This document provides a comprehensive handbook on solar photovoltaic (PV) systems in Singapore. It covers various topics such as types of solar PV systems, PV technologies, installation considerations for buildings, appointing contractors, regulatory requirements, operations and maintenance, and incentives. The key types of solar PV systems are grid-connected and off-grid systems. Common PV module technologies include crystalline silicon and thin film technologies like cadmium telluride and copper indium gallium selenide. Installation aspects involve factors like module angle, shading avoidance, and aesthetic integration. Regulatory requirements address electrical and safety standards. The handbook aims to guide stakeholders on all aspects of solar PV systems in Singapore.
Design & estimation of rooftop grid tied solar pv systemSabrina Chowdhury
Energy plays a pivotal role in our daily activities. The degree of development and civilization of a country is measured by the amount of utilization of energy by human beings. Energy demand is increasing day by day due to increase in population,
urbanization and industrialization. The world’s fossil fuel supply viz. coal, petroleum and natural gas will thus be depleted in a few hundred years. The rate of energy consumption increasing, supply is depleting resulting in inflation and energy shortage. This is called energy crisis. Hence alternative or renewable sources of energy have to be developed to meet future energy requirement.
The objectives of these guidelines are to:
Improve the safety, performance and reliability of solar photovoltaic power systems installed in the field.
Encourage industry Best Practice for all design and installation work involving solar photovoltaic power systems.
Provide a network of competent solar photovoltaic power systems designers and installers.
Increase the uptake of solar photovoltaic power systems, by giving customers increased confidence in the design and installation work.
The performance of a reliable installation that fulfills customer expectations requires both careful design and correct installation practice.
This document discusses the design of a 1kW stand-alone solar PV system, including calculating the load, sizing the battery bank and PV array, and components of the balance of system. It estimates a daily load of 3244.6Wh requiring 12 PV modules and a 1050Ah battery bank. Grid-interactive PV systems are also briefly mentioned.
This document presents a case study of a proposed rooftop solar PV system for a residential colony in Navi Mumbai. It discusses the design and economics of the system. The document includes a certificate of approval, project report approval, declaration, acknowledgements, abstract and table of contents. It was submitted by 5 students in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Bachelor of Engineering degree.
1. For the electricity price from the PV system to be comparable to conventional electricity at €0.10/kWh, the levelized cost of electricity over the 20 year lifetime must be €0.10/kWh or less.
2. Assuming a 14% efficient PV module and 1000 kWh/m2/year of sunlight, the module area required to produce 1 kWh/year is 0.07 m2. For a 20 year lifetime, the module area required per kWh is 1.4 m2. At a production cost of €X per Wattpeak, and assuming each Wattpeak of module produces 1000 kWh/20 years = 50 kWh, the levelized cost of electricity works out to
Government of India is aiming towards a capacity of about 100,000 MW to come from Solar Energy by the year 2022. This includes a capacity of 40,000 MW to come up on the rooftops of various buildings and houses spread throughout the country. The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy sources is looking for training about 50,000 Suryamitra in next 3 years Considering the huge technically trained manpower requirement to meet this ambitious goal, Skill Council for Green Jobs is targeting a special skilling course on Solar PV Installer with the name called Suryamitra. The Solar PV Installer (Suryamitra) would be specialised for mechanical, civil and electrical installations of rooftop Solar Photovoltaic systems as well as maintaining them.
This Participant book is designed to enable theoretical and practical training on Rooftop Solar PV Installation, Operation and Maintenance as per Solar PV Installer (Suryamitra) Qualification Pack, SGJ/Q0101 and is available for free download at www.sscgj.in.
This book is designed considering the minimum education qualification of Suryamitra to be ITI/Diploma. However, as part this book, efforts have been made to revise their knowledge of electrical and civil concepts required for this job. The contents of this book are in simple language, without going into too much theoretical details and calculations. It is envisaged that this training manual will provide the participants with the knowledge and skills required for installing and maintaining a rooftop Solar Photovoltaic System, complying with all applicable codes, standards, and safety requirements; and enable them to actively participate in the growing solar rooftop market.
This proposal outlines a 1 MWp solar power plant in Vadodara, Gujarat, India. The key details include:
1) The plant will be grid-connected and use poly-crystalline solar modules covering an area of 5.5-6 acres (1.25 lac sq feet).
2) The main components will be the solar PV array, inverters, monitoring systems, and a substation.
3) A maintenance contract is proposed to include performance monitoring, preventative maintenance, corrective maintenance and other services.
4) An implementation schedule and project management approach is outlined, along with procurement, integration plans and budgets.
Photovoltaic Training - Session 6 - Off-grid installationsLeonardo ENERGY
* Criteria of higher winter production versus annual production maximization
* Hybrid systems.
* Storage Systems.
* Types of Batteries.
* The importance of energy efficiency in consumption in the isolated systems.
* Maintenance.
Design & estimation of rooftop grid tied solar pv systemSabrina Chowdhury
Energy plays a pivotal role in our daily activities. The degree of development and civilization of a country is measured by the amount of utilization of energy by human beings. Energy demand is increasing day by day due to increase in population,
urbanization and industrialization. The world’s fossil fuel supply viz. coal, petroleum and natural gas will thus be depleted in a few hundred years. The rate of energy consumption increasing, supply is depleting resulting in inflation and energy shortage. This is called energy crisis. Hence alternative or renewable sources of energy have to be developed to meet future energy requirement.
The objectives of these guidelines are to:
Improve the safety, performance and reliability of solar photovoltaic power systems installed in the field.
Encourage industry Best Practice for all design and installation work involving solar photovoltaic power systems.
Provide a network of competent solar photovoltaic power systems designers and installers.
Increase the uptake of solar photovoltaic power systems, by giving customers increased confidence in the design and installation work.
The performance of a reliable installation that fulfills customer expectations requires both careful design and correct installation practice.
This document discusses the design of a 1kW stand-alone solar PV system, including calculating the load, sizing the battery bank and PV array, and components of the balance of system. It estimates a daily load of 3244.6Wh requiring 12 PV modules and a 1050Ah battery bank. Grid-interactive PV systems are also briefly mentioned.
This document presents a case study of a proposed rooftop solar PV system for a residential colony in Navi Mumbai. It discusses the design and economics of the system. The document includes a certificate of approval, project report approval, declaration, acknowledgements, abstract and table of contents. It was submitted by 5 students in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Bachelor of Engineering degree.
1. For the electricity price from the PV system to be comparable to conventional electricity at €0.10/kWh, the levelized cost of electricity over the 20 year lifetime must be €0.10/kWh or less.
2. Assuming a 14% efficient PV module and 1000 kWh/m2/year of sunlight, the module area required to produce 1 kWh/year is 0.07 m2. For a 20 year lifetime, the module area required per kWh is 1.4 m2. At a production cost of €X per Wattpeak, and assuming each Wattpeak of module produces 1000 kWh/20 years = 50 kWh, the levelized cost of electricity works out to
Government of India is aiming towards a capacity of about 100,000 MW to come from Solar Energy by the year 2022. This includes a capacity of 40,000 MW to come up on the rooftops of various buildings and houses spread throughout the country. The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy sources is looking for training about 50,000 Suryamitra in next 3 years Considering the huge technically trained manpower requirement to meet this ambitious goal, Skill Council for Green Jobs is targeting a special skilling course on Solar PV Installer with the name called Suryamitra. The Solar PV Installer (Suryamitra) would be specialised for mechanical, civil and electrical installations of rooftop Solar Photovoltaic systems as well as maintaining them.
This Participant book is designed to enable theoretical and practical training on Rooftop Solar PV Installation, Operation and Maintenance as per Solar PV Installer (Suryamitra) Qualification Pack, SGJ/Q0101 and is available for free download at www.sscgj.in.
This book is designed considering the minimum education qualification of Suryamitra to be ITI/Diploma. However, as part this book, efforts have been made to revise their knowledge of electrical and civil concepts required for this job. The contents of this book are in simple language, without going into too much theoretical details and calculations. It is envisaged that this training manual will provide the participants with the knowledge and skills required for installing and maintaining a rooftop Solar Photovoltaic System, complying with all applicable codes, standards, and safety requirements; and enable them to actively participate in the growing solar rooftop market.
This proposal outlines a 1 MWp solar power plant in Vadodara, Gujarat, India. The key details include:
1) The plant will be grid-connected and use poly-crystalline solar modules covering an area of 5.5-6 acres (1.25 lac sq feet).
2) The main components will be the solar PV array, inverters, monitoring systems, and a substation.
3) A maintenance contract is proposed to include performance monitoring, preventative maintenance, corrective maintenance and other services.
4) An implementation schedule and project management approach is outlined, along with procurement, integration plans and budgets.
Photovoltaic Training - Session 6 - Off-grid installationsLeonardo ENERGY
* Criteria of higher winter production versus annual production maximization
* Hybrid systems.
* Storage Systems.
* Types of Batteries.
* The importance of energy efficiency in consumption in the isolated systems.
* Maintenance.
1. The document analyzes the performance of a 37 watt standalone solar photovoltaic system.
2. It provides the specifications of the system, methodology for testing, and evaluation indexes to analyze the system performance including I-V and P-V curves of the solar panel.
3. The analysis found that the panel characteristics matched theoretical performance curves and the maximum power output was 5.63 watts under halogen irradiation and 24.88 watts under solar irradiation.
This document discusses the design aspects of standalone solar PV systems. It begins by providing background on solar PV technology and India's solar energy potential. The key components of a standalone solar system are then explained - solar modules, batteries, charge controller, inverter. The document outlines the steps to design a system, including assessing the load, sizing the battery bank and solar panels. An example design for a 436W system is presented along with component selection and cost estimation of around 175,000 INR. Proper design considering location factors is emphasized to satisfy load demand economically.
This document summarizes a proposed 3 kW residential solar PV system for a customer in Flagstaff Hill, Australia. The system would include 12 solar panels mounted on the roof with an estimated annual output of 4,623 kWh. It is estimated that 2,534 kWh would be used on-site annually, with the remaining 2,089 kWh exported to the grid. The total estimated system cost is $5,600 and the payback period is estimated to be over 3 years.
This document discusses principles and methods for sizing photovoltaic (PV) systems. It describes how utility-interactive PV systems are sized based on inverter requirements, with the PV array sized to the inverter's maximum power rating. Stand-alone PV systems must balance energy supply and demand, with the battery and PV array sized to meet the average daily load during the critical design month with lowest sunlight. Proper load analysis and system sizing are important to achieve high system availability from a stand-alone PV system.
This internship report summarizes the intern's work at Prime Vision Automation Solutions Pvt. Ltd. studying their solar power plant and solar energy systems. The intern learned about different types of solar cells and solar collectors used to harness solar radiation. They explored applications of solar energy including power plants, homes, commercial uses, and more. The report discusses supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems used to automate and monitor electrical power systems like solar plants. In conclusion, the intern emphasizes the benefits of solar power for India and the importance of increasing automation.
This document is a 50-page internship report submitted by Naveen Bhati on solar power plants and solar energy. It provides an introduction to the company where the internship took place, Prime Vision Automation Solutions Pvt. Ltd., which provides industrial automation services and solar PV systems. The report includes sections on renewable energy sources like solar energy, the working of solar energy, solar thermal power plants, heat measurement, solar PV systems, SCADA systems, and PLC systems. It also contains diagrams of solar panel configurations, inverters, and solar pumping systems.
For direct download link, visit:
http://solarreference.com/what-you-need-to-design-rural-mini-grids/
The “Mini Grid Design Manual” would be useful to anyone wanting to design generation-to-house wiring systems for simple village level grids. With detailed theory as well as practical advice, it is very much relevant today as it was when published back in 2000.
The document discusses the design and analysis of a photovoltaic (PV) system installed on a house in Northern Italy. It describes the site details and energy usage, the 2.94 kW PV system components and specifications, tests and inspections conducted, a bill of materials, and an investment analysis. The investment analysis found a 5.4% rate of return over 20 years based on incentives of 0.49 Euros/kWh for the PV-generated energy and estimated energy savings of around 3000 kWh per year.
This technical report provides an analysis of a proposed 5 MW solar photovoltaic power plant in Charanka, Gujarat, India. It describes the site location and solar resource, gives an overview of the plant design including the modules, mounting structure, inverters and layout, and analyzes the expected plant performance and yearly energy generation. The analysis finds that the plant is expected to generate over 7,000 MWh in the first year with some losses accounted for, and provides conclusions on the viability and expected output of the project.
installation of grid solar panel of electrical departmentsurendra gurjar
This document summarizes a project on installing a 600-watt solar power system at RTU Kota. It includes an introduction, background on solar power in India and Rajasthan, components of the solar system including panels, charge controller, inverter and batteries. It provides schematics, calculations for sizing components, cost analysis showing return on investment within 5 years, and advantages like reduced bills, pollution-free power, and potential for panel recycling.
Designed a complete system of solar cell arrays required for a commercial complex. Researched and derived mathematical equations to install the system using given budget constraints. Made CAD drawings of the arrangement of inverter arrays required for installing the system.
This document provides an overview of how to design rooftop solar PV systems. It covers selecting solar panel modules based on material type and tilt angles for optimal sunlight exposure. It discusses factors like temperature, wind loading, and proper placement. The major system components like panels, charge controllers, inverters, batteries, and loads are identified. Step-by-step calculations are presented for sizing the solar PV system based on power consumption demands, including determining the required number of panels, inverter capacity, battery capacity, and solar charge controller rating. An example design calculation is also included.
Off grid solar power systems design is said to be complex. In this presentation, a simple design process is described: starting by load assessment, then moving to estimating array energy output; estimating array power and determining required number of modules as well as the size of other system components.
This presentation is adapted from a course delivered online by Mathy Mpassy Isinki. After ten years spent providing energy solutions in remote off grid locations, he describes himself as an off grid energy solutions business and technical sales professional; his goal is to share with you what he has learned the last ten years.
Design of solar pv grid connected system based on load requirement and also a...Gururaj B Rawoor
About KPCL
Solar Department in KPCL
Working principle
Types of solar photovoltaic system
Load sheet
Calculation of load
Stand alone system
Advantages
Disadvantages
Applications
Industrial visit
Solar PV calculator
To design a solar PV system, you first determine the power consumption demands by calculating the total watt-hours per day needed for loads. You then size the PV modules to meet the total watt-hours by calculating the total watt-peak rating needed and number of modules. Next, you size the inverter to handle the total watts of appliances and size batteries based on total watt-hours used per day and days of autonomy. Finally, you size the solar charge controller based on the total short circuit current of the PV array. An example is provided to demonstrate how to apply these steps to design a system for a house with various appliances.
Basic introduction to solar PV System Presentation.
The need for renewable energy resources has never been bigger than today and so is a lot of research going to match this high energy demand. Solar PV Array technology is one such technique which can actually make the effective use of solar energy available to us.
This document describes a proposed 40 kWp rooftop solar photovoltaic system to be installed at IHM in Hyderabad. The system would consist of an 18 kWp fixed installation and a 22 kWp installation with tracking capabilities. It provides details on the site location and characteristics, components required, methodology for developing the project, expected output of 70 MWh annually, and current implementation status with equipment procured but full installation not yet complete. The purpose is to utilize available rooftop space for solar power generation and reduce dependency on grid and diesel power.
Motivation and problem
Introduction to solar powered mini-grid and SHS
Solar Home System (SHS)
3.1 technical aspects
3.2 economic aspects
3.3 social and environmental aspects
Case Study
Conclusion and outlook
www.devi-renewable.com
Small residential stand alone roof top solar pvencon2014
This document presents a case study of a 400W standalone roof-top solar PV system installed in a residential home in Bhopal, India. Key elements included 4 solar panels totaling 400W, a 150Ah lead-acid battery, 850VA sine wave inverter, and charge controller. Loads totaling 1680W including lights, fans, TV were connected to operate from 5:30am-6:30pm during summer and 5:30am-5pm other times. The total installation cost was 49,000 INR. Technical specifications and sizing calculations are provided to demonstrate how such a small-scale residential solar system can be designed and implemented.
This document provides a timeline of key events in the history of education and technology:
- Plato began a new movement in education in 389 BC and Gutenberg's printing of the Bible in 1635 began a new movement in society.
- In the late 19th/early 20th century, important developments included the first machine to print the alphabet in 1862, Marconi sending a radio signal across the Atlantic in 1901, and Grace Hopper coining the term "bug" for a computer fault in 1944.
- Major milestones from the late 20th century include the introduction of the personal computer by Apple in 1977, the launch of Microsoft Windows and AOL in 1985, and the introduction of smart boards in 1997
1. The document analyzes the performance of a 37 watt standalone solar photovoltaic system.
2. It provides the specifications of the system, methodology for testing, and evaluation indexes to analyze the system performance including I-V and P-V curves of the solar panel.
3. The analysis found that the panel characteristics matched theoretical performance curves and the maximum power output was 5.63 watts under halogen irradiation and 24.88 watts under solar irradiation.
This document discusses the design aspects of standalone solar PV systems. It begins by providing background on solar PV technology and India's solar energy potential. The key components of a standalone solar system are then explained - solar modules, batteries, charge controller, inverter. The document outlines the steps to design a system, including assessing the load, sizing the battery bank and solar panels. An example design for a 436W system is presented along with component selection and cost estimation of around 175,000 INR. Proper design considering location factors is emphasized to satisfy load demand economically.
This document summarizes a proposed 3 kW residential solar PV system for a customer in Flagstaff Hill, Australia. The system would include 12 solar panels mounted on the roof with an estimated annual output of 4,623 kWh. It is estimated that 2,534 kWh would be used on-site annually, with the remaining 2,089 kWh exported to the grid. The total estimated system cost is $5,600 and the payback period is estimated to be over 3 years.
This document discusses principles and methods for sizing photovoltaic (PV) systems. It describes how utility-interactive PV systems are sized based on inverter requirements, with the PV array sized to the inverter's maximum power rating. Stand-alone PV systems must balance energy supply and demand, with the battery and PV array sized to meet the average daily load during the critical design month with lowest sunlight. Proper load analysis and system sizing are important to achieve high system availability from a stand-alone PV system.
This internship report summarizes the intern's work at Prime Vision Automation Solutions Pvt. Ltd. studying their solar power plant and solar energy systems. The intern learned about different types of solar cells and solar collectors used to harness solar radiation. They explored applications of solar energy including power plants, homes, commercial uses, and more. The report discusses supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems used to automate and monitor electrical power systems like solar plants. In conclusion, the intern emphasizes the benefits of solar power for India and the importance of increasing automation.
This document is a 50-page internship report submitted by Naveen Bhati on solar power plants and solar energy. It provides an introduction to the company where the internship took place, Prime Vision Automation Solutions Pvt. Ltd., which provides industrial automation services and solar PV systems. The report includes sections on renewable energy sources like solar energy, the working of solar energy, solar thermal power plants, heat measurement, solar PV systems, SCADA systems, and PLC systems. It also contains diagrams of solar panel configurations, inverters, and solar pumping systems.
For direct download link, visit:
http://solarreference.com/what-you-need-to-design-rural-mini-grids/
The “Mini Grid Design Manual” would be useful to anyone wanting to design generation-to-house wiring systems for simple village level grids. With detailed theory as well as practical advice, it is very much relevant today as it was when published back in 2000.
The document discusses the design and analysis of a photovoltaic (PV) system installed on a house in Northern Italy. It describes the site details and energy usage, the 2.94 kW PV system components and specifications, tests and inspections conducted, a bill of materials, and an investment analysis. The investment analysis found a 5.4% rate of return over 20 years based on incentives of 0.49 Euros/kWh for the PV-generated energy and estimated energy savings of around 3000 kWh per year.
This technical report provides an analysis of a proposed 5 MW solar photovoltaic power plant in Charanka, Gujarat, India. It describes the site location and solar resource, gives an overview of the plant design including the modules, mounting structure, inverters and layout, and analyzes the expected plant performance and yearly energy generation. The analysis finds that the plant is expected to generate over 7,000 MWh in the first year with some losses accounted for, and provides conclusions on the viability and expected output of the project.
installation of grid solar panel of electrical departmentsurendra gurjar
This document summarizes a project on installing a 600-watt solar power system at RTU Kota. It includes an introduction, background on solar power in India and Rajasthan, components of the solar system including panels, charge controller, inverter and batteries. It provides schematics, calculations for sizing components, cost analysis showing return on investment within 5 years, and advantages like reduced bills, pollution-free power, and potential for panel recycling.
Designed a complete system of solar cell arrays required for a commercial complex. Researched and derived mathematical equations to install the system using given budget constraints. Made CAD drawings of the arrangement of inverter arrays required for installing the system.
This document provides an overview of how to design rooftop solar PV systems. It covers selecting solar panel modules based on material type and tilt angles for optimal sunlight exposure. It discusses factors like temperature, wind loading, and proper placement. The major system components like panels, charge controllers, inverters, batteries, and loads are identified. Step-by-step calculations are presented for sizing the solar PV system based on power consumption demands, including determining the required number of panels, inverter capacity, battery capacity, and solar charge controller rating. An example design calculation is also included.
Off grid solar power systems design is said to be complex. In this presentation, a simple design process is described: starting by load assessment, then moving to estimating array energy output; estimating array power and determining required number of modules as well as the size of other system components.
This presentation is adapted from a course delivered online by Mathy Mpassy Isinki. After ten years spent providing energy solutions in remote off grid locations, he describes himself as an off grid energy solutions business and technical sales professional; his goal is to share with you what he has learned the last ten years.
Design of solar pv grid connected system based on load requirement and also a...Gururaj B Rawoor
About KPCL
Solar Department in KPCL
Working principle
Types of solar photovoltaic system
Load sheet
Calculation of load
Stand alone system
Advantages
Disadvantages
Applications
Industrial visit
Solar PV calculator
To design a solar PV system, you first determine the power consumption demands by calculating the total watt-hours per day needed for loads. You then size the PV modules to meet the total watt-hours by calculating the total watt-peak rating needed and number of modules. Next, you size the inverter to handle the total watts of appliances and size batteries based on total watt-hours used per day and days of autonomy. Finally, you size the solar charge controller based on the total short circuit current of the PV array. An example is provided to demonstrate how to apply these steps to design a system for a house with various appliances.
Basic introduction to solar PV System Presentation.
The need for renewable energy resources has never been bigger than today and so is a lot of research going to match this high energy demand. Solar PV Array technology is one such technique which can actually make the effective use of solar energy available to us.
This document describes a proposed 40 kWp rooftop solar photovoltaic system to be installed at IHM in Hyderabad. The system would consist of an 18 kWp fixed installation and a 22 kWp installation with tracking capabilities. It provides details on the site location and characteristics, components required, methodology for developing the project, expected output of 70 MWh annually, and current implementation status with equipment procured but full installation not yet complete. The purpose is to utilize available rooftop space for solar power generation and reduce dependency on grid and diesel power.
Motivation and problem
Introduction to solar powered mini-grid and SHS
Solar Home System (SHS)
3.1 technical aspects
3.2 economic aspects
3.3 social and environmental aspects
Case Study
Conclusion and outlook
www.devi-renewable.com
Small residential stand alone roof top solar pvencon2014
This document presents a case study of a 400W standalone roof-top solar PV system installed in a residential home in Bhopal, India. Key elements included 4 solar panels totaling 400W, a 150Ah lead-acid battery, 850VA sine wave inverter, and charge controller. Loads totaling 1680W including lights, fans, TV were connected to operate from 5:30am-6:30pm during summer and 5:30am-5pm other times. The total installation cost was 49,000 INR. Technical specifications and sizing calculations are provided to demonstrate how such a small-scale residential solar system can be designed and implemented.
This document provides a timeline of key events in the history of education and technology:
- Plato began a new movement in education in 389 BC and Gutenberg's printing of the Bible in 1635 began a new movement in society.
- In the late 19th/early 20th century, important developments included the first machine to print the alphabet in 1862, Marconi sending a radio signal across the Atlantic in 1901, and Grace Hopper coining the term "bug" for a computer fault in 1944.
- Major milestones from the late 20th century include the introduction of the personal computer by Apple in 1977, the launch of Microsoft Windows and AOL in 1985, and the introduction of smart boards in 1997
Este documento presenta el desarrollo de un trabajo sobre el diseño y fabricación de cepillos desechables de diferentes líneas. Incluye la elaboración de una ficha técnica para la fabricación de cepillos de dientes convencionales, infantiles, eléctricos y ortodónicos, así como el mapa de procesos para la fabricación. También se asignan roles a cada integrante del grupo para el desarrollo del proyecto.
This document contains a question bank for the subject EC6601 - VLSI Design from the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering at The Kavery Engineering College. It includes two mark, sixteen mark, and unit-wise questions on various topics related to VLSI such as CMOS transistor characteristics, VLSI fabrication processes, transistor modeling, power dissipation, transistor sizing, delay calculations and low power logic design. The question bank is intended for third year students in the academic year 2016-2017.
This document discusses the design choices for a digipak and magazine advertisement for an indie band called Transparence.
For the digipak design, dark colors and artwork from the music video were chosen to portray vulnerability and reinforce the theme of heartbreak. The second digipak design uses black and white to adhere to indie conventions while still being individualistic.
The magazine advertisement incorporates elements like consistent fonts, pictures of the artist, and minimal details to attract audiences while following conventions of the indie genre. Color schemes aim to be dull yet attention-grabbing.
After reviewing designs, the second digipak and a final magazine advertisement using matching images were selected to create a cohesive image and professional representation
1. A photovoltaic (PV) system is made up of multiple solar cells that are connected together into modules and arrays to boost power output.
2. There are two main classifications of PV systems: grid-tied solar electric arrays that are connected to the electric utility grid, and off-grid solar electric arrays that have no connection to the grid.
3. Grid-tied systems provide power to loads and excess power to the grid, but rely on the grid for power when solar generation is insufficient. They operate on a net metering basis where customers only pay for their net energy usage.
A empresa de tecnologia anunciou um novo smartphone com câmera aprimorada, maior tela e melhor processador. O novo dispositivo também possui maior capacidade de armazenamento e bateria de longa duração. O lançamento do novo smartphone está programado para o final deste ano.
Metodologías Lúdicas como recurso didáctico y psicopedagógico en Educación In...Campuseducación
Curso de formación para Oposiciones de MAESTROS de EDUCACIÓN INFANTIL y MAESTROS DE EDUCACIÓN PRIMARIA homologado por la Universidad Camilo José Cela, de 110 horas, 4 créditos ECTS y 20 días de duración.
This document has been prepared using the publicly available version from UNDP. To download, head to - solarreference.com/users-handbook-on-solar-water-heaters/
Also available from UNDP site. This handbook on solar water heaters provides organized information to users about the different technologies and equipment available, and the costs involved in installing solar water heaters.
Prefabrication has always been part of the construction industry. Modern prefabricated residential buildings take elements from commercial construction and translate them to residential models. Concrete prefabrication involves manufacturing cement panels in factories, reducing waste and environmental impacts compared to on-site building and allowing homes to be built faster and more sustainably. New technologies like using hemp in the precasting process further improves insulation and strength while making the materials mold and insect resistant. Prefabrication is becoming more popular due to its cheaper materials, faster construction, and sustainability benefits compared to traditional on-site building.
Report on the IMPROVING THE EFFICIENCY OF SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER GENERATION...Yuvraj Singh
The document is a seminar report on improving the efficiency of solar photovoltaic power generation. It discusses several ways to improve efficiency, including improving the conversion efficiency of solar panels, using automatic solar tracking systems, implementing maximum power point tracking technology, and exploring complex photosynthesis mechanisms. The report analyzes these methods and concludes that using these technologies can effectively improve the efficiency of solar power generation.
STUDY OF MODERN SOLAR TECHNOLOGIES: PERC and HJTIRJET Journal
1. The document discusses modern solar technologies, specifically PERC and HJT solar cells.
2. It provides an overview of different types of solar cells and technologies, including crystalline, thin film, multi-junction, and organic photovoltaics.
3. Highlighted technologies include PERC and HJT cells, which have higher efficiencies than traditional silicon cells and can lower the cost of solar energy production.
Solar Photovoltaic Systems – Applications & ConfigurationsIRJET Journal
This document discusses solar photovoltaic (PV) systems, their applications, and configurations. It begins by explaining how PV cells work by converting sunlight directly into electricity through the photovoltaic effect. It then outlines several common applications of PV systems including water pumping, cooking, heating, lighting, traffic signals, cold storage, and use in space. The document also describes different configurations for PV systems including stand-alone systems with and without battery storage, grid-interactive systems, hybrid systems combining PV with other energy sources, and building integrated PV systems. It concludes by emphasizing the benefits of PV systems in reducing emissions and fuel use while contributing to a more sustainable energy future.
This presentation outlines the benefits of solar photovoltaic energy and financial analysis of solar installations. It introduces AVACOS Solar, which provides renewable energy solutions, and discusses solar technology, applications, efficiency and the Ontario Power Authority's FIT program. Financial analysis shows paybacks of 7-8 years for various system sizes. New roof coating technology can further improve efficiency.
Report on the IMPROVING THE EFFICIENCY OF SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER GENERATION...Yuvraj Singh
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the need of electrical energy is essential part of
any state to stable itself as well as to promote itself. The most
reliable resources of electrical energy are Renewable
resources. In these renewable resources, Sun is the biggest
resource of energy. In active solar technique, electrical energy
is produced by the phenomenon of Photoelectric effect. The
Reliability and efficiency of solar power system can be
improved by making sure that we are using this system
properly. First of all, the main factor of solar power generation
is the efficiency of solar cell that is made of Crystalline
Silicon cell mostly. The efficiency of solar cell is not good yet,
but the capability of solar cell to produce power is excellent.
Secondly, there are many factors affecting the efficiency of
PV system during installation and maintenance. This paper
emphasizes on the efficiency of PV module affected by
direction, angle, irradiance, shade, load and temperature. This
paper describes the conceptual design of a smart battery health
monitoring system along with protection of battery from over
charging & over discharging using an embedded system. The
working mechanism of this system is based on the input
voltages to the embedded system from the battery which are
further processed using ADC to convert them into Digital
form which are then used to observe the state of battery’s
condition The deeply study of these factors is essential before
using this system and implementation of these results after
study, enhance the efficiency of this system.
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This document provides a summary of a professional manual on photovoltaic energy. It discusses:
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2) The physical processes behind photovoltaic conversion, including the absorption of light, transfer of energy from photons to electrical current, and functioning of the PV junction.
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The document provides an overview of photovoltaic (PV) technology basics, including how PV cells work, common semiconductor materials used, cell efficiencies, and the manufacturing process for crystalline silicon PV cells. It also discusses types of PV systems, including grid-connected and stand-alone systems, and provides pros and cons of PV technology. The document is intended as an informational overview for the MIT Solar Decathlon on PV fundamentals.
Proposal for 1kwp Roof-Top Solar PV PlantIRJET Journal
This document proposes a 1KWp solar roof-top power plant for an off-grid system in Davangere, India. It provides details on the components, specifications, and simulated performance of the system. The key components include 4 polycrystalline solar panels totaling 1KWp, a 1.5KVA off-grid inverter, 4 batteries with a total capacity of 600Ah, and supporting equipment. Simulation analysis was conducted using PVsyst software, which estimated the system would generate 4.447 KWh of energy per day to meet the daily household load of 4.065 KWh. The analysis also showed the solar irradiation levels and estimated energy output over the course of a year.
The document is about simulating and designing a solar PV system. It acknowledges the mentor and consultant who provided guidance. It then provides a brief summary of each section in the table of contents, including introducing the components of the PV system like the solar array, mounting, cabling, tracker and inverter. It discusses grid-connected and standalone PV systems and describes software used to assess annual solar production.
This document describes a solar cooler project submitted by three students to fulfill the requirements for a Bachelor of Engineering degree. It includes an introduction to the various components of a solar cooler, including the solar panel, battery, charge controller, permanent magnet DC motor, centrifugal pump, and cooler body. The objectives of the project are to save power and electricity, minimize maintenance costs, and vary power consumption at different speeds. The document provides details on the construction and operation of each component and how they work together in the solar cooler system. It also discusses using resistors to control motor speed and the advantages of eliminating the pump.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on the design of solar PV systems. It discusses the types of solar PV systems including grid-connected and off-grid systems. It provides block diagrams and compares the different systems. It also outlines the design process, advantages, applications, and future scope of solar PV systems. The presentation was given by Arpit Garg to the Department of Electrical Engineering at Poornima College of Engineering.
The document examines the average monthly electricity consumption in the DCPE building area. It analyzes electricity bill records from 2018 for the larger "workshop region" that includes DCPE. This region has a total area of 19,254.99 sqm while the DCPE area is 4,698.26 sqm. To estimate DCPE's monthly consumption, the document calculates the ratio of the two areas and applies it to the workshop region's average monthly consumption of 84,931 kWh. This approach allows estimating DCPE's electricity usage based on its portion of the overall workshop area.
Kuo wei-chiao has over 13 years of experience working in ISO 9001 and the food and pharmaceutical industries. The presentation provides an introduction to Singapore, highlighting that it is a small, multiracial and multicultural country that is an important trading port. It also discusses Singapore's languages, food culture at hawker centres, and public transportation options like MRT, bus and taxi.
The document discusses a construction project that did not follow the PDCA (Plan-Do-Check-Act) cycle very well. It seems there was a lack of planning, implementation issues during the "Do" phase, and no process for checking or making adjustments to the project. In just 3 sentences, the summary captures the high-level topic of a construction project and problem with not properly following the PDCA methodology.
The document summarizes several ideas presented at a TED conference about improving life. It discusses how face-to-face social interactions are important for longevity and health more than other factors like smoking or exercise. It also discusses how limiting smartphone use and prioritizing in-person interactions enrich life. Additionally, it notes that pursuing meaning through relationships, purpose, spirituality and storytelling is more important for well-being than chasing happiness alone.
Saishoku and culture shock vegetarianism in japan special features - japaneseWei Chiao Kuo
Global vegetarianism and veganism are increasing due to health, environmental, and animal welfare concerns. In Japan, the number of vegetarians and vegans is also growing, though still small compared to other countries. While more Japanese restaurants offer meat-free options, vegetarian dining in Japan can be challenging due to ingredients like fish stock and animal fats used in many dishes. However, Buddhist temple cuisine, convenience store offerings, and restaurants catering to health-conscious customers provide viable meat-free options. With Japan preparing to welcome many foreign tourists to the 2020 Olympics, the availability of vegetarian food is likely to continue improving.
Adam Smith believed that the division of labor leads to greater productivity and wealth. As the market size increases, labor can be more specialized. People act in rational self-interest, which contributes to the greater social good through market exchanges. Marx focused on social relations of production and argued that capitalism leads to the exploitation of workers as they do not receive the full value of their labor. He believed history moves towards a violent proletariat revolution against capitalists and the establishment of a communist system without private property.
Initial preparations for extreme weather involve inspecting elevator machine rooms for water leakage and installing protections. Before a storm, close elevator shaft openings, barricade machine rooms, and park elevator cars safely. Prepare emergency systems and make sure power can be restored after an outage. During and after a storm, check for water damage before restoring power or using elevators. Building managers should practice safety procedures and contact their local Schindler team for assistance with planning or inspections.
This article discusses the many health benefits of guava and recommends growing guava trees. It notes that guava is high in vitamins A, B, C, calcium, and iron. It is used medicinally to treat mouth ulcers, foot fungus, peptic ulcers, and more. The leaves can be made into a decoction or tea that may help treat diabetes and lower blood sugar. Guava grows well in Thailand and its leaves contain antioxidants that may help prevent diseases. The article encourages readers to consider growing their own guava tree for its fruits and medicinal properties.
The document is the March 2017 issue of The Singapore Engineer magazine, which features articles on additive manufacturing, precision engineering, mechanical engineering, and systems engineering. The cover story discusses how additive manufacturing is moving towards production of working components. Other articles explore topics like obtaining burr-free surfaces, pipeline flow-induced vibration, and design innovation for smart energy.
Chr. Hansen had issues with slow temperature sensor response times and frequent calibrations that took too long, interrupting their sterilization process. They replaced the sensors with thin-film platinum resistance temperature detectors (RTDs) that responded 3.5 seconds faster and were more accurate. The compact size of the RTDs allowed them to fit into small thermowells without slowing response time. The RTDs also had a quick release mechanism, allowing calibration to be completed in under 5 minutes instead of 45 minutes, increasing process uptime and throughput. The new sensors provided faster, more accurate temperature measurements without process interruptions, improving plant efficiency.
1) Advances in radar level measurement technologies like 80-GHz radar, guided wave radar, and onboard algorithms are enabling more accurate level measurement of difficult substances.
2) Companies are using these technologies to gain efficiency through remote monitoring, reduce costs through wireless communication, and improve safety with redundant level switches.
3) Radar level measurement helps optimize operations for non-traditional applications like biomass storage and predicts process upsets to maintain level control.
The document discusses various state-of-the-art sensors used to detect oil in or on water, including laser nephelometers, capacitance sensors, ultraviolet radiation detectors, and radiofrequency sensors. It describes how each sensor type is able to distinguish between oil and water based on differences in their physical properties. The document also mentions new profiling technologies like multiple density array systems that can measure emulsion layers and density profiles inside separator vessels.
Eating only meat would likely cause health issues due to lack of vitamin C and fiber. Without vitamin C, one could develop scurvy and gum disease. Without fiber, constipation would be a problem. However, some groups like the Inuit traditionally ate meat-heavy diets and thrived by eating the whole animal, including raw meat and organ meats containing vitamin C and fiber. While their diets were historically healthy, today's meat-focused diets cut out necessary nutrients and could lead to cardiac, kidney, bone, and liver problems according to the American Heart Association.
Changing a corporate safety culture requires systemic engagement from leadership down to employees and can't be accomplished through rhetoric alone. Leaders who try to change the culture solely on their own or without input from others will only create compliance, not real culture change. The article recommends complementing the existing culture rather than trying to overhaul it. It suggests identifying informal influencers, having safety conversations to understand subcultures, and instilling safety as a value through behaviors modeled by leaders and repeated by all employees. Focus on a few key behaviors at a time that fit the current culture and reinforce them until they become routine.
Rockline Industries, a manufacturer of paper products, replaced their metal halide lighting fixtures with LED fixtures to reduce energy consumption and costs. The LED conversion reduced energy use per fixture from 400 watts to 150 watts, cutting costs significantly. It also improved light quality and reduced maintenance needs. This qualified Rockline for $48,000 in energy rebates. Employees also appreciate the cooler and brighter light from the LEDs.
Before starting any pump, check that all valves are in the correct position with the intended flow path open and other valves like drains and vents closed. If starting remotely, ensure the pump is ready for operation or have someone check it. Include key steps for safe pump operation, like valve positions, in procedures and checklists.
The document discusses a picture showing a group of unlabeled pumps that look identical. It notes that lack of labeling can pose a safety risk, and provides examples of confusing signs and labels from industrial plants. It encourages ensuring equipment is clearly labeled using consistent identification across documentation to avoid confusion and risks from working on the wrong equipment.
This document outlines strategies for tutors to help students develop metacognitive skills and an active learning mindset. It discusses using techniques like the study cycle to teach students how to set goals, review material, and assess their understanding. Tutors are encouraged to motivate students by addressing their mindset, teaching effective learning strategies, and sharing success stories of other students who used such strategies. Developing metacognition helps students take responsibility for their own learning and persistence in the face of challenges.
The document summarizes key concepts from Peter Senge's book "The Fifth Discipline" regarding learning organizations. It describes the five disciplines that Senge proposes are essential for organizations to become true "learning organizations": personal mastery, mental models, shared vision, team learning, and systems thinking. For each discipline, it provides an overview of the core ideas and how they contribute to building an organization's capacity for continuous learning and improvement.
This document provides an overview and guide on fire protection and performance-based fire engineering for sustainable construction. It covers general fire safety requirements, application of building elements like metal decking and drywall systems, different passive fire protection methods, and a performance-based approach to fire safety design. The goal is to promote understanding of fire safety in sustainable construction and serve as a useful reference for building practitioners.
A community development project is kicking off at Rungbua sub district in Ratchaburi , a small community almost the same size of Singapore, the model is similar to this presentation.
Fonts play a crucial role in both User Interface (UI) and User Experience (UX) design. They affect readability, accessibility, aesthetics, and overall user perception.
Explore the essential graphic design tools and software that can elevate your creative projects. Discover industry favorites and innovative solutions for stunning design results.
PDF SubmissionDigital Marketing Institute in NoidaPoojaSaini954651
https://www.safalta.com/online-digital-marketing/advance-digital-marketing-training-in-noidaTop Digital Marketing Institute in Noida: Boost Your Career Fast
[3:29 am, 30/05/2024] +91 83818 43552: Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida also provides advanced classes for individuals seeking to develop their expertise and skills in this field. These classes, led by industry experts with vast experience, focus on specific aspects of digital marketing such as advanced SEO strategies, sophisticated content creation techniques, and data-driven analytics.
Visual Style and Aesthetics: Basics of Visual Design
Visual Design for Enterprise Applications
Range of Visual Styles.
Mobile Interfaces:
Challenges and Opportunities of Mobile Design
Approach to Mobile Design
Patterns
EASY TUTORIAL OF HOW TO USE CAPCUT BY: FEBLESS HERNANEFebless Hernane
CapCut is an easy-to-use video editing app perfect for beginners. To start, download and open CapCut on your phone. Tap "New Project" and select the videos or photos you want to edit. You can trim clips by dragging the edges, add text by tapping "Text," and include music by selecting "Audio." Enhance your video with filters and effects from the "Effects" menu. When you're happy with your video, tap the export button to save and share it. CapCut makes video editing simple and fun for everyone!
Connect Conference 2022: Passive House - Economic and Environmental Solution...TE Studio
Passive House: The Economic and Environmental Solution for Sustainable Real Estate. Lecture by Tim Eian of TE Studio Passive House Design in November 2022 in Minneapolis.
- The Built Environment
- Let's imagine the perfect building
- The Passive House standard
- Why Passive House targets
- Clean Energy Plans?!
- How does Passive House compare and fit in?
- The business case for Passive House real estate
- Tools to quantify the value of Passive House
- What can I do?
- Resources
Storytelling For The Web: Integrate Storytelling in your Design ProcessChiara Aliotta
In this slides I explain how I have used storytelling techniques to elevate websites and brands and create memorable user experiences. You can discover practical tips as I showcase the elements of good storytelling and its applied to some examples of diverse brands/projects..
Technoblade The Legacy of a Minecraft Legend.Techno Merch
Technoblade, born Alex on June 1, 1999, was a legendary Minecraft YouTuber known for his sharp wit and exceptional PvP skills. Starting his channel in 2013, he gained nearly 11 million subscribers. His private battle with metastatic sarcoma ended in June 2022, but his enduring legacy continues to inspire millions.
Maximize Your Content with Beautiful Assets : Content & Asset for Landing Page pmgdscunsri
Figma is a cloud-based design tool widely used by designers for prototyping, UI/UX design, and real-time collaboration. With features such as precision pen tools, grid system, and reusable components, Figma makes it easy for teams to work together on design projects. Its flexibility and accessibility make Figma a top choice in the digital age.
Architectural and constructions management experience since 2003 including 18 years located in UAE.
Coordinate and oversee all technical activities relating to architectural and construction projects,
including directing the design team, reviewing drafts and computer models, and approving design
changes.
Organize and typically develop, and review building plans, ensuring that a project meets all safety and
environmental standards.
Prepare feasibility studies, construction contracts, and tender documents with specifications and
tender analyses.
Consulting with clients, work on formulating equipment and labor cost estimates, ensuring a project
meets environmental, safety, structural, zoning, and aesthetic standards.
Monitoring the progress of a project to assess whether or not it is in compliance with building plans
and project deadlines.
Attention to detail, exceptional time management, and strong problem-solving and communication
skills are required for this role.
ARENA - Young adults in the workplace (Knight Moves).pdfKnight Moves
Presentations of Bavo Raeymaekers (Project lead youth unemployment at the City of Antwerp), Suzan Martens (Service designer at Knight Moves) and Adriaan De Keersmaeker (Community manager at Talk to C)
during the 'Arena • Young adults in the workplace' conference hosted by Knight Moves.
2. Contents
1 Solar Photovoltaic (“PV”) Systems – An Overview 4
1.1 Introduction 4
1.2 Types of Solar PV System 5
1.3 Solar PV Technology 6
• Crystalline Silicon and Thin Film Technologies 8
• Conversion Efficiency 8
• Effects of Temperature 9
1.4 Technical Information 10
2 Solar PV Systems on a Building 12
2.1 Introduction 12
2.2 Installation Angle 12
2.3 Avoid Shading PV Modules 13
2.4 Aesthetic and Creative Approaches in Mounting PV Modules 14
2.5 Solar PV Output Profile 14
2.6 Solar PV Yield 15
2.7 Cost of a Solar PV System 15
3 Appointing a Solar PV System Contractor 16
3.1 Introduction 16
3.2 Getting Started 17
• Get an Experienced and Licensed Contractor 17
• Choosing Between Bids 17
• Solar PV System Warranty 17
• Regular Maintenance 19
• Other Relevant Matters 19
4 Solar PV System Installation Requirements 20
4.1 Electrical Installation Licence 20
4.2 Electrical Safety Standards and Requirements 20
4.3 Application of Electrical Installation Licence 21
4.4 Conservation and Development Control Requirements 21
4.5 Guidelines on Conservation and Development Control 21
4.6 Structural Safety and Lightning Protection 22
• Structural Safety 22
• Lightning Protection 22
4.7 Connection to the Power Grid 22
4.8 Get Connected to the Power Grid 23
4.9 Sale of Solar PV Electricity 23
4.10 Design and Installation Checklist 27
5 Operations and Maintenance 28
5.1 Operations of Solar PV Systems 28
5.2 Recommended Preventive Maintenance Works 29
3. 1
Appendices
Appendix A – Examples of solar pv system on buildings in
singapore
A.1 ZERO ENERGY BUILDING @ BCA Academy 32
A.2 POH ERN SHIH (TEMPLE OF THANKSGIVING) 34
A.3 313 SOMERSET CENTRAL 36
A.4 Sentosa Cove 38
A.5 Marina Barrage 40
A.6 Lonza Biologics 42
A.7 Zero Energy House 44
A.8 Tampines Grande 46
A.9 HDB APARTMENT BLOCKS AT Serangoon North Precinct 48
A.10 HDB APARTMENT BLOCKS AT Wellington Circle Precinct 50
Appendix B
B.1 Engaging a Licensed Electrical Worker 52
Appendix C
C.1 CONTACT INFORMATION 54
Appendix D – INCENTIVES FOR SOLAR PV SYSTEM
D.1 Solar Capability Scheme (SCS) 55
D.2 Market Development Fund (MDF) 56
D.3 Green Mark Scheme 57
D.4 Green Mark Gross Floor Area (GM-GFA) Incentive Scheme 58
D.5 $100 million Green Mark Incentive Scheme 59
For existing buildings (GMIS-EB)
D.6 Enhanced $20 million Green Mark Incentive Scheme for 60
new buildings (GMIS-NB)
4. 2
Cognizant of the growing popularity of solar photovoltaic (PV) installations amongst residential
dwellers as well as building developers, and the corresponding demand for a comprehensive
set of technical and regulatory information, the Energy Market Authority (EMA) and the Building
Construction Authority (BCA) got together earlier this year to work on integrating their respective
solar manuals into an all-in-one reference guide for those who are keen on installing solar PV
systems in Singapore.
The outcome of this joint project, which also saw the involvement of industry partners and
stakeholders such as Phoenix Solar Pte Ltd, Grenzone Pte Ltd, Solar Energy Research Institute
of Singapore (SERIS) and Singapore Polytechnic, is this “Handbook for Solar Photovoltaic (PV)
Systems”. Through this integrated and revised handbook, we hope to be able to provide a
comprehensive guide to the relevant parties, including owners, developers, engineers, architects,
Licensed Electrical Workers and electricians on the key issues, requirements and processes
pertaining to the installation of solar PV systems.
As with the previous edition of the handbooks, this single volume covers and provides information
on licensing, market and technical requirements, and building and structural issues that are related
to the implementation of solar PV systems in a building environment. In addition, it provides new
information on the installation requirements for solar PV systems, operations and recommended
preventive maintenance works, and various incentives to promote solar PV systems in Singapore.
We have also refreshed the presentation of the handbook to make it more accessible and reader-
friendly, as well as to incorporate examples of completed solar PV installations in Singapore.
We hope you will find this to be a useful guide.
David Tan Ang Kian Seng
Deputy Chief Executive Director
Energy Planning and Development Division Centre of Sustainable Building & Construction
Energy Market Authority Building and Construction Authority
Foreword
2
5. 33
Acknowledgements
We would like to thank the following organisations for their support and contributions in
the development of this handbook:
1) Grenzone Pte Ltd
2) Phoenix Solar Pte Ltd
3) Singapore Polytechnic
4) Solar Energy Research Institute of Singapore (SERIS)
5) SP PowerGrid
6) Urban Redevelopment Authority
6. 4
1Solar Photovoltaic
(“PV”) Systems –
An Overview
Figure 1. The difference between solar thermal and solar PV systems
1.1 Introduction
The sun delivers its energy to us in two main forms: heat and light. There are two main
types of solar power systems, namely, solar thermal systems that trap heat to warm up
water, and solar PV systems that convert sunlight directly into electricity as shown in
Figure 1.
When the PV modules are exposed to sunlight, they generate direct current (“DC”)
electricity. An inverter then converts the DC into alternating current (“AC”) electricity,
so that it can feed into one of the building’s AC distribution boards (“ACDB”) without
affecting the quality of power supply.
7. 5
Chapter 1
Solar Photovoltaic (“PV”) Systems – An Overview
Figure 2. Grid-connected solar PV system configuration
1.2 Types of Solar PV System
Solar PV systems can be classified based on the end-use application of the technology.
There are two main types of solar PV systems: grid-connected (or grid-tied) and off-grid
(or stand alone) solar PV systems.
Grid-connected solar PV systems
The main application of solar PV in Singapore is grid-connected, as Singapore’s main
island is well covered by the national power grid. Most solar PV systems are installed
on buildings or mounted on the ground if land is not a constraint. For buildings, they are
either mounted on the roof or integrated into the building. The latter is also known as
Building Integrated Photovoltaics (“BIPV”). With BIPV, the PV module usually displaces
another building component, e.g. window glass or roof/wall cladding, thereby serving a
dual purpose and offsetting some costs.
The configuration of a grid-connected solar PV system is shown in Figure 2.
A building has two parallel power supplies, one from the solar PV system and the other
from the power grid. The combined power supply feeds all the loads connected to the
main ACDB.
The ratio of solar PV supply to power grid supply varies, depending on the size of the
solar PV system. Whenever the solar PV supply exceeds the building’s demand, excess
electricity will be exported into the grid. When there is no sunlight to generate PV
electricity at night, the power grid will supply all of the building’s demand.
8. 6
Chapter 1
Solar Photovoltaic (“PV”) Systems – An Overview
Figure 3. Off-grid solar PV system configuration
A grid-connected system can be an effective way to reduce your dependence on utility
power, increase renewable energy production, and improve the environment.
Off-grid solar PV systems
Off-grid solar PV systems are applicable for areas without power grid. Currently, such
solar PV systems are usually installed at isolated sites where the power grid is far away,
such as rural areas or off-shore islands. But they may also be installed within the city in
situations where it is inconvenient or too costly to tap electricity from the power grid.
For example, in Singapore, several URA parking sign lights are powered by off-grid solar
PV systems.
An off-grid solar PV system needs deep cycle rechargeable batteries such as lead-acid,
nickel-cadmium or lithium-ion batteries to store electricity for use under conditions
where there is little or no output from the solar PV system, such as during the night, as
shown in Figure 3 below.
1.3 Solar PV Technology
This section gives a brief description of the solar PV technology and the common
technical terms used.
A solar PV system is powered by many crystalline or thin film PV modules. Individual
PV cells are interconnected to form a PV module. This takes the form of a panel for easy
installation.
9. 7
Chapter 1
Solar Photovoltaic (“PV”) Systems – An Overview
Mono-Crystalline Silicon PV Cell Poly-Crystalline Silicon PV Cell
Figure 5. PV technology family tree
PV Cell Types
Poly-crystalline
Mono-crystalline
Amorphous-Si
(a-Si)
Tandem
a-Si/microcrystalline
CIGS
(Copper Indium Gallium
Selenide)
CdTe
(Cadmium Telluride)
Dye-sensitised (TiO2
)
Commercially
available product,
suitable for Singapore
R&D or pilot stage, or
unsuitable for
Singapore
Special
Compound semiconductor
eg GaAs-based
Crystalline Silicon
(wafer based) Thin Film
PV cells are made of light-sensitive semiconductor materials that use photons to dislodge
electrons to drive an electric current. There are two broad categories of technology used
for PV cells, namely, crystalline silicon, as shown in Figure 4 which accounts for the
majority of PV cell production; and thin film, which is newer and growing in popularity.
The “family tree” in Figure 5 gives an overview of these technologies available today
and Figure 6 illustrates some of these technologies.
Figure 4. Mono-and Poly-Crystalline Silicon PV Cell
10. 8
Chapter 1
Solar Photovoltaic (“PV”) Systems – An Overview
CIGS thin filmMono-crystalline
silicon
Poly-crystalline
silicon
Flexible amorphous
thin film
Figure 6. Common PV module technologies
Crystalline Silicon and Thin Film Technologies
Crystalline cells are made from ultra-pure silicon raw material such as those used in
semiconductor chips. They use silicon wafers that are typically 150-200 microns (one
fifth of a millimetre) thick.
Thin film is made by depositing layers of semiconductor material barely 0.3 to 2
micrometres thick onto glass or stainless steel substrates. As the semiconductor layers
are so thin, the costs of raw material are much lower than the capital equipment and
processing costs.
Conversion Efficiency
Technology Module Efficiency
Mono-crystalline Silicon 12.5-15%
Poly-crystalline Silicon 11-14%
Copper Indium Gallium Selenide (CIGS) 10-13%
Cadmium Telluride (CdTe) 9-12%
Amorphous Silicon (a-Si) 5-7%
Table 1. Conversion efficiencies of various PV module technologies
Apart from aesthetic differences, the most obvious difference amongst PV cell
technologies is in its conversion efficiency, as summarised in Table 1.
For example, a thin film amorphous silicon PV array will need close to twice the space
of a crystalline silicon PV array because its module efficiency is halved, for the same
nominal capacity under Standard Test Conditions1
(STC) rating.
1
Standard Test Conditions refer to the following testing conditions:
• 1,000W/m2
of sunlight
• 250
C cell temperature
• Spectrum at air mass of 1.5
11. 9
Chapter 1
Solar Photovoltaic (“PV”) Systems – An Overview
For crystalline silicon PV modules, the module efficiency is lower compared to the sum
of the component cell efficiency due to the presence of gaps between the cells and the
border around the circuit i.e., wasted space that does not generate any power hence
lower total efficiency.
Effects of Temperature
Another important differentiator in solar PV performance, especially in hot climates, is
the temperature coefficient of power. PV cell performance declines as cell temperature
rises.
For example, in bright sunlight, cell temperatures in Singapore can reach over 70ºC,
whereas PV modules are rated at a cell temperature of 25ºC. The loss in power output
at 70ºC is therefore measured as (70 - 25) x temperature coefficient.
Most thin film technologies have a lower negative temperature coefficient compared to
crystalline technologies. In other words, they tend to lose less of their rated capacity as
temperature rises. Hence, under Singapore’s climatic condition, thin film technologies
will generate 5-10% more electricity per year.
A PV module data sheet should specify the temperature coefficient. See Table 2 and
chart in Figure 7.
Technology Temperature Coefficient
[%/°C]
Crystalline silicon -0.4 to -0.5
CIGS -0.32 to -0.36
CdTe -0.25
a-Si -0.21
Table 2. Temperature coefficient of various PV cell technologes
moduleoutputrelativetoSTC
Figure 7. The effects of a negative temperature
coefficient of power on PV module performance
12. 10
Chapter 1
Solar Photovoltaic (“PV”) Systems – An Overview
1.4 Technical Information
Single-core, double isolated sheathed cables that can withstand the environmental
conditions, and minimise the risk of earth faults and short circuits are used to interconnect
the PV strings and arrays. The cable connections are protected in enclosures known as
junction box that provides the necessary connectors as shown in Figure 10.
Figure 8. PV String Figure 9. PV Array
Figure 10. Junction Box
Electricity produced by the solar PV installation is in the form of DC. The output of the
PV installation is connected through the DC main cables to the DC terminals of the PV
inverter where electricity is converted from DC into AC.
After conversion, the AC current of the PV inverter is connected through PV supply
cable to the building’s electrical installation (AC distribution board).
Figure 11 shows a typical PV inverter connected to the electrical installation of a
building. Note that the actual configuration of the PV inverter may vary across different
systems.
The PV modules are next connected in series into a PV string as shown in Figure 8.
A PV array as shown in Figure 9 is formed by the parallel aggregation of PV strings.
13. 11
Chapter 1
Solar Photovoltaic (“PV”) Systems – An Overview
Just like any electrical installation in a building, earthing is an important safety requirement
for solar PV system. Arrangement must be made for proper connection of the solar PV
system to the consumer’s electrical installation earthing system.
In locations susceptible to lightning strikes, a lightning protection system must be
provided, and all the exposed metallic structures of the solar PV system must be bound
to the lightning earthing system.
It is the responsibility of the consumers to have their solar PV systems maintained
regularly to ensure safe operation of their solar PV systems and electrical installations.
See Figure 12 for a diagram showing the solar PV system forming part of a consumer’s
electrical installation.
Figure 11. Typical PV inverter connected to a
building’s electrical installation
Figure 12. Solar PV system forming part of a consumer’s electrical installation
DC Side AC Side
PV
Inverter
PV DC Main
Cable
PV Supply
Cable
AC Distribution
Board
14. 12
2Solar PV Systems
on a Building
2.1 Introduction
There are many examples overseas where PV modules are mounted on the roof and
integrated into building façades. They work particularly well in Europe and North America,
as south-facing façades in these regions are well exposed to the sun.
In Singapore, we have to consider that the sun passes almost directly overhead. This is
because we are located near the Equator, and the path of the sun follows the Equator,
with seasonal variations of up to 23.5
o
to the north or south. Therefore there are optimal
positions to locate the PV modules that have to be taken into consideration. Refer to
Appendix A for examples of solar PV systems on buildings in Singapore.
2.2 Installation Angle
To maximise electricity production for use in Singapore, the best location for the
PV modules to be installed is right on top of a building, facing the sky. The possible
installation options are shown in Figure 13.
Figure 13. Where to install PV modules on a building in Singapore
15. 13
Figure 14. PV module frames trap dirt as water evaporates from a
flat-mounted PV module
Vertical façades and steeply sloped roofs tend to suffer a big loss in the ability to generate
electricity in exchange for higher public visibility.
With the PV modules facing the sky, it is possible to improve the yield by installing PV
modules on trackers to follow the sun from east to west during the day (single-axis
trackers), and from north to south during seasonal changes (dual-axis trackers).
However, trackers can only improve system performance under direct sunshine, and
they give no advantage in diffused sunlight conditions, such as on cloudy or hazy days.
The down side of having flat-mounted PV modules is that they tend to get dirty from
rain water and dust. See Figure 14. It is therefore better to mount the PV modules at an
incline (10-15
o
for framed modules, or as little as 3-5
o
for unframed modules), to allow
rain water to properly drain off
2.3 Avoid Shading PV Modules
PV modules should be free from shade. Shading of any single cell of a crystalline silicon
PV module will drastically reduce the output of the entire PV module.
Thin film PV modules are more tolerant to partial shading than crystalline silicon PV
modules. Typical culprits include shadows cast by tall trees and neighbouring buildings.
Chapter 2
Solar PV Systems on a Building
16. 14
Chapter 2
Solar PV Systems on a Building
2.5 Solar PV Output Profile
Solar PV only produces electricity when sunlight is available. The output of a solar PV
system varies with its rated output, temperature, weather conditions, and time of the
day. The power output profile of the PV installation as shown in Figure 17, at a selected
test site in Singapore collected over a period from 2002-2004, in terms of its capacity
factor2
, shows a high variation of solar PV output.
Figure 15. BIPV modules integrated
into a façade
Figure 16. BIPV modules integrated into a
skylight canopy
2.4 Aesthetic and Creative Approaches in Mounting PV Modules
Besides mounting PV modules on the rooftop, customised PV modules can be
integrated into the building façade in a creative, aesthetically pleasing manner. They can
be mounted on any part of the rooftop or external walls that is well exposed to sunlight
e.g. skylights, cladding, windows, and external shading devices.
They can also be integrated into external structures such as façades and canopies, as
shown in Figure 15 and Figure 16, respectively.
[2
] PV Output capacity factor = Ratio of the actual output of the PV installation at time (t) over its output if it
had operated at full rated output.
17. 15
2.6 Solar PV Yield
The amount of electricity you are able to generate from a solar PV system depends not
only on the availability of sunshine but also on the technology you choose to install. For
example, a typical 10-kW rooftop solar PV system in Singapore would produce about
11,000 to 12,500 kWh annually using crystalline PV modules, and 12,000 to 14,500 kWh
annually with amorphous silicon thin film PV modules.
2.7 Cost of a Solar PV System
The cost of your solar PV system will depend on many factors: system configuration,
equipment options, labour cost and financing cost. Prices also vary depending on factors
such as whether or not your home is new, and whether the PV modules are integrated
into the roof or mounted on the roof. The cost also depends on the system size or
rating, and the amount of electricity it produces.
Generally, solar PV systems entail high capital costs. With solar power, you can save on
the purchase of electricity from the grid. But even with these savings, it will take a long
time to recover the capital cost of the solar PV installation. The operating costs for solar
PV installations are negligible, but the annual maintenance cost beyond the warranty
period may amount to 0.5% to 1% of the capital cost of the installation.
Therefore on an overall basis, solar PV-derived electricity is still much more expensive
than that from the power grid. However, the cost of solar PV has historically been falling
by about 4% a year, and if this continues, solar PV may be competitive within the next
10 years. For incentives on solar PV system, please refer to Appendix D.
Figure 17. Varying daily power output profile of PV installation
at a selected test site in Singapore
Chapter 2
Solar PV Systems on a Building
PVoutputcapacityfactor
18. 16
3Appointing a
Solar PV System
Contractor
3.1 Introduction
You will need to select a contractor to install your solar PV system. If interested, you
may check with the following organisations for some solar PV system designers and
contractors:
• The List of Solar PV System companies in Singapore, available from Sustainable
Energy Association of Singapore, by calling 6338 8578 or by visiting
http://www.seas.org.sg/about-seas/our-committees/cleanenergy/54
• The Singapore Sustainable Development Industry Directory 2008/2009, available
from the Singapore Business Federation, by calling 6827 6838 or by visiting
http://www.sbf.org.sg/public/publications/industrydirectory.jsp
Your contractor will appoint a Licensed Electrical Worker (“LEW”) who will be responsible
for the design, installation, testing, commissioning, and maintenance of your solar PV
system.
In the case of non-residential electrical installations that require an electrical installation
licence, the appointed LEW who supervises the electrical work (“Design LEW”) may
not be the one who takes charge of your electrical installation (“Installation LEW”). The
Design LEW will then have to work with the Installation LEW to work out the technical
issues.
Please refer to Appendix B for details on how you can engage an LEW and the necessary
consultation process.
19. 17
Chapter 3
Appointing a Solar PV System Contractor
3.2 Getting Started
First, compile a list of potential solar PV system contractors. Next, contact the
contractors to find out the products and services they offer. The following pointers may
give consumers a good sense of the contractor’s capabilities:
Get an experienced and licensed contractor
Experience in installing grid-connected solar PV systems is invaluable, because some
elements of the installation process, particularly interconnection with the grid, are
unique to these systems. A contractor with years of experience will also demonstrate
an ability to work with consumers, and price their products and services competitively.
It is also important to get a contractor who is an LEW.
Choosing between bids
If there are several bids for the installation of a solar PV system (it is generally a good
practice to obtain multiple bids), consumers should take steps to ensure that all of
the bids received are made on the same basis. Comparing a bid for a solar PV system
mounted on the ground against another bid for a rooftop system is like comparing apples
to oranges.
Bids should clearly state the maximum generating capacity of the solar PV system
[measured in watts peak (Wp) or kilowatts peak (kWp)]. If possible, the bids should
specify the system capacity in AC watts, or specify the output of the system at the
inverter.
Bids should also include the total cost of getting the solar PV system components,
including hardware, software, supporting structure, meter, installation, connection to the
grid (if applicable), permitting, goods and services tax, warranty, and future maintenance
cost (if applicable).
Solar PV system warranty
A solar PV system is an investment that should last a long time, typically two to three
decades for grid-connected applications. The industry standard for a PV module warranty
is 20-25 years on the power output.
There are two main components to a PV module warranty:
• A workmanship warranty that offers to repair, replace or refund the purchase
in case of defects. The period varies from one to as long as ten years,
depending on the manufacturer. Two to five years is typical; and
20. 18
• A limited power output warranty that offers a variety of remedies in case the
PV module’s output under STC drops below certain level. Most manufacturers
warrant at least 90% of the minimum rated output for 10 years, and 80% of
the minimum rated output for 20-25 years. Take note that the minimum rated
output is usually defined as 95% of the rated output to allow for manufacturing
and measurement tolerances. See Figure 18 for details.
Chapter 3
Appointing a Solar PV System Contractor
Take note that under the limited power warranty, manufacturers seldom offer to replace
the PV module itself. Rather, at their sole discretion, they may offer to:
• Repair the defective PV modules;
• Supply enough new PV modules to replace the lost power output in a PV
array. For example, if your 20kW PV array only produces 16.1kW under STC,
six years after installation, the manufacturer may opt to supply you with 1kW
of PV modules to make up for the shortfall; or
• Refund you for the lost power output, after deduction according to the number
of years in use. For a 25-year warranty, the annual deduction is normally 4%.
For example, if you find that your 20kW PV array only produces 16.1kW under
STC, six years after installation, the manufacturer may opt to reimburse your
purchase price minus 24% (6 years x 4%).
In all cases, the manufacturer does not cover your costs of dismounting, transporting,
and reinstalling the PV modules. The warranty also excludes problems resulting from
improper installations; repairs, changes or dismounting by unqualified personnel;
accidental breakage or abuse; lightning strikes and other acts of God.
Figure 18. Understanding a manufacturer’s limited power warranty
21. 19
Chapter 3
Appointing a Solar PV System Contractor
Significantly, most manufacturers specify that the PV module output will be determined
by the flash testers in their own premises, rather than by a third party.
The solar PV system contractor should assist in determining whether a PV module
defect is covered by warranty, and should handle the situation with the manufacturer.
Regular maintenance
During the defect liability period (usually for 12 months after installation), solar PV system
contractors usually use remote monitoring data to prepare monthly performance reports
of the installed solar PV system. They should come on site to rectify any problems
flagged by the remote monitoring service.
Other relevant matters
Another matter to be aware of is that PV module manufacturers are constantly upgrading
their products, and adapting new sizes and dimensions to suit market requirements.
This means that you may no longer be able to buy an identical PV module to replace
a defective one in your PV array a few years after installation. Newer PV modules are
likely to be more efficient or have different physical dimensions, and may no longer fit
exactly into the gap left by the old PV module.
This does not matter much on a large, ground-mounted solar PV power plant, because
the new modules can form a new row. But on a building-mounted solar PV system it
may spoil the aesthetics, and may cause problems to the electrical configuration.
22. 20
4Solar PV System
Installation
Requirements
4.1 Electrical Installation Licence
An electrical installation refers to any electrical wiring, fitting or apparatus used for
the conveyance and control of electricity in any premises. A solar PV system installed
within such premises forms part of the consumer’s electrical installation and should
comply with the requirements stipulated in the Electricity Act (Cap. 89A), the Electricity
(Electrical Installations) Regulations and the Singapore Standard CP5 Code of Practice
for Electrical Installations.
Under the Electricity Act, the Energy Market Authority (“EMA”) licenses all non-
residential electrical installations, with demand exceeding 45 kilo volt ampere or kVA. For
residential electrical installations and non-residential electrical installations with demand
below the threshold 45kVA, no electrical installation licence is required.
The licence requires the owner of the electrical installation to engage an LEW to take
charge of the electrical installation and comply with the relevant safety standards and
requirements. Your appointed LEW shall consult SP PowerGrid Ltd on their technical
requirements and procedures, if you wish to operate your solar PV system in parallel
with the power grid. The objective is to ensure all electrical installations, including solar
PV systems, are safe to use.
4.2 Electrical Safety Standards and Requirements
A grid-connected solar PV system operates in parallel with the power grid supply. The
power grid supply is considered the source, and the electrical installation with the solar
PV system connected is considered as the load.
The technical requirement for installation of a solar PV system is given in Section 612 of
the Singapore Standard CP5.
There are international product standards on PV modules and electrical components. For
example, PV modules should comply with the requirements of IEC 61215 for crystalline
silicon terrestrial PV modules or IEC 61646 for thin-film terrestrial PV modules. In
addition, PV array junction box, PV generator junction box and switchgear assemblies
should comply with the requirements of IEC 60439-1.
23. 21
Chapter 4
Solar PV System Installation Requirements
4.3 Application of Electrical Installation Licence
Your LEW will be able to advise you whether you need to apply to EMA for an Electrical
Installation Licence for the use or operation of the electrical installation within the
premises of your building.
If an Electrical Installation Licence is needed, your LEW will submit the licence application
to EMA on your behalf. If you already have an Electrical Installation Licence issued by
EMA, you need not apply for a separate licence for the solar PV system within the same
premises.
The electrical licence fee payable to EMA is $100 per year (exclusive of goods and
services tax).
4.4 Conservation and Development Control Requirements
At present, there is no specific requirement or control by the Urban Redevelopment
Authority (“URA”) on the use of installations such as a solar PV system. However,
conservation projects, or projects within the Central Area are subject to URA’s Urban
Design evaluation process.
The standard development control guidelines apply to projects that may not be subject
to conservation or urban design requirements, depending on which structure(s) the
solar PV system is installed onto. For example, if a solar PV system is installed on the
rooftop of an attic, then the attic guidelines will apply. Likewise, if a solar PV system is
installed on raised structures like a pavilion, then the pavilion guidelines will apply.
4.5 Guidelines on Conservation and Development Control
Architects are advised to refer to the conservation and development control guidelines
when designing a development with a solar PV system installation. The respective
guideline is available at URA’s website:
http://www.ura.gov.sg/conservation/Cons%20Guidelines.pdf
http://www.ura.gov.sg/circulars/text/dchandbook.html
Should you have further enquiries on whether your installations conflict with the Urban
Design or Development Control guidelines, you may submit your enquiries to URA either
in person or through a Qualified Person (“QP”) — a QP is either a registered architect
or an engineer — with the accompanying plans of the structures on which the solar PV
system will be installed:
Conserved buildings
Email: ura_conservation_cso@ura.gov.sg
Tel: 6329 3355
Non-conserved buildings
Email: ura_dcd@ura.gov.sg
Tel: 6223 4811
24. 22
Chapter 4
Solar PV System Installation Requirements
Should a formal development application to URA be required, it must be made via a QP.
The details can be checked at the two web links below:
http://www.boa.gov.sg/register.html
http://www.peb.gov.sg/peb/process/searchPe
4.6 Structural Safety and Lightning Protection
Structural Safety
To ensure safety, there are measures and steps that need to be taken or considered
when installing a solar PV system onto a new or an existing building. For new building
developments, the design of the structure must take into consideration the loading of
the solar PV system installation, just like any other equipment mounted onto a building
structure.
For existing buildings, a professional structural engineer may be required to carry out an
inspection of the roof structure, and do a calculation on the structural loading. If the roof
is unable to withstand the loading of the solar PV system, structural plans will need to
be submitted to the Building and Construction Authority (“BCA”) for approval before a
building permit can be issued for commencement of installation works. The application
guideline is available at the following BCA’s website:
http://www.bca.gov.sg/StructuralPlan/structural_plan_application.html
Lightning Protection
Given a certain location, solar PV systems are exposed to the threat of lightning strikes.
As lightning can cause damage to the PV modules and inverters, extra care must be
taken to ensure that proper lightning protection is provided for the solar PV system and
the entire structure. The inverters should be protected by appropriately rated surge
arrestors on the DC side. It is good practice to also install surge arrestors on the AC side.
Structures and PV module frames must be properly grounded.
4.7 Connection to the Power Grid
If a solar PV system is designed to meet only a fraction of the electricity load, the
system will need to be interconnected with the power grid to meet the remainder of the
consumer’s needs for electricity.
If a solar PV system needs to be grid-connected, interconnection is key to the safety of
both consumers and electrical workers, and to the protection of equipment.
25. 23
Chapter 4
Solar PV System Installation Requirements
4.8 Get Connected to the Power Grid
If you intend to connect and operate your solar PV system in parallel to the power grid,
your appointed LEW will have to consult SP PowerGrid (“SPPG”) on the connection
scheme and technical requirements.
The following documents set out the detailed consultation process and technical
requirements:
• The Transmission Code and the Metering Code are published at EMA’s website:
http://www.ema.gov.sg/media/files/codes_of_practice/electricity/transmission_
code.pdf
http://www.ema.gov.sg/media/files/codes_of_practice/electricity/Metering_
Code.pdf
• SPPG’s handbook, How to Apply for Electricity Connection, is published at SP
PowerAsset’s website:
http://www.sppowerassets.com.sg/PDF/howtoapply.pdf
4.9 Sale of Solar PV Electricity
The excess electricity generated from a grid-connected solar PV can be sold back to the
power grid. The arrangements needed to enable this sale of solar PV electricity vary,
depending on whether you are a contestable or non-contestable consumer.
Consumers are classified, based on their average monthly electricity consumption,
into:
• Contestable consumers: These consumers are the non-residential consumers who
use more than 10,000 kWh of electricity a month. Contestable consumers have a
choice of who they wish to buy their electricity from. They may purchase electricity
from a retailer, directly from the wholesale market (provided they are registered
with the Energy Market Company as market participants) or indirectly from the
wholesale market through SP Services.
• Non-contestable consumers: These consumers comprise all the residential electricity
users and non-residential consumers who use less than 10,000 kWh of electricity a
month. These consumers are supplied with electricity by SP Services.
Contestable Consumers
If you are a contestable consumer generating electricity from a solar PV system and
wish to sell and get paid for the electricity you inject into the power grid, you will be
required to register with the Energy Market Company (“EMC”) to participate in the
wholesale electricity market, which is called the National Electricity Market of Singapore
or NEMS.
26. 24
Chapter 4
installing a solar PV system
Figure 19. Flowchart for Electricity Licences
The flowchart in Figure 19 describes the circumstances under which the Generation
Licence or Wholesaler (Generation) Licence is required.
Generation Licence or
Wholesaler (Generation)
Licence not required
Apply to EMA for
Generation Licence
Apply to EMA for
Wholesaler
(Generation) Licence
Proposed Generation Unit
(e.g. Cogen, PV system, etc.)
Generation Capacity < 1MW
Generation Capacity ≥ 10 MW?
1MW ≥ Generation Capacity < 10 MW?
Connected to
power grid?
Yes
Yes Yes
No
No No
The application procedures to register as a Market Participant with the EMC and for
generation facility registration are set out in the Market Manual: Market Administration–
Registration and Authorisation, which is available at the EMC website:
http://www.emcsg.com/MarketRules/MarketManuals
As a Market Participant, you will need to comply with the Market Rules, which is available
at EMC’s website:
http://www.emcsg.com/MarketRules
By selling electricity in the wholesale electricity market, you will be paid the prevailing
electricity spot price for the electricity that you inject into the power grid. The electricity
spot price varies every half-hour, depending on the demand-supply situation in the
wholesale electricity market.
The market will also offer services and system resources to you, but you will be subjected
to market charges in respect to the gross generation output from your registered PV
system, for the provision of the market services and system resources.
27. 25
Chapter 4
installing a solar PV system
The EMC contact is:
Market Administration Team
Energy Market Company
238A Thomson Road, #11-01 Novena Square Tower A, S307684
Telephone: 67793000
E-mail: info@emcsg.com
Non-Contestable Consumers
If you are a non-contestable consumer generating electricity of less than 1 MW and
wish to sell and get paid for the electricity you inject into the power grid, you need not
apply for a Generation or Wholesaler (Generation ) Licence nor register with the EMC
as a market participant. You will have to apply to SP Services (“SPS”) by following the
application procedure set out in Appendix B.
Non-contestable consumers are compensated by SPS for electricity exported to the
power grid by way of a credit adjustment to the consumer’s monthly electricity bill,
based on the prevailing low-tension electricity tariff less the grid charge.
The credit adjustment will effectively compensate the non-contestable consumer for
the amount of electricity exported into the power grid during that month.
This scheme to compensate non-contestable consumers with generation capacity of
less than 1MW for the electricity they export into the power grid is not applicable to
those consumers whose electricity consumption is metered under the master-sub
metering scheme.
Master-sub metering schemes refer to metering arrangements where there is a
master-meter measuring the overall electricity consumed by the building (i.e. both the
individual units and the common services), with sub-meters measuring the usage of the
individual units. Such metering schemes are typically used in private condominiums
and commercial buildings.
Under a master-sub metering arrangement, the electricity that an individual unit attempts
to export into the grid may in fact be used up by the common services or by other
individual units. As it is not possible to track the actual flow of the electricity exported
by the individual units, the credit adjustment scheme cannot be applied to those under
the master-sub metering scheme.
28. 26
4.10 Design and Installation Checklist
You are advised to refer to the following checklist once you have decided to install solar
PV system in your premises.
No. Design and Installation Checklist Check Box
1 Set your budget and select a location.
2 Determine the energy requirement and estimate the size
of the system.
3 Perform a site survey for space needed, and access for maintenance.
4 Engage a licensed electrical worker (“LEW”) if your proposed
solar PV system:
i) is to be connected to the electrical installation within
the premises of the building; and /or
ii) to be connected and operated in parallel to the power grid.
The appointed LEW will be responsible for the design and
implementation of the connection of your solar PV system to
the electrical installation and/or power grid.
5 Select a PV module type and mounting method.
6 Select inverter to match PV array:
i) Number of inverters needed;
ii) Select inverter type; and
iii) Location of inverters (accessible for inspection and maintenance).
7 Finalise the mounting system.
8 Ensure there are fixing and mounting points available.
9 Ensure the structure for mounting is safe:
i) Additional loading by solar PV system is considered;
ii) Wind loading is considered; and
iii) Waterproofing is not compromised during installation.
10 Ensure solar access:
i) Ensure location to be mounted will get maximum exposure
to sunlight; and
ii) Choose a location that is not shaded.
Chapter 4
Solar PV System Installation Requirements
29. 27
No. Design and Installation Checklist Check Box
11 Ensure all PV modules connected to the same inverter
face the same direction.
12 Ensure PV modules are mounted at an incline (10 to 15 degrees
for framed modules, or as low as 3-5 degrees for unframed
modules) for self-cleaning.
13 Ensure sufficient ventilation space behind the PV array for
cooling purposes.
14 Ensure:
i) Cabling used meet sufficient current-carrying capacity
and are suitably rated for usage in the environment;
ii) DC cables are single-core and double-insulated; and
iii) Cable insulation on outdoor cables must withstand high
temperature and UV exposure for an estimated period
of more than 20 years.
Note that PVC and XLPE cables are inadequate on the DC side
and must not be exposed to the weather elements.
15 Determine if a Lightning Protection System is needed.
16 Ensure the PV module frame is earthed.
17 Finalise the Inverter and AC wiring system.
18 During installation:
i) PV system should be installed by qualified/experienced installers;
ii) Safety rules must be observed;
iii) Installer must wear PPE; and
iv) Only proper certified safety equipment can be used e.g. scaffolding,
stepladders, etc.
19 Cables must be properly connected, secured, and routed.
20 Ensure continuity and insulation tests are done.
21 Completion of testing and system commissioning.
22 Proper system, documentation/manual handover to clients.
Chapter 4
Solar PV System Installation Requirements
30. 28
5Operations and
Maintenance
Figure 20. Examples of performance monitoring displays (Courtesy of Phoenix Solar)
5.1 Operations of Solar PV Systems
The most practical indicator of the performance of the solar PV systems can be obtained
from the remote monitoring and data logging software supplied by most inverter
manufacturers.
The data logging software will record daily, monthly, and annual output for comparison of
the actual system performance against the expected system performance. See Figure
20 for typical performance monitoring displays.
Solar PV systems require minimal maintenance, as they do not usually have moving
parts. However, routine maintenance is required to ensure the solar PV system will
continue to perform properly.
It is a good practice for contractors of solar PV systems to provide an operation &
maintenance (“O&M”) manual for the client. The manual should include basic system
data, test and commissioning data, O&M data, and warranty information.
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Chapter 5
Operations and Maintenance
5.2 Recommended Preventive Maintenance Works
It is recommended that preventive inspection and maintenance works are carried out
every six to twelve months. The PV modules require routine visual inspection for signs
of damage, dirt build-up or shade encroachment. Solar PV system fixtures must be
checked for corrosion. This is to ensure that the solar PV system is safely secured.
While the inverter’s functionality can be remotely verified, only on-site inspection can
verify the state of lightning surge arrestors, cable connections, and circuit breakers.
The following table shows some recommendations on the preventive maintenance
works on the components and equipment, and the corresponding remedial actions to
be carried out by qualified personnel.
S/N Components/Equipment Description Remedy/Action
1 PV modules Check for dust/debris Wipe clean. Do not
on surface of use any solvents
PV module other than water
Check for physical Recommend
damage to any PV replacement
module if found damaged
Check for loose cable Retighten
terminations between connection
PV modules, PV
arrays, etc.
Check for cable Replace cable if
conditions necessary
2 PV inverter Check functionality, Recommend
e.g. automatic replacement if
disconnection upon functionality fails
loss of grid power
supply
Check ventilation Clear dust and dirt
condition in ventilation system
Check for loose Tighten connection
cable terminations
Check for abnormal Recommend
operating temperature replacement
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Operations and Maintenance
3 Cabling Check for cable Replace cable if
conditions i.e. wear necessary
and tear
Check cable terminals Tighten connections
for burnt marks, hot or recommend
spots or loose replacement
connections
4 Junction boxes Check cable terminals Tighten or
e.g. wear and tear recommend
or loose connections replacement
Check for warning Replace warning
notices notice if necessary
Check for physical Recommend
damage replacement
5 Means of isolation Check functionality Recommend
replacement
6 Earthing of solar PV system Check earthing cable Recommend
conditions replacement
Check the physical Retighten
earthing connection connection
Check continuity of the Troubleshoot or
cable to electrical earth recommend
replacement
7 Bonding of the exposed Check bonding cable Recommend
metallic structure of solar conditions replacement
PV system to lightning earth
Check physical bonding Tighten connection
connection
Check continuity of Troubleshoot or
the bonding to lightning recommend
earth replacement
34. 32
AAppendix
A.1 ZERO ENERGY BUILDING @ BCA ACADEMY
Building name : Zero Energy Building @ BCA Academy
Owner : Building and Construction Authority (BCA)
Location : 200 Braddell Road, Singapore 579700
Building type : Academic Institution
Completion : 2009
Working groups
• Project architects : DP Architects Pte Ltd
• Principal investigators : National University of Singapore / SERIS
• Structural engineers : Beca Carter Hollings & Ferner (S. E. Asia) Pte Ltd
• M&E engineers : Beca Carter Hollings & Ferner (S. E. Asia) Pte Ltd
• Quantity surveyor : Davis Langdon & Seah Singapore Pte Ltd
• Contractors : ACP Construction Pte Ltd
• PV design : Grenzone Pte Ltd
• PV manufacturer : Various (7 manufacturers)
Type of PV integration : on Metal Roof, Canopy, Louver, Railing, Façade
Type of PV cell technology : Various (mc-Si, pc-Si, a-Si, HIT, CIGS)
PV area (m2
) : 1,540
PV system peak power (kWp) : 190
Estimated energy output (kWh / yr) : 207,000
PV Yield (kWh / kWp / year) : 1,090
Photographs and information
courtesy of : BCA / Grenzone Pte Ltd
35. 33
Figure A.1.1. Building exterior
Figure A.1.3. PV array view (PV Main Roof)
Figure A.1.2. PV array view (PV Sunshade)
Figure A.1.4. PV array view (PV Staircase
Facade)
Appendix A.1
ZERO ENERGY BUILDING @ BCA ACADEMY
The Solar Photovoltaic System installed at BCA Academy’s Zero-Energy
Building (ZEB) consists of 12 systems with six systems connected to grid and
six standalone systems. Featuring different types of Solar PV technology and
mounting techniques, the ZEB @ BCA Academy’s Solar PV system is designed
to achieve zero-energy and for advance academic research on various PV
performances.
36. 34
Building name : POH ERN SHIH (Temple of Thanksgiving)
Owner : POH ERN SHIH
Location : 9 Chwee Chian Road, Singapore 117488
Building type : Religious
Completion : 2006 (Phase I)
Working groups
• Project architects : Lee Coo Consultant Associates
• Structural engineers : KTP Consultants Pte Ltd
• M&E engineers : Squire Mech Pte Ltd
• Quantity surveyor : WT Partnership International Limited
• Contractors : Wee Hur Construction Pte Ltd
• PV design : Grenzone Pte Ltd
• PV manufacturer : Uni-Solar, Sharp, Mitsubishi
Type of PV integration : Standing Mounting Structure
Type of PV cell technology : Amorphous Monocrystalline Polycrystalline
silicon silicon silicon
PV area (m2
) : 36.1 39.2 84.7
PV system peak power (kWp) : 2.232 5.250 11.340
Estimated energy output (kWh / yr) : 2,566 6,036 13,038
PV Yield (kWh / kWp / year) : 1,150 1,150 1,150
Photographs and information
courtesy of : Grenzone Pte Ltd
AAppendix
A.2 POH ERN SHIH (TEMPLE OF THANKSGIVING)
37. 35
The PV arrays are mounted on the rooftop with standing mounting structure,
allowing sufficient ventilation to improve PV performance. About 25% of
electrical power demand in the building are supplied by the solar PV system.
Figure A.2.1. Building exterior Figure A.2.2. Building interior
Figure A.2.3. PV array view Figure A.2.4. PV array view
Appendix A.2
POH ERN SHIH (TEMPLE OF THANKSGIVING)
38. 36
AAppendix
A.3 313 SOMERSET CENTRAL
Building name : 313 SOMERSET CENTRAL
Owner : Lend Lease Retail Investment 1 Pte Ltd
Location : 313 Orchard Road, Singapore 238895
Building type : Shopping Mall
Completion : 2009
Working groups
• Project architects : Aedas Pte Ltd
• Structural engineers : Meinhardt Infrastructure Pte Ltd
• M&E engineers : Bescon Consulting Engineers Pte Ltd
• Quantity surveyor : WT Partnership Pte Ltd
• Contractors : Bovis Lend Lease Pte Ltd
• PV design : Grenzone Pte Ltd
• PV manufacturer : Various (4 manufacturers)
Type of PV integration : on Trellis and Metal Roof
Type of PV cell technology : Monocrystalline, Polycrystalline, Micromorph
PV area (m2
) : 587
PV system peak power (kWp) : 76
Estimated energy output (kWh / year) : 87,381
PV Yield (kWh / kWp / year) : 1,150
Photographs and information
courtesy of : Bovis Lend Lease
39. 37
313 Somerset Central is centrally located in the heart of Singapore’s famous
Orchard Road. The solar photovoltaic system consists of four PV arrays, with
a main PV array of 60 kWp mounted on the trellis, and three smaller arrays
featuring monocrystalline, polycrystalline and micromorph solar modules that
are accessible by visitors.
Figure A.3.1. Building exterior
Figure A.3.2. Building exterior
Architect’s Impression of Somerset Central viewed from Orchard Road
Appendix A.3
313 SOMERSET CENTRAL
40. 38
AAppendix
A.4 Sentosa Cove
Building name : Private
Owner : Private
Location : Sentosa Cove, Singapore
Building type : Two-storey bungalow with basement
Completion : July 2008
Working groups
• Project architects : Guz Architects
• M&E consultant : Herizal Fitri Pte Ltd
• PV design : Phoenix Solar Pte Ltd
• Main contractors : Sunho Construction Pte Ltd
• Roofing contractor Sheet Metal International
• PV manufacturer : Uni-Solar
Type of PV integration : Glued onto approved Fazonal metal roof
Type of PV cell technology : Flexible amorphous silicon
PV area (m2
) : 92
PV system peak power (kWp) : 5.712
Estimated energy output kWh / yr) : 7,100
PV Yield (kWh / kWp / yr) : 1,250
Photographs and information : Phoenix Solar Pte Ltd,
courtesy of Guz Architects, and Sheet Metal International
41. 39
This striking house stands out for its open layout, capped with twin curved roofs. The rear
roof has a turf lawn to keep it cool, while the front roof generates electricity with flexible
solar laminates, bonded unobtrusively on top. This configuration meets Sentosa Resort
Management’s strict guidelines for roof aesthetics, which do not generally permit bare
metal roofs on bungalow developments.
Thanks to the laminates’ light weight (less than 4kg/m2
), the roof can make do with a
lighter and lower substructure cost than if it had to carry conventional clay tiles.
Figure A.4.1.
Twin curved roofs,
green grass and PV
Figure A.4.2.
Lightweight, flexible
laminates follow the
curved roof
Figure A.4.3.
Testing the Uni-Solar
laminates during
installation
Appendix A.4
Sentosa Cove
42. 40
AAppendix
A.5 Marina Barrage
Building name : Marina Barrage
Owner : PUB, Singapore’s national water agency
Location : Singapore
Building type : Flood Control
Completion : 2008
Working groups
• Project architects : Architects Team 3 Pte Ltd
• Structural engineers : Koh Brothers Building & Civil Engineering
Contractor (Pte) Ltd
• PV design : Renewpowers Technologies Pte Ltd
• Building services : Cegelec Pte Ltd
• Contractors : Koh Brothers Building & Civil Engineering
Contractor (Pte) Ltd
• PV manufacturer : SolarWorld Asia Pacific Pte Ltd
Type of PV integration : Roof Top
Type of PV cell technology : Monocrystalline silicon
PV area (m2
) : 1200
PV system peak power (kWp) : 70
Estimated energy output (kWh / yr) : 76,650
PV Yield (kWh / kWp/ yr) : 1,095
Photographs and information
courtesy of : PUB, Singapore’s national water agency
43. 41
Figure A.5.2. Marina Barrage Solar Park
Marina Barrage spans the mouth of the Marina Channel, creating Singapore’s 15th
reservoir, and its first in the city.
The barrage creates a freshwater lake to boost Singapore’s water supply, acts as a tidal
barrier to prevent flooding in low-lying city areas, and keeps the water level consistent,
offering a venue for water-based activities in the heart of the city.
But more than an engineering showpiece, the barrage exemplifies the national water
agency’s commitment towards environmental and water sustainability.
One of Singapore’s largest commissioned solar PV system at a single site to date, Marina
Barrage’s solar park houses one of the largest collection of solar panels – 405 panels in
all – currently in operation in Singapore. Its 70kWp DC grid-tied solar PV system is the
first to be employed on such a large scale locally, and it comes with aesthetically arranged
solar panels (panels are arranged in nine arrays of 15 by three panels) on the barrage’s
green roof.
The solar panels generate
50% of utility grade electricity
for lighting and general
power in the visitor centre,
control room and offices. The
environmentally-friendly grid-
tied solar PV system does
not require batteries, hence
eliminating the costs for
battery replacement.
Figure A.5.1. Aerial view of
Marina Barrage
Appendix A.5
Marina Barrage
44. 42
AAppendix
A.6 Lonza Biologics
Building name : LBXS2
Owner : Lonza Biologics Tuas Pte Ltd
Location : Tuas, Singapore
Building type : Biotech factory and laboratory
Completion : May 2009
Working groups
• Project architects : RSP Architects Planners & Engineers Pte Ltd
• M&E engineers : Jacobs Engineering Singapore Pte Ltd
• PV design : Phoenix Solar Pte Ltd
• Contractors : Bovis Lend Lease Pharmaceutical Pte Ltd
• PV manufacturer : REC (framed modules) and Solar-Fabrik (frameless
laminates)
Type of PV integration : Roof mounted on Bluescope Lysaght KlipLok metal roof
Type of PV cell technology : Polycrystalline silicon
PV area (m2
) : 1,330
PV system peak power (kWp) : 181
Estimated energy output (kWh/yr) : 217,000
PV Yield (kWh/kWp/yr) : 1,200
Photographs and information : Phoenix Solar Pte Ltd
courtesy of and Lonza Biologics Tuas Pte Ltd
45. 43
The curved laboratory roof of the Lonza Biologic’s LBXS2 factory offers prominent
visibility to maximise public awareness for a 181kWp solar PV system on an industrial
building. The bulk of the PV array consists of 744 pieces of REC210 modules, while
the flatter upper section of the roof is covered with 104 SF130/2 frameless laminates
from Solar-Fabrik. Without frames to trap water at shallow installation angles, these
laminates will avoid dirt accumulation.
Roof clamps were specially engineered to attach the PV module rails to the KlipLok roof
seams without any penetrations. Lonza Biologics was a recipient of one of the inaugural
Solar Pioneer grants under EDB’s Solar Capability Scheme.
Figure A.6.3. Installing the REC modules
Figure A.6.1. Building exterior (Rendering by RSP Architects Planners &
Engineers Pte Ltd)
Figure A.6.2. Modules installed on the
6o
-16o
slope
Appendix A.6
Lonza Biologics
46. 44
Building name : Zero Energy House
Owner : Private
Location : District 15, Singapore
Building type : Residential, 21
/2-storey semi-detached house
Completion (renovation) : April 2008
Working groups
• Project architects : Art & Architecture Collaborative
• Structural engineers : Portwood & Associates
• PV design : Phoenix Solar Pte Ltd
• Contractors : MCL Construction & Engineering Pte Ltd
• PV manufacturer : Mitsubishi Heavy Industries and Phoenix Solar
Type of PV integration : Roof mounted on metal roof
Type of PV cell technology : amorphous silicon and micromorph silicon thin films
PV area (m2
) : 120
PV system peak power (kWp) : 8.58
Estimated energy output (kWh/year) : 12,000
PV Yield (kWh/kWp/yr) : 1,400
Photographs and information
courtesy of : Phoenix Solar Pte Ltd
AAppendix
A.7 Zero Energy House
47. 45
Figure A.7.2. West roof flank with micromorph PV modules
Figure A.7.1. Building roof with two types of PV module
This 1960s semi-detached house was converted into Singapore’s first modern zero-energy
home by reducing solar heat gain, improving natural ventilation and adding a rooftop solar
PV system, which generates more electricity than the 6-person household consumes.
The PV modules are mounted on rails that are clamped to the seams of the aluminium
Kalzip roof without any roof penetrations. As an important added benefit, the PV modules
shade the roof, keeping the attic rooms much cooler than they would be under a roof fully
exposed to the sun.
Appendix A.7
Zero Energy House
48. 46
Building name : Tampines Grande
Owner : City Developments Ltd
Location : Tampines, Singapore
Building type : Office building
Completion : May 2009
Working groups
• Project architects : Architects 61 Pte Ltd
• M&E engineers : Conteem Engineers Pte Ltd
• PV design : Phoenix Solar Pte Ltd
• Contractors : Dragages Singapore Pte Ltd / BYME Singapore
• PV manufacturer : Suntech (rooftop) and Schott Solar (BIPV)
Type of PV integration : Roof mounted and Building Integrated façade
Type of PV cell technology : Monocrystalline silicon and amorphous silicon thin film BIPV
PV area (m2
) : 934
PV system peak power (kWp) : 107
Estimated energy output (kWh/yr) : 120,000
PV Yield (kWh/kWp/yr) : 1,200
Photographs and information : Phoenix Solar Pte Ltd
courtesy of and City Developments Ltd
AAppendix
A.8 Tampines Grande
49. 47
Figure A.8.1. 6kWp BIPV façade on Tower 2
Figure A.8.2. Partially completed PV array Figure A.8.3. Aerial view of both towers
101kWp of monocrystalline PV modules form the main rooftop PV array on Towers 1 and
2, while the west façade of Tower 2 has 6kWp of BIPV comprising 40 large, custom-built
amorphous silicon thin film modules.
At the time of completion, this was Singapore’s largest PV system, and the first
commercial application of a thin film BIPV façade.
The building also boasts a solar air-conditioning system powered by solar thermal
collectors.
Tampines Grande was a recipient of one of the inaugural Solar Pioneer grants under
EDB’s Solar Capability Scheme.
Appendix A.8
Tampines Grande
50. 48
AAppendix
A.9 HDB APARTMENT BLOCKS
at Serangoon North Precinct
Building Name : HDB Apartment Blocks at Serangoon North Precinct
Owner : Ang Mo Kio- Yio Chu Kang Town Council
Location : Serangoon North Avenue 3 Block 548 to 554
and 550A (Multi-storey Carpark)
Building type : Residential
Completion : 2008
Working groups
• Contractors : King Wan Construction Pte Ltd &
Asiatic Engineering Pte Ltd
• PV manufacturer : Sunset Energietechnik GmbH
Type of PV integration : Roof top
Type of PV cell technology : Mono-crystalline silicon
Precinct PV area (m2
) : 667.61
Precinct PV system peak power (kWp) : 75.75
Estimated energy output (kWh / yr) : 80,300
PV Yield (kWh / kWp/yr) : 1,060
PV Photographs and information
courtesy of : HDB
51. 49
Figure A.9.1. Typical rooftop PV array layout at Serangoon North Precinct
The Serangoon North Precinct consists of
five blocks of 16 storey and two blocks of
nine storey residential apartments and a multi
storey car park (MSCP). Sixty-nine pieces of
solar PV panels are mounted at the rooftop
of each residential block and 22 pieces of the
panel at the staircase roof of the MSCP.
Appendix A.9
HDB APARTMENT BLOCKS
at Serangoon North Precinct
52. 50
Building Name : HDB Apartment Blocks at Wellington Circle Precinct
Owner : Sembawang Town Council
Location : Wellington Circle 508A-C, 509A-B, 510A-B & 508 (MSCP)
Building type : Residential
Completion : 2008
Working groups
• Contractors : King Wan Construction Pte Ltd &
Asiatic Engineering Pte Ltd
• PV manufacturer : Sunset Energietechnik GmbH
Type of PV integration : Roof top
Type of PV cell technology : Mono-crystalline silicon
Precinct PV area (m2
) : 667.61
Precinct PV system peak power (kWp) : 75.75
Estimated energy output (kWh / yr) : 80,300
PV Yield (kWh / kWp/ yr) : 1,060
Photographs and information
courtesy of : HDB
AAppendix
A.10 HDB APARTMENT BLOCKS
at Wellington Circle Precinct
53. 51
Figure A.10.1. Typical rooftop PV array layout at Wellington Circle Precinct
The Wellington Circle Precinct consists
of seven blocks of 12 storey residential
apartments and a MSCP. Sixty-nine pieces
of solar PV panels are mounted at the rooftop
of each residential block and 22 pieces of the
panel at the staircase roof of the MSCP.
Appendix A.10
HDB APARTMENT BLOCKS
at Wellington Circle Precinct
54. 52
BAppendix
B. Engaging a Licensed
Electrical Worker
1. Engaging a Licensed Electrical Worker (LEW)
1.1 There are three classes of LEWs: Licensed Electrician, Licensed Electrical Technician, and
Licensed Electrical Engineer. The various classes of LEWs are authorised to design, install,
repair, maintain, operate, inspect and test electrical installations according to the conditions
stated below:
Class of LEW Approved Load Voltage Level
Electrician Not exceeding 45 kVA 1000V & below
Electrical Technician Not exceeding 150 kVA
(Design); not exceeding 500 kVA
(Operation) 1000V & below
Electrical Engineer No limit Subject to license conditions
1.2 The Singapore Standard for electrical safety applicable to solar PV Systems is set out in
the Code of Practice for Electrical Installations (Singapore Standard CP5:2008), which is
published by SPRING Singapore. The LEW whom you appoint to carry out or supervise the
electrical works associated with your PV system will be responsible for the compliance
with the relevant safety standards and requirements.
1.3 You can search for LEWs and their contact particulars at the following EMA website:
http://elise.ema.gov.sg
1.4 For enquiries on LEWs, you can contact EMA’s Electricity Inspectorate Branch at:
Tel: 6835 8060
Email: ema_enquiry@ema.gov.sg
55. 53
2 Guide for consumers – Installation of Solar PV Systems
Appendix B.1
Engaging a Licensed Electrical Worker
56. 54
CC.1 CONTACT INFORMATION
Appendix
For enquiries on the following matters pertaining to Solar PV systems, please contact:
(1) Buildings issues Building And Construction Authority (BCA)
Email: bca_equiry@bca.gov.sg
Tel: 1800-3425222 (1800-DIAL BCA)
(2) Development Planning Control Urban Redevelopment Authority (URA)
– Conserved Buildings Building Conservation
Email: ura_conservation_cso@ura.gov.sg
Tel: 6329 3355
(3) Development Planning Control Urban Redevelopment Authority (URA)
– Non-conserved Buildings Non-conserved buildings
Email: ura_dcd@ura.gov.sg
Tel: 6223 4811
(4) Electricity Generation Licences Energy Market Authority (EMA)
Economic Regulation & Licensing Department
Email: ema_enquiry@ema.gov.sg
Tel: 6835 8000
(5) Licensed Electrical Workers Energy Market Authority (EMA)
(“LEWs”) Electricity Inspectorate Branch
Email: ema_enquiry@ema.gov.sg
Tel: 6835 8060
(6) Electricity market rules, Energy Market Company (EMC)
market registration process, Market Administration Team
and market charges Email: MPregistration@emcsg.com
Tel: 6779 3000
(7) Connection to the power grid SP Services Ltd (SPS)
Email: install@singaporepower.com.sg
Tel: 6823 8283 / 6823 8284
(8) Connection to the power grid SP PowerGrid Ltd (SPPG)
Email: dgconnection@singaporepower.com.sg
Tel: 6823 8572
57. 55
DAppendix
D.1 Solar Capability Scheme (SCS)
The Economic Development Board (EDB) unveiled the Solar Capability
Scheme to spur demand and build up expertise for this young but growing
field. The scheme – the latest by Clean Energy Programme Office (CEPO) –
seeks to strengthen critical capabilities of companies engaged in activities
such as engineering, architecture and system integration through increased
implementation of solar energy technologies by lead users in Singapore.
Agency : EDB
Quantum : $20 Million (Overall); $1 Million per project or up to 40% of
total capital cost of solar technology.
Target Group : Engineering;
Architecture;
System Integration
(With implementation of solar energy technologies)
For Reading : http://www.edb.gov.sg/edb/sg/en_uk/index/news/articles/
cepo_launches_solar.html
http://www.edb.gov.sg/edb/sg/en_uk/index/news/articles/
Award_Ceremony_for_Solar_Testbeds.html
For Details : http://www.edb.gov.sg/etc/medialib/downloads/industries.
Par.98811.File.tmp/Solar%20Capability%20Scheme%20Factsheet.pdf
58. 56
DAppendix
D.2 Market Development Fund (MDF)
The MDF seeks to incentivise the use of clean and renewable energy
resources among non-residential consumers and developers by offsetting
the market charges and related costs associated with selling clean and
renewable energy into the power grid. This will help to promote energy
efficiency as well as help in the market integration of innovative clean and
renewable energy resources.
Agency : Energy Market Authority (EMA)
Quantum : $5 million; $50,000 over a span of 5 years or 90% of incurred
market charges for approved projects, whichever is lower.
Target Group : Non-residential consumers and developers who choose to sell
excess electricity generated from clean and renewable energy
technologies to the power grid.
For Details : http://www.ema.gov.sg/index.php?option=com_content&view=artic
le&id=125&Itemid=141
59. 57
Agency : Building and Construction Authority (BCA)
Target Group : Developers
Designers
Builders
For Reading : http://www.greenmark.sg
http://www.bca.gov.sg/GreenMark/green_mark_buildings.html
For Details : http://www.bca.gov.sg/greenmark/others/gmtc.pdf
DAppendix
D.3 Green Mark Scheme
The Green Mark Scheme was launched to promote environmental awareness
in the construction and real estate sectors. It is a benchmarking scheme
that aims to achieve a sustainable built environment by incorporating best
practices in environmental design and construction, and the adoption of
green building technologies.
60. 58
DAppendix
D.4 Green Mark Gross Floor Area
(GM-GFA) Incentive Scheme
To encourage the private sector to develop buildings that attain higher tier
Green Mark ratings (i.e. Green Mark Platinum or Green Mark GoldPLUS
),
BCA and the Urban Redevelopment Authority (URA) have introduced a set
of Gross Floor Area (GFA) incentives on 29 Apr 2009. For developments
attaining Green Mark Platinum or GoldPLUS
, URA will grant additional floor
area over and above the Master Plan Gross Plot Ratio (GPR) control.
Agency : BCA and URA
Target Group : All new private developments, redevelopments and
reconstruction developments submitted on or after the
effective date.
For Details : http://www.bca.gov.sg/GreenMark/gmgfa.html
61. 59
DAppendix
D.5 $100 million Green Mark Incentive
Scheme for existing buildings
(GMIS-EB)
The GMIS-EB aims to encourage private building owners of existing
buildings to undertake improvements and/or retrofits to achieve substantial
improvement in energy efficiency. It provides a cash incentive that co-
funds up to 35% (capped at $1.5 million) of the upgrading/retrofitting costs
for energy efficiency improvement in their existing buildings.
Agency : BCA
Target Group : Building owners/developers of private existing non-
residential developments that is centrally air-conditioned,
with gross floor area of 2,000 sqm above e.g. energy
intensive buildings such as shopping malls, hotels, office
buildings, hospitals, and other centrally air-conditioned
buildings.
For Details : http://www.bca.gov.sg/GreenMark/gmiseb.html
62. 60
Agency : BCA
Target Group : Developers, building owners, project architects and M&E
engineers who make efforts to achieve at least a BCA Green
Mark Gold rating or higher in the design and construction of
new buildings.
For Details : http://www.bca.gov.sg/GreenMark/GMIS.html
The GMIS-NB is to help accelerate the adoption of environmentally-
friendly green building technologies and building design practices. The
enhanced scheme offers cash incentives.
DAppendix
D.6 Enhanced $20 million Green
Mark Incentive Scheme for
new buildings (GMIS-NB)
63. 61
Disclaimer
The information in this handbook is subject to change or revision, to adapt to the continual development and
evolvement of the electricity and building and construction industries and is not a substitute for any law, regulation,
code of practice, standard of performance, Market Rules or Building Control Act which may apply to the said industries
in Singapore. It does not in any way bind the Energy Market Authority (“EMA”) and the Building and Construction
Authority (“BCA”) to grant any approval or official permission for any matters, including but not limited to the grant
of any exemption nor to the terms of any exemption. Both EMA and BCA reserve the right to change its policies
and/or to amend any information in this handbook without prior notice. Persons who may be in doubt about how the
information in this handbook may affect them or their commercial activities are advised to seek independent legal
advice or any other professional advice as they may deem appropriate. Both Authorities assume no responsibility or
liability for any consequences (financial or otherwise) suffered directly or indirectly by persons who have entered into
commercial activities upon reliance on any information in this document.
64. 62
Energy Market Authority
991G Alexandra Road, #01-29
Singapore 119975
Tel: (65) 6835 8000
Fax: (65) 6835 8020
Building and Construction Authority
5 Maxwell Road
#16-00 Tower Block MND Complex
Singapore 069110
Main Line: 1800-3425222 (1800-DIAL BCA)
ISBN: 978-981-08-4462-2