Haptics provide tactile feedback in touch screens and devices through different technologies. Actuator-based haptics use motors or piezoelectric actuators to vibrate the device. Electrostatic force-based haptics apply varying electric charges to create attractive or repulsive forces on the finger. Tactus' tactile display uses a transparent and flexible layer that can raise physical buttons through controlled fluid pressure. These haptics technologies improve usability, enhance realism, and restore the sense of touch lost on flat screens. Upcoming innovations may integrate haptics into touchscreens to allow localized feedback.

1. Haptics in Touch Screens
Anish Hegde
4NM09EC143
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2. Contents
1 Haptics in Touch Screens
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Restoration of Mechanical feel
2 Actuator Based Haptics
2.1 Actuators
2.2 Designing a Haptic System
2.3 Disadvantages
3 Electrostatic Force Based Haptics
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Working
3.3 Advantages over conventional Haptics
4 Tactus Tactile Display
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Working
4.3 Advantages
5 Conclusion
6 References
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3. 1.1 Introduction
• Haptics or Haptic Technology is derived from the Greek word Haptikos
meaning “to contact” or “to touch”.
• Haptics are found in many of the consumer devices that are used every
day.
• The rumble effect in the console game controller and the reassuring touch
vibration one receive on ones smartphone dial pad are both examples of
haptic effects.
• In the world of mobile devices, computers, consumer electronics, and
digital devices and controls, meaningful haptic information is frequently
limited or missing.
• For example, when dialling a number or entering text on a conventional
touchscreen without haptics, users have no sense of whether they’ve
successfully completed a task.
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4. Improved Usability
• By restoring the sense of touch to otherwise flat, cold
surfaces, haptics creates fulfilling multi-modal
experiences that improve usability by engaging
touch, sight and sound.
• From the confidence a user receives through touch
confirmation when selecting a virtual button to the
contextual awareness they receive through haptics in a
first person shooter game, haptics improves usability
by more fully engaging the user’s senses.
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5. Enhanced Realism
• Haptics injects a sense of realism into user experiences
by exciting the senses and allowing the user to feel the
action and nuance of the application.
• This is particularly relevant in applications like games or
simulation that rely on only visual and audio inputs.
• The inclusion of tactile feedback provides additional
context that translates into a sense of realism for the
user.
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6. 1.2 Restoration of Mechanical Feel
• Today’s touchscreen-driven devices lack the physical feedback
that humans frequently need to fully understand the context of
their interactions.
• By providing users with intuitive and unmistakable tactile
confirmation, haptics can create a more confident user
experience and can also improve safety by overcoming
distractions.
• This is especially important when audio or visual confirmation
is insufficient, such as industrial applications, or applications
that involve distractions, such as automotive navigation.
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7. So How Do We Go About Doing That ?
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8. The three technologies we will be discussing:
1.Actuator Based Haptics
2.Electrostatic Force Based Haptics
3.Tactus Tactile Based Haptics
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9. 2. Actuator Based Haptics
• This the most primitive form of haptics and has come a long
way.
• It initially begun with game consoles and graduated into bar
mobile phones.
• But most recently a company named Immersion Technologies
has revolutionised this form to give enhanced user experience
and a way to touch things on a 2D screen.
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10. 2.1 Actuators
• In engineering, actuators are a subdivision of transducers.
They are devices which transform an input signal (mainly an
electrical signal) into motion.
• Motors are mostly used when circular motions are
needed, but can also be used for linear applications by
transforming circular to linear motion with a bolt and screw
transducer. On the other hand, some actuators are
intrinsically linear, such as piezoelectric actuators.
Motor Actuator Piezo Electric Actuator 10

11. 11

12. 2.2 Designing a Haptic System
A haptic system must integrate the following components:
• Actuator − In hand-held devices, the actuator is typically
mounted in a corner of the device casing to maximize the
vibrations felt by the hand holding the device.
• Electronics − A haptic system in a hand-held device will use a
power amplifier to drive the actuator. The power amplifier takes
device battery voltage (or a regulated 3V) as the power source. A
control signal input modulates the voltage applied across the
actuator for a designated time period.
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13. (Cont..)
• Control Software − This is the brains of a haptic system and it
should be fine-tuned to the capabilities of the system’s actuator.
The controller takes an abstract instruction from a software
application and runs a control algorithm that will continually
adjust the voltage applied across the actuator to create the
desired sensation.
• Application Software − This is the software application that is
visible to the device user. It coordinates the playback of touch
effects according to prescribed user-interface events. Haptic
behaviour can be implemented at the application or OS level.
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14. 14

15. Disadvantages
• Consumes a lot of power .
• The major disadvantage of an actuator based Haptic
model is that it also packs in some noise .
• Sometimes additional vibrations can also get a little
bit uncomfortable.
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16. 3. Electrostatic Force Based Haptics
3.1 Introduction
• A standard touchscreen employs what is called capacitive
sensing to respond to a user's prods.
• The electric charge held by a capacitor can be affected by
a nearby conductor.
• Since fingers are conductive, they have this effect.
• An array of capacitors underneath the transparent cover
of a touchscreen can thus locate an approaching
digit, causing the device's software to react accordingly.
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17. 3.2 Working
• Senseg's “feelscreens” reverse this process.
• By applying a proprietary coating to the screen and varying the
electrical charge in it, that screen can be made to attract or
repel the flesh of a touching finger.
• The electrostatic force involved is small, but it is enough for the
nerve-endings in a fingertip to detect.
• Modulate the force appropriately and you can induce a feeling
of sandpaper, corrugated iron or fabric.
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18. • Senseg patented solution creates a sophisticated sensation
of touch using Coloumb’s force, the principle of attraction
between electrical charges.
• By passing an ultra-low electrical current into the insulated
electrode, Senseg’s Tixel, the proprietary charge driver can
create a small attractive force to finger skin.
• By modulating this attractive force a variety of sensations
can be generated, from textured surfaces and edges to
vibrations and more.
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19. The Senseg Tixel
• The Tixel is the means by which Senseg’s technology transmits
electro-tactile stimulus.
• It is an ultra-thin durable coating on the touch interface that
outputs tactile effects.
• Senseg’s patented Tixel can be applied to almost any surface, flat or
curved, hard or soft, transparent or opaque.
• Because there are no moving parts in Senseg’s solution it can scale
to almost any size of device.
• Moreover, with no mechanical inertia Senseg tactile response is
immediate .
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20. 3.3 Advantages over Conventional Haptics
• Unlike effects created by mechanical vibration and
piezo solutions, Senseg is silent.
• With Senseg application developers have precise
control of the location and type of effect users
experience.
• Senseg technology scales from touch pads, smart
phones and tablets to the largest touch screens
without increasing manufacturing complexity.
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21. 21

22. 4. Tactus Tactile Display
4.1 Introduction
• The Tactus Tactile Layer panel provides a next-generation user interface
with real physical buttons, guidelines, or shapes that rise out of the surface
of a touchscreen on demand.
• The Tactile Layer component is a completely flat, transparent, dynamic
layer that sits on top of the touch sensor and display.
• When triggered, this thin layer deforms and buttons or shapes of a specific
height, size and firmness appear on the surface.
• Users can feel, press down and use these physical buttons just like they
would use keys on a keyboard.
• When they are no longer needed, the buttons recede into the surface and
become invisible.
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23. 23

24. 3.2 Working
• Made of a thin multi-layer stack, the top-most layer consists of an
optically clear polymer.
• A number of micro-holes connect the top layers of the panel to a
series of micro-channels that run through the underlying substrate.
• The micro channels are filled with a fluid whose optical index of
refraction matches that of the surrounding material, making it fully
and evenly transparent when light from the display passes through. 24

25. • Increasing the fluid pressure causes the fluid to push up through
the holes and against the top polymer layer, making it expand in
pre-defined locations.
• This enables an array of physical and completely transparent
buttons to rise out of the surface.
• A small internal controller that interfaces with the processor of
the touchscreen device controls the rise and fall of the buttons.
• The controller allows a proximity sensor or a software
application to control the state of the buttons. 25

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27. 4.3 Advantages
• Power requirements of the Tactile Controller used to actuate
the panel are minimal.
• The system only consumes a small amount of power to raise
or lower the buttons. Once the buttons are raised, they
remain enabled for as long as they are needed – be it a few
seconds or several hours – without any additional power
consumption.
• This is possible because the pressure used to raise the
buttons remains present, causing the buttons to
automatically pop back up each time they are pushed.
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28. Upcoming Products
Apple's take on haptic technology places piezoelectric actuators
under the display, which allows for localized feedback when
touched.
Because the sensation is localized (as opposed to vibrating the
whole device as other haptic solutions do) users would be able to
feel individual buttons and understand their relative positions on
the display.
To allow the haptic layer to sense not only placement, but pressure
as well, the display would have to have some minimal flexibility.
The combination of haptic feedback and force-sensing actuators
could allow Apple to produce a completely new set of touch-screen
gestures to include in iOS devices.
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29. CONCLUSION
Touch was one of our first sense of feeling and probably the last
one . It plays a huge role in the way we perceive our surroundings
and also how we interact with them. Haptics and Haptic based
technologies have come a long way in bringing this technology
into reality. Soon Consumer electronics will come packing with
features mentioned in the report. Apple Inc. has filed several
patents on Haptics related technology. We would be able to see
devices with this technology soon enough.
The drive in Consumer Electronics has always been to integrate
the vast differences between the virtual and the physical world.
This technology brings us one step closer to realising it.
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30. REFERENCES
[1] “Tools to Assist in the Design and Implementation of Haptic Effects”, [Online].
Available http://www.immersion.com/resources/designing-haptics-system/index.html
[Accessed: November 2012]
[2] “Haptics is Quite Literally The Science of Touch”, [Online].
Available:http://www.immersion.com/haptics-technology/what-is-haptics/index.html
[Accessed: November 2012]
[3] “Haptics-in-Touchscreen-Hand-Held-Devices” ,Immersion Corporation, April 2012
[4] “Senseg Is Haptics Re-Imagined and Realized”, [Online]. Available:
http://senseg.com/technology/senseg-technology [Accessed: November 2012]
[5] “Tactus_Technology_White_Paper”, Tactus Corporation , December 2011
[6] “Haptics :Reinventing the finger”, [Online] Available :
http://www.economist.com/blogs/babbage/2012/06/haptics .[Accessed : November 2012]
[7] “Appearing and Disappearing haptic User Interface has first public demonstration”.
[Online]. Available : http://www.tactustechnology.com/release_120605.html
[Accessed : November 2012]
[8] “Electrostatic Induction”, Corollary Theorems . [Online ] Available :
ttp://www.corollarytheorems.com/Design/VIZ.htm [Accessed November 2012]
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