Hardware
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The document discusses various hardware components of a computer system including: 1. The central processing unit (CPU) which executes programs and manages other hardware. Multi-core processors have multiple processors to work on different programs faster than a single core. 2. Memory comes in different types for different purposes such as RAM for temporary storage and ROM to start the machine. Secondary storage like hard drives provide larger but slower storage. 3. Input devices such as keyboards, mice, and touchscreens allow input into the system. Output devices like monitors, printers, and speakers allow the system to produce output.
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The document summarizes the basic organization and components of a computer system. It describes the main components as the central processing unit (CPU), memory which includes primary memory like RAM and ROM, secondary memory like hard disks, and processing devices like buses and the system clock that connect the components. It also discusses the software components like operating systems, drivers, and programming languages at different levels from machine code to high-level languages. Compilers, linkers, and interpreters are involved in translating between language levels.
Memory and storage
Memory and storage devices allow computers to store data and instructions. There are two main types of memory - primary and secondary. Primary memory (RAM, ROM, cache) is fast but volatile, while secondary memory (hard disks, SSDs, tapes) is slower but provides non-volatile storage. Storage technologies include magnetic, optical, and solid state, each with their own characteristics around performance, capacity, volatility, mutability and accessibility. Efficient memory management by the operating system is important to optimize system performance.
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Basics of Java.ppsx
flag(10);
name(20);
age(30);
Output:
A
B
C
The methods flag(), name() and age() are called by passing arguments of the corresponding expected data types. Since each method prints a character, the output will be the characters A, B and C each printed on a new line.
Programming Languages
This document discusses the evolution of programming languages from machine code to high-level languages and the role of translators. It begins with an overview of 1st, 2nd, and 3rd generation languages - machine code, assembly language, and high-level languages. It then explains the difference between high-level and machine languages and how translators like assemblers, compilers, and interpreters are used to bridge this gap by converting high-level code into machine-readable format. Specifically, it outlines the key differences between compilers, which convert entire programs into machine code, and interpreters, which translate code line-by-line.
Functions
The document discusses different aspects of functions in programming. It shows examples of calling built-in and user-defined functions, defining functions, importing functions from other files, functions with different scopes, and more functions being defined. The key points are that functions allow breaking programs into reusable pieces of code, functions can be defined and called in different ways, including importing functions across files, and variable scope determines where variables are accessible.
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A database is a persistent, organized collection of data stored on a secondary storage medium like a hard disk. Traditionally, companies stored data in separate files leading to data duplication and inconsistency when changes were made. A database management system (DBMS) provides a solution by allowing centralized control over the database through separation of data and an interface. A DBMS manages access, prevents duplication and inconsistency, and enables the creation of relational databases and querying of data through forms, queries, and reports.
Handling Data in Algorithm
The document discusses handling data in algorithms. It defines constants as values that do not change under given conditions and are declared at the start of a program. Variables are characteristics that can increase, decrease, or take different values over time or in different situations. Different data types like integer, real, char, string, and boolean require varying amounts of memory. Arrays are groups of the same data type stored under one identifier in memory locations. Testing at the design, planning, and final stages can help identify syntax errors from incorrect code formatting and logic errors when the code works but does not achieve the expected outcome.
Pseudocode
Pseudocode is an informal way to describe the steps of an algorithm using common structural and syntactic elements of a programming language without full syntax. It uses plain English and notation like INPUT, OUTPUT, IF/THEN/ELSE, FOR loops, and WHILE loops. There are three main types of pseudocode: sequence, selection, and iteration. Sequence involves a series of steps. Selection uses IF/THEN/ELSE conditional statements. Iteration uses loops like FOR, WHILE, and REPEAT UNTIL to repeat steps.
Communications and Networking
- A local area network (LAN) connects computers and devices within a single site through different topologies like bus, star, or ring. It allows sharing of files, printers, internet access, and communication tools.
- Wide area networks (WANs) connect LANs over long distances using protocols like IP to transmit data between networked devices with unique addresses.
- The Internet is a worldwide WAN that connects billions of computers using TCP/IP. Websites are accessed through domain names that map to server IP addresses via DNS.
Software
This document provides information about different types of software and computer programs. It discusses operating systems, peripheral devices, user interfaces, utility programs, firewalls, spyware, formatting storage devices, disk defragmenters, open source software, off-the-shelf software, and custom-written software. Operating systems manage computer memory, processor time allocation, and the interaction between hardware and software. Utility programs enhance functionality or provide security. Open source software allows users access to modify source code while off-the-shelf and custom software have different development and licensing models.
Data Representation in Computers
Data in computers is represented using binary numbers and organized into units like bytes and kilobytes. Binary numbers are used to represent characters, images, sound, and instructions in a computer. Sound and images are converted from analog to digital formats before being stored. Computer instructions are made up of opcodes and operands to define operations and data.
Fundamentals of computer systems
A computer system consists of hardware, software, and people working together to perform tasks. The basic computer model includes input, output, a central processing unit (CPU) for processing, and storage. Computers are found everywhere and their reliability is measured by factors like uptime and mean time between failures. Systems are protected against failure through hardware redundancy, disaster recovery methods like RAID systems, and following professional coding standards for comments, indentation, and meaningful identifiers. Development methods like waterfall and rapid application development (RAD) were discussed. Standards are needed for legal, environmental, and other considerations.
Flow Charts
A sample scenario involves turning on a lamp to check if it is working properly and connected correctly. In 3 steps, the scenario has someone first switch the lamp on, then check if it is working, and finally check the lamp's connections to ensure it is plugged in properly.
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Hardware
- 1. Hardware
- 2. Central Processing Unit (CPU) • The hardware that executes the programs and manages the rest of the hardware.
- 3. Executing a Program • Initially the program is loaded into the main memory.
- 4. Fetch Execute Cycle = Average processor speed of a PC is 3 - 4GHz.
- 5. CPU Performance • In order to increase the performance cache can be used. • Cache is a memory that can store frequently used instructions or data.(4MB average size of a cache)
- 6. Purpose of CPU • fetch instructions from main memory • fetch data from main memory • decode the instructions • execute the instructions • perform calculations • manage the movement of instructions and data to and from peripheral devices
- 7. Multi Core Processors • Dual core has two processors. • Quad core has four processors. • Multi core processors work on different programs and work faster than a single core processor.
- 8. Memory • A component used to store data. • There are different types of memories for different purposes. • Eg: RAM, Memory Stick
- 9. RAM – Random Access Memory • Random refers to the fact that you can write anywhere in that memory space at any time. • Volatile • The main purpose of the RAM is to act as temporary storage for programs and data.
- 10. Virtual Memory • Configuring hard disk to behave as RAM is called Virtual Memory. • Used to store parts of the program currently being run but actually being executed has to be sorted in RAM. • As the program proceeds, sections are swapped between the RAM and the Virtual memory.
- 11. ROM - Read Only Memory • Non-volatile. • Cannot write over the contents • It has the bootstrap loader to start the machine.
- 12. Secondary Memory • These long term, non volatile types of storage are also called Secondary Memory. • Eg: Hard Drive, Memory Stick, CD, DVD. • Much larger compared to primary storages. • Cheaper memory technologies tend to have slow access speeds. • Should be robust and reliable.
- 13. What you need to consider when choosing a secondary memory • Capacity- how much space is available? • Speed- how quickly the data can be read and stored? • Portability- can you easily unplug it and carry away easily? • Durability- how easily is it damaged? • Reliability- how long will it last?
- 14. Storage technologies • Magnetic – Oldest technology used. Eg: floppy disk, hard disk, tapes – Cheap and high capacity – Magnetic disks are read with a moving head – Magnetic tapes are read by moving the tape fast a read-write head – Vulnerable to damage – Moving parts go wrong often
- 16. Storage technologies • Optical – Lasers write data to the disc and read data from it – CD, DVD
- 17. Storage technologies • Solid State – A type of a RAM – Non-volatile type of RAM – Access speed is slow compared to RAM – Used in Tablets, Mobile Phones
- 19. Input Devices • Keyboard • Mouse (laser or tracker ball) • Touch Screen • Barcode Scanner • OMR- Optical Mark Recognition (lottery tickets) • OCR- Optical Character Recognition • Joystick • Microphone • Sensors • Camera • Sip and Puff switches
- 20. Output Devices • CRT – cathode ray tube • LCD- Liquid Crystal Display • TFT – Thin Film Transistor • Speakers • Inkjet Printer • Laser Printer • Actuators • Lights
- 24. Logic Gates