This document discusses injuries to the elbow, including anatomy and common injuries such as lateral epicondylitis (tennis elbow), medial epicondylitis (golfer's elbow), elbow dislocations, Volkmann's ischemic contracture, and carpal tunnel syndrome. It provides details on the causes, symptoms, and treatments for each injury. The document also covers elbow injury assessment techniques including history, observation, palpation, range of motion testing, and resisted muscle tests. Lastly, it discusses elbow injury prevention strategies such as wearing braces, proper warm-ups including stretching, knowing your body, and changing up your routine.

1. UTM
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA
INJURY IN SPORTS – SPR 3802
Hand & Elbow Injuries
PEI SHIEN
FARIZA
NADIA
AISYAH
ANIS
AP090245
AP080205
AP090143
AP090190
AP090114

2. Anatomy of The Elbow
•Humerus – consist of
biceps & triceps muscle
•Ulna - on the medial
(little finger) side
• Radius - on the lateral
(thumb) side of the
forearm
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3. Anatomy of The Elbow
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4. Anatomy of The Elbow
Elbow described as “three joint in one capsule”
Humeroradial
joint
Proximal
radioulnar joint
Humeroulnar
joint
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5. Anatomy of The Elbow
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6. Anatomy of The Elbow
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7. Anatomy of The Elbow
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8. INJURIES TO THE
ELBOW
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9. Injuries to the Elbow
Epicondylitis
• Lateral Epicondylitis (Tennis Elbow)
Causes :
- repetitive motions of the forearm
- faulty techniques or mechanics, weak
muscle group, and inappropriate equipment
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10. • the following maneuvers can lead to tennis
elbow:
1) One-handed backhand with poor form,
2) A late forehand swing resulting in
bending the wrist significantly,
3) Snapping and turning the wrist while
serving with full power.
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11. • Lateral Epicondylitis(Tennis Elbow)
Signs :
- inflammation of the tendons
- causing pain at lateral site during and
after activity
- pain at extension of wrist and full
extension of elbow
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12. • Lateral Epicondylitis (Tennis Elbow)
Treatment :
- R.I.C.E
- Anti-inflammatory medications (aspirin
and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory
drugs (NSAIDs) such as naproxen
(Naprosyn), diclofenac (Voltaren), and
ibuprofen (Motrin)
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13. • Medial Epicondylitis (Golfer’s Elbow)
Causes :
- overuse of the wrist flexor-pronator
muscles
- repetitive and prolonged strain on the
forearm muscles, coupled with inadequate
rest, will tend to strain and overwork those
muscles.
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14. • Medial Epicondylitis (Golfer’s Elbow)
Signs :
-pain and soreness due to
inflammation and tendon
changes on the inside of
the elbow
-Weakness, stiffness and a general
restriction of movement
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15. • Medial Epicondylitis (Golfer’s Elbow)
Treatment :
- R.I.C.E
- heat and massage  removing scar tissue
and speeding up the healing process of the
muscles and tendons
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16. Injuries to the Elbow
 Elbow Dislocation
Causes :
- occurs usually because of:
- Fall
- Direct blow
- Often involves an associated fracture
of the Radius, Humerus or Ulna.
- falling onto an outstretched hand
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17. Injuries to the Elbow
Elbow Dislocation
Complete dislocation
-the joint surfaces are completely
separated.
Partial dislocation/Subluxation
-the bones can spontaneously
relocate and the joint may appear
fairly normal.
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18. Symptoms
Extreme Pain
Extreme Pain
Obvious Deformity (more in complete
Obvious Deformity (more in complete
dislocations)
dislocations)
Bruising on the inside and outside of the elbow
Bruising on the inside and outside of the elbow
Swelling
Swelling
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19. Injuries to the Elbow
Elbow Dislocation
Treatment :
-Rest. Give your elbow complete
rest
-Apply ice or cold therapy to
the elbow.
-Put the elbow in a sling
-DO NOT attempt to 'pop it back in'
yourself! This can cause further damage.
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20. Injuries to the Elbow
Elbow Dislocation
Treatment :
- MRI or X-ray may be performed
(sometimes before, sometimes after
reduction)
- rehabilitation (Exercise)
- Nonsurgical Treatment
- Surgical Treatment
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21. Injuries to the Elbow
Volkmann’s Ischemic Contracture
Causes :
-deformity of the hand, fingers, and wrist
caused by injury to the muscles of the
forearm
-occurs when there is a lack of blood flow
(ischemia) to the forearm
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22. - crush injury or fracture, can lead to
swelling that presses on blood vessels and
can decrease blood flow to the arm
-A prolonged decrease in blood flow will
injure the nerves and muscles, causing
them to become stiff (scarred) and
shortened.
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23. Volkmann’s Ischemic Contracture
Signs :
- Pain when the doctor moves the fingers
up and down
- forearm may be very swollen and shiny
- Decreased sensation
- Paleness of the skin
- Weakness
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24. Volkmann’s Ischemic Contracture
Treatment :
- early surgery to release the pressure in
the forearm
- splints used to extend the fingers
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25. Injuries to the Hand
 Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
Neuropathy caused by compression of the
median nerve in the wrist.
Causes :
- Traumatic wrist injuries
- Repetitive use of the wrist
- Pregnancy
- Use of vibrating machinery
- Congenital
- Arthritis
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26. Injuries to the Hand
 Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
- Feel ache in the wrist and forearm.
- Pain spread into the thumb and four
fingers.
- Feel burning in the hand or four fingers.
- Pain which is worse at night.
- Pain may spread into the forearm, elbow
and shoulder.
- Weakness in the fingers and hands.
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27. Injuries to the Hand
 How to diagnose Carpal Tunnel Syndrome?
- Tunnel sign
- Phalanges test
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28. Injuries to the Hand
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
Treatment :
- Cold Therapy
- Ibuprofen
- Stretching and Strengthening Exercises
- Acupunctures
- Corticosteroids
- Operation
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29. Elbow Injury Assessment





History
Observation
Palpation
Range of Motion
Resisted Muscle Tests
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30. Elbow Injury Assessment
 Palpation
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31. Elbow Injury Assessment
Range of Motion (ROM)
Normal range of motion
at the elbow from
extension to flexion
Normal range of
supination and
pronation at the elbow
Limited Motion. Supination 45 degree
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32. Elbow Injury Assessment
 Resisted Muscle Tests
Examination for tennis elbow
Examination for tennis elbow
Assessing flexion strength
Assessing flexion strength
at the elbow
at the elbow
Determining the strength of
Determining the strength of
extension
extension
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33. Elbow Injury Prevention
• Wear a proper brace.
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34. Elbow Injury Prevention
• Warm up properly(General stretching)
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35. Elbow Injury Prevention
• Warm up properly(General stretching)
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36. Elbow Injury Prevention
• Warm up properly(General stretching)
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37. Elbow Injury Prevention
• Know your body.
• Change up your routine.
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