.
Drudgery reduction technologies for post harvest agricultureRamabhau Patil
The development of post harvest technologies in place of traditional techniques are presented here which help reduce the drudgery involved in post harvest operations. It is part of bigger picture of making drudgery free agriculture....
Information about cashew processing in indiaLana Chen
India is the largest producer, processor, and exporter of cashews in the world. The key steps in cashew processing in India include: cleaning and soaking raw cashews, roasting to soften the shell, shelling to remove the kernel, drying and peeling the kernel, grading the kernel by size, weighing and packing the kernels, and using byproducts like cashew nut shell liquid and shells. Cashew processing provides important economic opportunities for rural areas in India.
Post harvest commodity Profile of Cucurbits CropsAwisPant
The postharvest commodities of cucurbits vegetables includes pre and post-harvest practices, their harvesting, handling, packaging, storage, distribution, marketing, etc. Horticulture produce is highly perishable, with postharvest losses ranging from 15 to 35 percent at various points along the supply chain from harvest to marketing. The results revealed that fresh cucumber lost some of its quality attributes as early as
immediately after harvesting. At firmness of 15.68 N, the loss was equivalent to 13.68 units. The marketability and the nutritional value of infected pumpkin are highly reduced and they are usually being thrown away as useless. So, to get well acquainted with post-harvest techniques such as harvesting, storage, handling, processing, packaging, transportation and marketing of cucurbitaceous vegetables this presentation slide will help to obtain some knowledge related to Cucurbits Crops.
In this presentation, mainly focuses on the maturity index, way of harvesting, cleaning, storage, value addition product of various Cucurbits Crops.
This document discusses the processes involved in harvesting, threshing, drying, storing, and milling rice seeds, including identifying maturity indices, methods and equipment for harvesting, threshing, cleaning, drying, and considerations for health and safety during harvesting to maximize yield and minimize losses from field to storage. Key steps in the process include manually or mechanically harvesting rice at 20-25% moisture content, threshing to remove husks, drying to further reduce moisture, and milling to process the rice for consumption or storage.
Harvest and Post Harvest Handling of OatsPalagirireddy
Oats are usually harvested with a grain binder. Combine harvesters are also used and are efficient and economical. If oats are short or lodged, a mower is sometimes used. For fodder, two cuttings are needed after 40 days. Oats are ready for harvest after 4-5 months when grain moisture is below 20%. After harvesting, grains are dried, threshed to remove seeds, then packed in bags. Yield is 15-20 quintals per hectare for grain and 220-300 quintals per hectare for fodder. Swathing involves cutting the crop and placing it in rows to dry. Kilning dries grains and provides flavor. Cleaning removes impurities before de
Cashew nuts are native to Brazil but widely grown in countries like India and Indonesia. The main varieties grown are Annakayam in Kerala and Ullal 1,2 in Karnataka. India is the largest exporter of cashews, exporting 60% of global production. Processing involves cleaning, soaking, roasting to release cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL), shelling, grading, drying, peeling and packaging. Byproducts include CNSL which has industrial and medicinal uses, and shells which are used as fuel.
This document provides information on the steps involved in harvesting and post-harvest handling of corn seeds. It discusses harvesting corn when it reaches physiological maturity, followed by drying either through sun drying or mechanical drying. The seeds then undergo sorting, shelling, cleaning, grading and final sorting before bagging and storing. Proper drying and storage is important to maintain seed quality by preventing deterioration. Traditional storage methods like using ash, neem extracts and leaves are also discussed.
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Harvesting, Processing and preservation of cashew-base products
1.
2. Harvesting
• Fruits could be harvested about two months after fertilization of
flowers.
• The ripened fruits usually fall and the fallen fruits can be collected
manually.
• The nuts can be separated from the apple. Harvesting is done by hand
in all cashew producing countries.
• Mechanical harvesting has never been practiced. Since all nuts in a
plant or in an inflorescence do not mature together, mechanical
harvesting is not possible.
3. • Manual harvesting provides employment to a large sector in the area
during the cashew harvesting period.
• Though the general practice is to allow the fruit to fall naturally on to
the ground after ripening, sometimes, the fruits are detached from
the peduncle either manually or mechanically.
• This may provoke the fall of flowers, small and unripe fruits. During
the harvesting period it is important to keep the ground below the
canopy dry, clean and free of weeds.
• This makes collection easy and keeps away pests and diseases which
may lead to post harvest diseases of the fruit
4. • After harvesting, nuts need to be dried properly.
• Drying can be done in the sun for 3 to 4 days.
• Moisture content of the nut should be reduced to about 9% or below.
• Low moisture content further helps to reduce fungus attacks and to
maintain high viability.
• High moisture content in the seed (above 12%) could lead to rapid
reduction of viability which may result in poor germination.
• Therefore, if seeds are stored as planting material care should be taken to
dry the seed properly before storing. Dried seeds should be stored in air
tight bags or containers.
5. According to the Sri Lankan climate
within 3 months harvest can be
obtained
April June
(extended up to July)
Within above 3 months harvest
should be dry and storage .
After falling down cashew apple
with nut, it should be separated within
that day itself and dried within 3 days .
Most suitable drying method -sun
drying.
Sun drying – three Days
Storing time – three months
Separating time (nut from
fruit) - 1days
5
6. At the harvesting,
1. Get the harvest after maturing the Cashew apple
2. Collect within one day
Avoid germination of kernel
Avoid pest attack
6
The nuts are collected from the ground after falling from the trees.
Apples are removed along with other foreign matter
7. Important: completely separate raw nut
from cashew apple
Will help to avoid damages from the pest
Pick up
Plucking
7
The nuts are collected from the ground after falling from the trees.
Apples are removed along with other foreign matter
8. • Completely 3 days
on dried surface ,minimize from pest attack
8
At the Producer Level Raw Cashew Nuts are sun dried for several Days (3-4 days). The
Raw Cashew Nut is stored in either gunny or sisal bags. Passages should be kept in
order to guarantee ventilation.
9. After sun drying
remove un-matured cashew
remove foreign material
remove spoil cashew
sort size of raw cashew Nuts before shelling
Big cashew nut: lower than 168 nuts
per kg
Medium cashew nut:168-200 nuts
per kg
Small Cashew nut: more than 200
nuts per kg
9
10. The quality of the raw cashew is determined by three key
tests before processing: Mainly
• moisture test
• Nut Count test
Nut count: It is the number of raw cashew nuts per kg
170 -excellent
180-190 very good
190-200 good
200-210 middle
210-220 low middle
230 limit acceptable
lower: poor
10
11. • Moisture – lower than 12% - using moisture meter
• Foreign matter- lower than 5%
• Defective nuts: lower than 10%
• Float Rate : 18%max (This is the total number of cashew nuts
that will float when poured into water.)
11
15. • Need to be stored enough quantity for a whole year.
• Before storing all cashews should be in a dry condition
• Using proper packaging technique to store
• Proper Quality Control within the store
Good ventilation
Pest control
Proper seal window and door
Good store management system
Date
Place (harvested area)
Quality 15
At the Producer Level Raw Cashew Nuts are
sun dried for several Days (3-4 days). The Raw
Cashew Nut is stored in either gunny or sisal
bags. Passages should be kept in order to
guarantee ventilation.
17. Steaming the raw cashew nuts – using boiler
Objective :
• taken high percentage of complete cashew kernel (Cashew wholes)
• easy to cut raw cashew at the cashew shelling process
• easy to separate cashew kernel and shell
• minimize the absorption of Cashew nut shell liquid in to the cashew
kernel
Important : controlling correctly time and pressure
Not exceed steaming time
Time: 10-15min
Pressure: 0.5pa
17
20. • remove the shell of a cashew nut- (the first cuts the nuts and the
second person opened them by a pin separating the kernel from the shell)
20
Shelling method
• Traditional method
• mechanized cutting (hand cutting-small scale)
• Automatically cut -Shelling machine
• Automation Cashew processing system
21. 21
Disadvantages of traditional method….
Small quantity/
Employer safety
Low quality
Traditional Method
mechanized cutting
based on two nut-shaped knives. The nuts are
brought to the knives on a chain, each nut
aligned to fit between the knives. The nuts are
pushed between the knives and cut.
Should be fed manually.
22. powered by a 1.5 kW DC motor (1500 rpm), equipped
with a belt and pulley arrangement to transmit power
from the motor to the shaft.
Capacity 15-25kg/h
Whole kernel 90 %
Half split 5 %
Broken 5 %
Machine type: 2 cutter
4 cutter
6 cutter
8 cutter
22
Cutter automatically adjustable as par size Best result for all size cashew no need for
Extra settings.
Automatically push raw cashew one by one in Cutting blade
23. 23
At the cashew shelling from 1 machine, can manage 2 persons for working
After shelling should separate quickly because shell oil can be absorb to
the kernel.
At the separate cashew sells, kernel labor should wear glows .
If it is followed correct step easily get quality cashew kernel
After shelling, shell pieces and
kernels are separated, and the
unshelled nuts are returned to the
shelling operation
24. CNSL OIL
Moisture: 7%-9% 24
Shelled Cashew mixture
Cashew kernel shell Spoil cashew Unshelled cashew
Separate different type of part after shelling as above
Whole Nut
Splits (half)
Pieces
25. Shelling machine should control properly -cleaning, avoid put foreign
material, not more than working 8hours per day.
Replace blade in the machine after 1 months
At the removing kernel from shell
not mixed spoil kernel
separation –complete kernel and pieces
For 8 hours
160kg
25
They wear protective gloves and head gear to protect their hands and maintain
hygiene. The oil from the cut shell can damage the skin if handled without protective
gear.
26. • raw kernels are put in aluminum perforate trays and then put in an electric
drying machine for 3hours and a constant temperature of 80 deg.C)
• Moisture content of the raw kernel is reduced from 9% to 3%
• Prevent natural deterioration
Temperature: 80 Celsius
Time: 3.5 hours
Moisture : 7% 3%
Critical Control Point
26
Evaporate moisture from cashew kernel
• remove excess moisture and facilitate easy removal of testa (pink skin) and
improve keeping quality.
• The shelled kernel is covered with the testa, the removal of which is
facilitated by drying the shelled kernel, to produce the Dehydrated
kernel.
27. 27
Cashew Oven
• The dryer contains a series of mesh-bottom trays that are slotted into the drying
cabinet
• Hot air circulates over the trays
• The heat source can either be a gas or electric powered heater
• Probably use electric heaters
28. 2 Layers
28
Drying programmes are generally organized so that the
kernels from one day's shelling go directly into the oven
1 Tray
29. 29
After shelling, should be drying within 2 days – absorb cnsl oil in to kernal
It is essential that the kernels are carefully handled in order to
minimize damage.
A uniform temperature throughout the drier is essential to avoid under-
drying or scorching.
Drying also protects the kernel from pest and fungal attack at this
vulnerable stage.
Testa to be easily removed either mechanically, or by hand with a
knife
30. Remove testa from kernel mechanically, or by hand with a
knife.
• Manual – manual peeling is done by gentle rubbing with fingers or by
use of special peeling knife
30
testa is loosely
attached to the kernel
few kernels may have
already lost the testa
during prior
operations
One person peel 10-12kg
dryed cashew kernel per day
(8hours)
31. Shelled Cashew mixture
Splits Pieces spoil
wholes
Testa
31
• peeled kernels can be separated into different grades by the peeler.
• At the most basic level, the kernels are separated into wholes, splits,
pieces, spoil and testa.
wholes
Approximately 10-12 kg of kernels can be peeled by one individual per day.
Splits/Pieces
white wholes,
scorched wholes
white pieces,
scorched pieces
32. 32
• Peeling of all testa in kernel
• Strict cleanliness in the peeling operation is essential
• All workers must follow basic codes of hygiene
Peeling knife
• cuts down on handling of the brittle kernels.
33. feeding
• Peeling rate: 90-95%
• Automatic
• Using air pressure
Again manually peeling
33
They include air-blasting,
suction, a freezing
operation and a system
of rubber rollers.
The level of breakage can
be as 10 percent.
With small amount of
testa kernel can be 10%
The mechanized processes of peeling vary widely.
34. Stage 01
34
Kernels are categorized on the basis of color and condition.
Primary grading – remove unwanted material
small amount of testa
Black spot
Spoil parts
Primary grading is done by hand. Graders sit on high stools or stand at
tables that are covered in blankets to provide a soft surface and reduce
breakage
With testa
37. 37
1. Wholes: characteristic shape
The presence of a small hole at the proximal end of the
kernel or a central split or crack is not considered a
defect.
Definition
Grading stage 1 for wholes -White wholes
-scorched wholes (yellow wholes) - a whole kernel that
is discolored.
-dessert wholes - a whole kernel with a black spot or
comparably more scorched
38. 38
Grading wholes according to sizing
whole kernels are graded according to their size on the basis
of the number of kernels per pound.
Standard Kernel per 1kg Kernel per pound
W 180 395 Between 120 and 180 kernels
W 210 440-465 Between 200 and 210
W 240 485-530 Between 230 and 240 kernels
W 320 660-705 Between 300 and 320 kernels
W 450 880-990 Between 300 and 320 kernels
W-180 W-240 W-320 W-450
39. 39
W-180 W-210 W-320
39
W-240
The price on the international market generally refers to the most important quality,
the “W 320”, this means 320 undamaged cashew nuts per pound, or 454 g
41. 41
2. Broken: Kernels where one eighth or more of the original kernel
is broken off.
Butts: Kernels of not less than 3/8th of a whole kernel
which have been broken crosswise but the
cotyledons are still naturally attached.
Splits: Kernels split lengthwise naturally.
Pieces: Kernels which have broken into more than two
pieces .
Designations of broken as follows
42. 42
Pieces can be divided 5 types
1. LWP - Large White pieces: not passing through a sieve of aperture 4.75mm
2. SWP - Small White pieces:passing through a sieve of aperture 4.75mm but not
passing through a sieve of aperture 2.80mm
3. Baby Bits - passing through a sieve of aperture 2.80mm but not passing through
a sieve of aperture 1.70mm.
4. Tiny Baby bits
5. Powder
44. 44
The normal packaging used for the export of kernels is air-tight cans
of 11.34 kg weight capacity.
Packing is vary essential in order to preserve cashews
Packing should be vary attractive to gain customer
attention
Shelf life – 6months/09months/1year (according to
packing type)
The final process prevents the product deterioration and extends the storage
/ shelf life of the kernel.
Important
45. • Manually
• Semi automatically
• Fully automatically
Packing system
1. Vacuum packing
air is drawn out of the package prior to sealing but no other gases
are introduced.
45
46. i. Carbon dioxide reacts with water in the product to form carbonic
acid which lowers the pH of the food. It also inhibits the growth of
certain microorganisms, mainly moulds and some aerobic bacteria.
Process :
This consists of removing all the air from the pack and substituting it with
carbon dioxide (CO2). The advantages of packing cashew kernels in carbon
dioxide are two-fold. Firstly, carbon dioxide will not support life so any
infestation.
Secondly, carbon dioxide is soluble in cashew oil and goes into solution as
soon as the can is sealed.
i. Nitrogen has no direct effect on microorganisms or foods, other
than to replace oxygen, which can inhibit the oxidation of fats.
46