This document provides an overview of occupational health and safety (OHS) and ergonomics. It defines OHS as legislation, policies and procedures aimed at protecting worker health and safety. Ergonomics is defined as the applied science of equipment design to maximize productivity by reducing operator fatigue and discomfort. The document notes that ergonomics and OHS are related, as without proper technology strain can be placed on employees. It also states that understanding these topics can help prevent health issues both at school and in the workplace when using computers. The rest of the document provides tips for proper ergonomic computer use.
The document promotes a heat pump product as a way to reduce global warming and save money on energy costs. It guarantees rising energy prices but claims the heat pump provides free energy. Diagrams show it works in all seasons to heat and cool. Independent test results are referenced but no details are provided about the product, its capabilities, or the test results.
Setting Up An Effective MSD Prevention Program(Final)nbirtch
The document outlines how to set up an effective musculoskeletal disorder (MSD) prevention program. It discusses what MSDs are, why prevention programs are important, getting company buy-in, ergonomics basics, and how to set up and ensure success of an MSD prevention program. The key steps include building an ergonomics team, developing a culture of prevention, identifying hazards, prioritizing issues, implementing controls, follow-up evaluations, and communicating results.
The document discusses a company called Medico Media's commitment to promoting healthy lifestyles to millions. It highlights the importance of top management involvement in corporate health, safety, security and environmental initiatives. The company aims to energize lives at workplaces and beyond through various wellness programs, including stress management, work-life balance resources, and women's and family health information available on the company's website.
Renal failure occurs when the kidneys lose their ability to remove waste from the blood. Common effects include anemia, high blood pressure, muscle weakness, and changes in cholesterol levels. Causes of renal failure include diabetes, high blood pressure, long-term acetaminophen use, HIV, and kidney stones. Exercise is limited by low heart rate, anemia, and muscle weakness. Symptoms range from fatigue and itching to neurological problems and swelling. Medications and vaccines are used to treat symptoms and prevent infections.
This document provides an overview of occupational health and safety (OHS) and ergonomics. It defines OHS as legislation, policies and procedures aimed at protecting worker health and safety. Ergonomics is defined as the applied science of equipment design to maximize productivity by reducing operator fatigue and discomfort. The document notes that ergonomics and OHS are related, as without proper technology strain can be placed on employees. It also states that understanding these topics can help prevent health issues both at school and in the workplace when using computers. The rest of the document provides tips for proper ergonomic computer use.
The document promotes a heat pump product as a way to reduce global warming and save money on energy costs. It guarantees rising energy prices but claims the heat pump provides free energy. Diagrams show it works in all seasons to heat and cool. Independent test results are referenced but no details are provided about the product, its capabilities, or the test results.
Setting Up An Effective MSD Prevention Program(Final)nbirtch
The document outlines how to set up an effective musculoskeletal disorder (MSD) prevention program. It discusses what MSDs are, why prevention programs are important, getting company buy-in, ergonomics basics, and how to set up and ensure success of an MSD prevention program. The key steps include building an ergonomics team, developing a culture of prevention, identifying hazards, prioritizing issues, implementing controls, follow-up evaluations, and communicating results.
The document discusses a company called Medico Media's commitment to promoting healthy lifestyles to millions. It highlights the importance of top management involvement in corporate health, safety, security and environmental initiatives. The company aims to energize lives at workplaces and beyond through various wellness programs, including stress management, work-life balance resources, and women's and family health information available on the company's website.
Renal failure occurs when the kidneys lose their ability to remove waste from the blood. Common effects include anemia, high blood pressure, muscle weakness, and changes in cholesterol levels. Causes of renal failure include diabetes, high blood pressure, long-term acetaminophen use, HIV, and kidney stones. Exercise is limited by low heart rate, anemia, and muscle weakness. Symptoms range from fatigue and itching to neurological problems and swelling. Medications and vaccines are used to treat symptoms and prevent infections.
Chronic back pain is defined as pain that recurs and lasts for more than 3-4 months. The document discusses various ways to deal with chronic back pain, including proper sleeping positions, anti-inflammatory medicines, magnetic therapy pads, and exercises to strengthen back muscles while avoiding prolonged bed rest. Magnetic therapy is highlighted as an effective treatment that can help rebalance ion concentrations and reduce inflammation, pain, and muscle spasms for chronic back pain conditions.
Lower back pain is one of the most common health problems, affecting 70-85% of people at some point in their lives. It can be caused by injury or occur suddenly. Lower back pain is the fifth most common reason for doctor visits in the US and a major cause of limited mobility in those under 45. Treatments include medications like opioids, muscle relaxers, and antidepressants as well as alternative therapies like acupuncture, biofeedback, and electrical nerve stimulation. Exercise is generally safe for those with lower back pain but high impact activities should be avoided and low impact aerobic exercise encouraged along with limiting abdominal exercises initially.
Acute back pain is common and usually non-specific. It is important to thoroughly examine patients to rule out red flags indicating serious underlying causes. Non-specific back pain typically improves within two weeks with medications and staying active. Yellow flags like depression and fear of movement can slow recovery, so it is important to address psychosocial factors as well.
The document provides information about low backache, including:
1. The anatomy of the low back and intervertebral discs.
2. Epidemiology of back pain, which affects up to 80% of the population.
3. Classification and causes of low backache including psychogenic, viscerogenic, neurogenic, vascular, and spondylogenic causes.
This document provides an overview of approaches to treating back pain. It discusses that back pain is extremely common, affecting 80% of people globally. It then covers various causes of low back pain organized by congenital, traumatic, inflammatory, degenerative, neoplastic, metabolic, visceral, and miscellaneous factors. The document also discusses features of low back pain like location, onset, progression, and relieving/aggravating factors as well as associated symptoms like stiffness, pain in other joints, neurological symptoms, and extra-skeletal symptoms. It concludes with discussing treatments like NSAIDs, muscle relaxants, physiotherapy, traction, belts/corsets, proper positioning, back exercises, and back education.
This document discusses the professional hazards faced by sailors. It outlines the goals of sailors which include reaching destinations quickly, world tours, entertainment, contacts, and reputation. However, sailors also face obstacles like isolation, drastic weather, poor posture, stress, sleep deprivation, and resource depletion. These obstacles can negatively impact the body by causing issues like muscle cramps, back pain, sunburn, dry skin, vision problems, headaches, and more. The document then provides more details on specific issues like back pain, its causes and risk factors. It concludes by recommending Ayurvedic treatments that can help alleviate common ailments experienced by sailors.
Medicines2u.com provides low price pharmacy products with fast delivery. Our range of online products includes medicines, prescription drugs, vitamins, supplements, electrical items and more.
The document discusses ergonomics, ergonomists, and the selection process for an ergonomist position. It defines ergonomics as the science of work and how it studies human-machine interactions. An ergonomist is described as a human engineer who uses an empirical approach to maximize productivity while minimizing fatigue and discomfort. The document provides examples of selection procedures from different companies and suggests improvements that could make the processes more comprehensive.
This document summarizes 10 celebrities who suffered from back problems, including Shah Rukh Khan, Hrithik Roshan, Ranveer Singh, Akshay Kumar, George Clooney, Jackie Chan, Charlize Theron, Victoria Beckham, Christopher Reeve, and Jennifer Grey. It details the specific back injuries suffered by each celebrity, such as scoliosis, herniated discs, slipped discs, and broken vertebrae, and in some cases the circumstances leading to the injuries, such as during filming or an accident. Treatment for the injuries varied from hospitalization, surgery, and long-term painful procedures.
one of the main reason of back pain is desk job i.e. sitting for hours before computers where you unconsciously slump into odd positions or twist your backs frequently while trying to reach for something behind or beside you, or stretch forward too far; too fast. Markat asan and Bhujang asana are most effective in curing lumber, lower backpain.
This document discusses the causes of back pain, including acute injuries from accidents or falls and chronic pain from poor posture, lifting techniques, and genetics. It emphasizes preventing back pain through maintaining good posture, learning proper lifting techniques, exercising regularly, and seeking medical care if warning signs occur. The document is divided into sections on understanding back pain, prevention, posture, proper work methods, warning signs, home care tips, and importance of medical treatment.
The document discusses the multi-dimensional nature of yoga for total wellness of body, mind, emotions and intellect. It summarizes yoga as a skill to calm the mind through techniques like asanas, pranayama, meditation and relaxation. It addresses common misconceptions about yoga and presents an integrated approach combining physical, breathing, and mental exercises for reducing stress and achieving perfect health and bliss.
Sports and Physical Therapy Associates share a informational slideshow documenting prevention of back pain, causes, and treatment.
Most adults will experience back pain, find out how to prevent it and how to treat it.
Innovative workplaces are focusing on employee health and well-being by moving away from traditional workstation models that can cause back pain and other issues. Companies like Google, Pixar, Nike and LinkedIn have created work environments that allow for movement, exercise and more natural postures to reduce health risks from prolonged sitting. Features like lounging areas, outdoor spaces and standing desks encourage employees to vary their positions throughout the day. Studies show alternative workplace designs can increase productivity and happiness in addition to supporting back health.
Dokumen ini memberikan informasi mengenai seorang remaja bernama Muhammad Amirul bin Mohd Halil yang berusia 14 tahun dan menderita autisme. Ia menjelaskan gejala dan cabaran yang dihadapi akibat penyakit autisme, termasuk kesulitan dalam berinteraksi sosial dan mengontrol emosi. Dokumen ini juga menyoroti upaya orang tua untuk merawat dan mendukung anak mereka yang berkebutuhan khusus.
Sport Injuries - Ankle and Lower Leg InjuriesNoor Fariza AR
This document discusses the muscles, injuries, and treatments related to the lower leg and foot. It begins by listing the muscles responsible for ankle movements like dorsiflexion, plantarflexion, inversion, and eversion. It then describes common injuries like ankle sprains, fractures, stress fractures, shin splints, compartment syndrome, Achilles tendinitis, and plantar fasciitis. For each injury, it covers causes, signs, grading (for sprains), and treatment approaches like RICE, bracing, surgery, stretching, and modifying activities. Functional tests for the ankle and feet are also outlined.
Ringkasan dokumen tersebut adalah:
Diabetes adalah penyakit kencing manis yang terjadi akibat kekurangan insulin untuk menukar gula ke tenaga. Rawatannya meliputi suntikan insulin, obat-obatan, diet rendah gula, dan olahraga untuk mengontrol kadar glukosa darah dan mencegah komplikasi serius seperti kegagalan organ.
Chronic back pain is defined as pain that recurs and lasts for more than 3-4 months. The document discusses various ways to deal with chronic back pain, including proper sleeping positions, anti-inflammatory medicines, magnetic therapy pads, and exercises to strengthen back muscles while avoiding prolonged bed rest. Magnetic therapy is highlighted as an effective treatment that can help rebalance ion concentrations and reduce inflammation, pain, and muscle spasms for chronic back pain conditions.
Lower back pain is one of the most common health problems, affecting 70-85% of people at some point in their lives. It can be caused by injury or occur suddenly. Lower back pain is the fifth most common reason for doctor visits in the US and a major cause of limited mobility in those under 45. Treatments include medications like opioids, muscle relaxers, and antidepressants as well as alternative therapies like acupuncture, biofeedback, and electrical nerve stimulation. Exercise is generally safe for those with lower back pain but high impact activities should be avoided and low impact aerobic exercise encouraged along with limiting abdominal exercises initially.
Acute back pain is common and usually non-specific. It is important to thoroughly examine patients to rule out red flags indicating serious underlying causes. Non-specific back pain typically improves within two weeks with medications and staying active. Yellow flags like depression and fear of movement can slow recovery, so it is important to address psychosocial factors as well.
The document provides information about low backache, including:
1. The anatomy of the low back and intervertebral discs.
2. Epidemiology of back pain, which affects up to 80% of the population.
3. Classification and causes of low backache including psychogenic, viscerogenic, neurogenic, vascular, and spondylogenic causes.
This document provides an overview of approaches to treating back pain. It discusses that back pain is extremely common, affecting 80% of people globally. It then covers various causes of low back pain organized by congenital, traumatic, inflammatory, degenerative, neoplastic, metabolic, visceral, and miscellaneous factors. The document also discusses features of low back pain like location, onset, progression, and relieving/aggravating factors as well as associated symptoms like stiffness, pain in other joints, neurological symptoms, and extra-skeletal symptoms. It concludes with discussing treatments like NSAIDs, muscle relaxants, physiotherapy, traction, belts/corsets, proper positioning, back exercises, and back education.
This document discusses the professional hazards faced by sailors. It outlines the goals of sailors which include reaching destinations quickly, world tours, entertainment, contacts, and reputation. However, sailors also face obstacles like isolation, drastic weather, poor posture, stress, sleep deprivation, and resource depletion. These obstacles can negatively impact the body by causing issues like muscle cramps, back pain, sunburn, dry skin, vision problems, headaches, and more. The document then provides more details on specific issues like back pain, its causes and risk factors. It concludes by recommending Ayurvedic treatments that can help alleviate common ailments experienced by sailors.
Medicines2u.com provides low price pharmacy products with fast delivery. Our range of online products includes medicines, prescription drugs, vitamins, supplements, electrical items and more.
The document discusses ergonomics, ergonomists, and the selection process for an ergonomist position. It defines ergonomics as the science of work and how it studies human-machine interactions. An ergonomist is described as a human engineer who uses an empirical approach to maximize productivity while minimizing fatigue and discomfort. The document provides examples of selection procedures from different companies and suggests improvements that could make the processes more comprehensive.
This document summarizes 10 celebrities who suffered from back problems, including Shah Rukh Khan, Hrithik Roshan, Ranveer Singh, Akshay Kumar, George Clooney, Jackie Chan, Charlize Theron, Victoria Beckham, Christopher Reeve, and Jennifer Grey. It details the specific back injuries suffered by each celebrity, such as scoliosis, herniated discs, slipped discs, and broken vertebrae, and in some cases the circumstances leading to the injuries, such as during filming or an accident. Treatment for the injuries varied from hospitalization, surgery, and long-term painful procedures.
one of the main reason of back pain is desk job i.e. sitting for hours before computers where you unconsciously slump into odd positions or twist your backs frequently while trying to reach for something behind or beside you, or stretch forward too far; too fast. Markat asan and Bhujang asana are most effective in curing lumber, lower backpain.
This document discusses the causes of back pain, including acute injuries from accidents or falls and chronic pain from poor posture, lifting techniques, and genetics. It emphasizes preventing back pain through maintaining good posture, learning proper lifting techniques, exercising regularly, and seeking medical care if warning signs occur. The document is divided into sections on understanding back pain, prevention, posture, proper work methods, warning signs, home care tips, and importance of medical treatment.
The document discusses the multi-dimensional nature of yoga for total wellness of body, mind, emotions and intellect. It summarizes yoga as a skill to calm the mind through techniques like asanas, pranayama, meditation and relaxation. It addresses common misconceptions about yoga and presents an integrated approach combining physical, breathing, and mental exercises for reducing stress and achieving perfect health and bliss.
Sports and Physical Therapy Associates share a informational slideshow documenting prevention of back pain, causes, and treatment.
Most adults will experience back pain, find out how to prevent it and how to treat it.
Innovative workplaces are focusing on employee health and well-being by moving away from traditional workstation models that can cause back pain and other issues. Companies like Google, Pixar, Nike and LinkedIn have created work environments that allow for movement, exercise and more natural postures to reduce health risks from prolonged sitting. Features like lounging areas, outdoor spaces and standing desks encourage employees to vary their positions throughout the day. Studies show alternative workplace designs can increase productivity and happiness in addition to supporting back health.
Dokumen ini memberikan informasi mengenai seorang remaja bernama Muhammad Amirul bin Mohd Halil yang berusia 14 tahun dan menderita autisme. Ia menjelaskan gejala dan cabaran yang dihadapi akibat penyakit autisme, termasuk kesulitan dalam berinteraksi sosial dan mengontrol emosi. Dokumen ini juga menyoroti upaya orang tua untuk merawat dan mendukung anak mereka yang berkebutuhan khusus.
Sport Injuries - Ankle and Lower Leg InjuriesNoor Fariza AR
This document discusses the muscles, injuries, and treatments related to the lower leg and foot. It begins by listing the muscles responsible for ankle movements like dorsiflexion, plantarflexion, inversion, and eversion. It then describes common injuries like ankle sprains, fractures, stress fractures, shin splints, compartment syndrome, Achilles tendinitis, and plantar fasciitis. For each injury, it covers causes, signs, grading (for sprains), and treatment approaches like RICE, bracing, surgery, stretching, and modifying activities. Functional tests for the ankle and feet are also outlined.
Ringkasan dokumen tersebut adalah:
Diabetes adalah penyakit kencing manis yang terjadi akibat kekurangan insulin untuk menukar gula ke tenaga. Rawatannya meliputi suntikan insulin, obat-obatan, diet rendah gula, dan olahraga untuk mengontrol kadar glukosa darah dan mencegah komplikasi serius seperti kegagalan organ.
HUBUNGAN DIANTARA SISTEM ENDOKRIN DENGAN SISTEM PEMBIAKAN DALAM MENENTUKAN PR...Noor Fariza AR
Dokumen tersebut membahas hubungan antara sistem endokrin dan sistem pembiakan dalam menentukan prestasi individu. Sistem endokrin melibatkan kelenjar-kelenjar seperti pituitari, tiroid, adrenal, dan pankreas yang merembes hormon-hormon seperti insulin, estrogen, dan testosteron untuk mengawal metabolisme, pertumbuhan, dan fungsi organ-organ lain. Hormon-hormon ini memengaruhi prestasi dengan mempengaruhi pertumbuhan otot dan ten
Dokumen tersebut membahas mengenai sukan dan Islam, termasuk pengenalan dan sejarah sukan Sunnah seperti memanah, berkuda, dan berenang yang dilakukan Nabi. Dokumen tersebut juga membahas tentang beribadah seperti salat yang dapat berfungsi sebagai senam dan manfaat puasa, serta akhlak yang perlu dijaga ketika bersukan seperti menjaga aurat dan larangan bersentuhan antar jenis kelamin.
This document discusses injuries to the elbow, including anatomy and common injuries such as lateral epicondylitis (tennis elbow), medial epicondylitis (golfer's elbow), elbow dislocations, Volkmann's ischemic contracture, and carpal tunnel syndrome. It provides details on the causes, symptoms, and treatments for each injury. The document also covers elbow injury assessment techniques including history, observation, palpation, range of motion testing, and resisted muscle tests. Lastly, it discusses elbow injury prevention strategies such as wearing braces, proper warm-ups including stretching, knowing your body, and changing up your routine.
5. • Muscles are divided into 2 types. Deeper,
postural muscles sustain posture with lower
energy. Surface, phasic, 2 joint muscles are
quick and explosive. The muscle contractions
can be concentric [shortening], isometric
[same muscle length], or eccentric
[lengthening] contractions.
6. • The spine is segmental,
consisting of 7 cervical, 12
thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral
[fused], and 4 coccygeal
[fused] vertebras. We must
consider that each vertebrae
has any direction of
movement. The image of
vertebra floating in all
directions is useful. We
categorize each vertebra
movement as flexion,
extension, rotation, and side
bending. Some vertebras
move less, some more. This is
called the relative
flexibilities/inflexibilities of the
spine.
7. Disks are fluid filled
cylinders. Their water
content decreases with
age. Most disk surgery is
performed on people in
their 30's to 50's, when
the water content is
enough to make them
bulge. Normal spinal
curves allow even disk
compression. There is 3x
more interdiscal pressure
in sitting than in standing.
8. Anatomy of back bone (cervical
vertebra)
• Cervical vertebras are
the smallest,
designed for mobility
of our head. Facets
are angled at 45
° from the horizontal.
9. Anatomy of back bone(thoracic
vertebra)
• Thoracic vertebras are
medium size with ribs
attached. Ribs are the
armor of our vital
organs. We have 4
more facets per
vertebrae. These are
more facets to become
hypomobile and
restrict spinal
movement. The
spinous processes are
sharply angled down to
prevent excessive
backbending.
10. Anatomy of back bone(lumbar
vertebra)
• Lumbar vertebras are
massive for weight
bearing. The facets
have a sagittal
orientation allowing
little rotation, but a
lot of flexion,
extension.
13. • Spinal ligaments allow efficient passive joint
stabilization. They limit and direct vertebral
movement. These ligaments have many pain
receptors. The anterior longitudinal ligament
[ALL] is thin stretching from the occiput to the
sacrum. The ALL stretches with backbends. The
posterior longitudinal ligament [PLL] is thick, but
tapers from the lumbar to the sacrum. The PLL
stretches in forward bends. There many more
spinal ligaments connecting vertebras to each
other in every imaginable direction.
14. Topic overview
• Ramai orang mengalami kesakitan pada
tulang belakang atau bahagian belakang,
• Ia menyerang pada waktu-waktu
tertentu.
• Ia mungkin disebabkan oleh koyakan,
penggunaan berlebihan atau terdapat
kecederaan.
15. Topic overview
• Ia juga boleh berlaku secara tiba-tiba
seperti kemalangan kereta, jatuh secara
tiba-tiba(free-fall) atau mengangkat
beban yang berat.
• Ia juga boleh terjadi secara perlahan-lahan
kesan peningkatan umur terhadap
tulang belakang.
16. Topic overview
• Sakit pada tulang belakang boleh
menyebabkan masalah daripada tulang
cervical hingga coccyx, termasuk:
• Tulang dan sendi pada tulang belakang
• Disc yang memisahkan tulang belakang
yang menyerap gegaran ketika bergerak
• Otot dan ligament yang memegang
tulang belakang bersama
17.
18. Factors of back injury
o Terdapat beberapa faktor yang boleh
meningkatkan risiko sakit belakang
o Faktor yang tidak boleh dikawal
Umur semakin meningkat
Menjadi lelaki
Mengandung
Sejarah keluarga memiliki sakit tukang belakang
Sakit sejak lahir
Masalah dengan kemerosotan tulang belakang
19. Factors of back injury
• Faktor yang boleh di kawal
Tidak selalu bersenam
Duduk untuk jangka masa yang lama, mengangkat
atau menarik objek yang berat, membengkok atau
memusing dengan kerap, keupayaan fizikal yang berat,
pergerakan yang beulang, terdedah kepada gegaran
yang sama seperti memandu kereta
Merokok
Posture badan yang lemah
Stress
Masalah mental, seperti tekanan
Kesakitan yang mneyebabkan batuk yang serius
20. • Aktiviti yang boleh meningkatkan risiko sakit
belakang
Berlari atau jogging
Skiing atau snowboarding
Luncur salji, snowmobiling atau tobogganing
Sukan yang banyak putaran atau pusingan seperti
gymnastik dan gusti
Sukan yang banyak sentuhan seperti bola dan rugby
Aktiviti yang berkaitan kerja seperti mengangkat,
membengkok atau memusing bahagian belakang
21. Low back pain/injury
• Rasa sakit pada bahagian bawah di belakang,
ia juga menyebabkan kekakuan, julat
pergerakan berkurang, sukar untuk berdiri
tegak
Acute
Chronic
22. Low back pain/injury
• Acute low back injury
Selalunya kecederaan acute berlaku secara
tiba-tiba atau mengejut pada otot atau
ligament yang menyokong tulang belakang
23.
24. Low back pain/injury
• Punca
Mampatan keretakan pada tulang belakang (kesan
osteoporosis)
Kanser pada saraf tunjang
Keretakan saraf tunjang
Sciatica
Spinal stenosis (salur saraf menyempit)
Kejang atau koyak pada otot atau ligament yang
menyokong tulang belakang
25. Low back pain/injury
• Symptoms
Tingling (rasa seperti dicucuk)
Terbakar
Sakit yang biasa(kejap ada kejap xada)
Sakit yang sangat tajam
Lemah pada kaki dan tapak kaki
26. Low back pain/injury
• Treatment /rawatan
• Langkah awal
Hentikan sebarang aktiviti fizikal yang biasa kita
lakukan
Letakkan haba atau ais, disarankan letak ais pada
48-72 jam yang pertama baru letak haba
Makan ubat pain relievers seperti ibuprofen atau
acetaminophen
27. Low back pain/injury
• Jika tiada tanda yang serius pada tulang
belakang anda, anda sepatutnya memulakan
kembali aktiviti anda
Elakkan aktiviti yang melibatkan mengangkat atau
memusing tulang belakang anda untuk 6 minggu
pertama selepas sakit bermula. Selepas 2-3
minggu lakukan semula senaman
28. Low back pain/injury
• Mulakan dengan latihan kardiovaskular yang
ringan seperti berjalan, berbasikal, berenang.
Aktiviti senaman aerobik membantu
pengaliran darah pada tulang belakang dan
mengalakkan pemulihan. Ia juga menguatkan
otot pada bahagian abdomen dan belakang
29. Low back pain/injury
• Digalakkan berjumpa dengan
Physical therapist
untuk mengetahui tahap keseriusan sakit belakang
dan akan memberi nasihat atau langkah untuk
mengawal dan mengelak daripad lebih kronik
Massage therapist
30. Low back pain/injury
• Chronic low back injury
Selalunya kecederaan kronik terjadi apabila
kita melakukan aktiviti tersebut secara
berulang seperti berdiri atau mengangkat
untuk jangka masa yang lama. Kemudian
apabila berlaku satu pergerakan ringan di
lakukan seperti membengkokkan pinggang
menyebabkan kesakitan.
31. Low back pain/injury
• Punca
o Kebanyakan orang menghidap chronic low back
pain mempunyai arthritis dan koyakan yang
berlebihan, ia berpunca daripada
Penggunaan melampau semasa bekerja atau bersukan
Kecederaan lama atau retak
Pembedahan lama
32. Low back pain/injury
• Herniated disk
• Masalah dengan struktur tulang belakang
seperti scolisis atau kyphosis
• Masalah perubatan seperti fibromyalgia,
rheumatoid arthritis dan psoriatic arthritis
33. Low back pain/injury
• Risiko menjadi semakin tinggi apabila:
Umur sudah melebihi 30
Overweight
Mengandung
Tidak bersenam
Tertekan dan kemurungan
Kerja yang banyak melakukan aktiviti mengangkat,
membengkok dan memusing tulang belakang atau
pun yang melibatkan gegaran pada keseluruhan badan
seperti memandu lori
Merokok
34. Low back pain/injury
• Symptoms
Tingling (rasa seperti dicucuk)
Terbakar
Sakit yang biasa(kejap ada kejap xada)
Sakit yang sangat tajam
Lemah pada kaki dan tapak kaki
35. Low back pain/injury
• Back pain test
o Compression test
o Extension test
o Neural test
36. Low back pain/injury
• Compression test
The heel drop test
ujian ini untuk
mengesan kesakitan
atau ketidakselesaan
pada bahagian
belakang ketika
dalam keadaan
neutral.
37. Low back pain/injury
Seated compression
test
untuk mengesan
ketidakselesaan
akibat kedudukan
badan
38. Low back pain/injury
• Extension test
MCKENZIE posture test
ujian ini untuk mengesan
kasakitan pada bahagian
posterior disc lesion/herniated
disc atau mengesan posterior
discogenic. Posterior
discogenic biasanya berpunca
daripada prolonged spinal
flexion and posterior pelvic
tilts. Ketidakrataan mampatan
berat menyebabkan lumbar
disk menolak cecair ke
belakang dan menekan
dinding belakang
39. Low back pain/injury
Standing extension
test
ujian ini untuk
mengenalpasti
kerosakan pada
lengkuk atau unsur
saraf.
40. Low back pain/injury
• Neural test
Sitting slump test
untuk mengesan
symptom-symptom
sciatica
FAJERSZTAJN test
Super passive leg
raise test
42. Low back pain/injury
• Treatment / rawatan
Pergi berjumpa dengan doktor
Physical therapist
Massage therapist
Back brace
Pek sejuk atau terapi haba
Cognitive behavioral therapy
43. Low back pain/injury
• Ubat-ubatan
Dadah atau ubat seperti aspirin, naproxen sodium
(aleve), and ibuprofen (advil)
Antidepressants
44. Low back pain/injury
• Pembedahan
Ianya dilakukan apabila saraf musnah atau tulang
belakang yang sakit tidak sembuh untuk jangka
masa yang lama
45. Low back pain/injury
• Prevention
Jika terdapat beban yang berat minta bantuan
untuk mengangkat
Luaskan jarak kaki untuk mendapat sokongan yang
luas
Berdiri rapat dengan beban yang hendak diangkat
Bengkokkan lutut bukan pinggang
Ketat kan otot pada perut semasa mengangkat
atau menurunkan objek
46. Low back pain/injury
Pegang barang selagi dekat yang boleh dengan
badan
Mengangkat menggunakan otot pada kaki
Keitka berdiri sambil memegang barang jangan
bengkok ke hadapan
Jangan berpusing ketika anda sedang mengangkat
barang atau membawa barang
Elakkkan berdiri terlalu lama
Elakkan penggunaan kasut bertumit tinggi
47. Low back pain/injury
Ketika duduk letak lapik pada tapak kaki supaya
lutut lebih tinggi dari pinggul
Letakkan bantal kecil atau gulungan tuala di
belakang badan ketika memandu atau duduk
terlalu lama
Jika sedang memandu untuk jarak yang jauh,
berhenti dan berjalan untuk seketika. Kehadapan
kerusi pemandu untuk mengelakkan bengkok.
Jangan angkat benda barang sejurus selepas
memandu
48. Low back pain/injury
Berhenti merokok
Kurangkan berat badan
Lakukan senaman untuk menguatkan otot
abdominal
49. Spondylolysis
• Satu keretakan akibat tekanan atau impak
akibat perlanggaran dalam salah
satu tulang (vertebra) yang membentuk tulang
belakang. Situasi dipanggil spondylolysis. Ia
biasanya menjejaskan ruas tulang
belakang kelima dalam bawahbelakang (L5)
50. Spondylolysis
• Jika retakan melemahkan tulang terlalu
banyak dan ia tidak mampu bertahan pada
tempatnya, vertebra boleh beralih daripada
tempatnya.
• Keadaan ini dipanggil spondolylosithesis .
52. Spondylolysis
• Punca
Genetik
Ia mungkin terjadi disebabkan keturunan.Seorang
individu boleh dilahirkan dengan
tulang belakang kurus dan oleh itu
boleh jadi mudah terpengaruh kepada keadaan
ini. Tempoh-tempoh penting pertumbuhan
pesat boleh menggalakkan kemerosotan.
53. Spondylolysis
Overuse
Beberapa sukan, seperti gimnastik, angkat berat ,
dan bola sepak, banyak memberi tekanan
kepada tulang-tulang belakang pada bahagian
bawah. Ia menyebabkan atlet sentiasa overstretch
(lurus lampau) spina. Ia juga boleh
terjadi hasil daripada satu retakan akibat tekanan
pada salah satu atau kedua-dua bahagian-bahagian
vertebra.
54.
55. Spondylolysis
• Symptoms
Sesetengah orang menghidap spondylolysis dan
spondolylosithesis tanpa menunjukkan symptom
yang ketara
Kesakitan selalu terjadi pada bahagian belakang
sebelah bawah dan ia seperti ketegangan pada
otot
56. Spondylolysis
Spondylolisthesis boleh menyebabkan kekakuan
pada bahagian belakang dan mengetatkan
bahagian hamstring, menyebabkan perubahan
pada postur badan dan gaya jalan.
Jika kemerosotan berterusan, ia akan
memampatkan saraf-saraf
dan menyempitkan salur spina.
57. Spondylolysis
• Spondylolysis test
o X-ray
o CT-scan
o Single Photon emission (gamma rays)
o MRI (ujian yang menggunakan kuasa magnetik
yang kuat untuk melihat ke tisu dan sturktur
tulang)
Perbezaan CT scan dan MRI
58. Spondylolysis
• Treatment / rawatan
Non surgical
Berehat daripada melakukan sebarang aktiviti
fizikal, mengambil ubat seperti ibuprofen mampu
mengurangkan kesakitan, menggunakan back
brace.
apabila sakit mula berkurang lakukan aktiviti atau
senaman di bahagian belakang dan abdominal
untuk membantu mengelak daripada kesakitan
pada masa akan datang
59. Spondylolysis
Surgical
Pembedahan perlu dilakukan sekiranya ia menjadi
semakin teruk dan nonsurgical treatment tidak
lagi memberi kelegaan. Dan ia mula menganggu
aktiviti seharian.
an internal brace of screws and rods is used to
hold together the vertebra as the fusion heals.
60.
61. Spondylolysis
• Prevention
Hadkan penglibatan dalam sukan. Untuk elakkan
kecederaan akibat overuse
Pastikan otot abdominal dan belakang sentiasa kuat.
Gunakan peralatan yang bersesuaian ketika bersukan
Warm up sebelum menjalani senaman atau
melakukan aktiviti sukan
Belajar teknik yang betul dalam sukan masing-masing
Jumpa doktor jika ada masalah belakang yang lebih
serius
62. Scoliosis
• Tulang belakang membengkok jauh daripada
tengah
• Terdapat tiga sebab umum scoliosis
o Congenital scoliosis
o Neuromuscular
o Idopathic scoliosis
63.
64. Scoliosis
• Congenital scoliosis
Adalah masalah pada pembentukan tulang
belakang (sejak lahir) atau kerosakan semasa di
dalam rahim pada awal kandungan.
65. Scoliosis
• Neuromuscular scoliosis
Berpunca daripada masalah kawalan otot yang
lemah atau kelemahan pada otot atau lumpuh
akibat daripada penyakit seperti cerebral palsy,
muscular dystrophy, spina bifida dan polio.
67. Scoliosis
• Idiophatic scoliosis
Punca tidak dapat dikenal pasti selalu menyerang
remaja.
68. Scoliosis
• Symptoms
Doktor mengesan scoliosis apabila kedudukan
bahu tinggi sebelah atau pinggang kelihatan
senget sebelah
o Sakit pada bahagian belakang atau di bahagian
bawah belakang
o Kepenatan
o Bahu dan pinggul kelihatan tidak sekata
o Tulang belakang mereng dengan luar biasa
69. Scoliosis
• Treatment/rawatan
o Rawatan bergantung kepada
saiz dan kedudukan
lengkungan tulang belakang
tersebut dan berapa banyak
tumbesaran yang akan di alami
pesakit. Selalunya pesakit akan
dipasang pendakap untuk
memperlahankan
perkembangan lengkungan.
70.
71. Scoliosis
o Jika tulang tersebut sudah berhenti membengkok
pembedahan di lakukan untuk membentuk
kembali tulang belakang tersebut . Tulang tersebut
akann diletakkan pada tempatnya dengan
menggunakan satu atau dua rod besi
72. Scoliosis
• Prevention
o Beberapa pengujian telah dijalankan di peringkat
sekolah untuk mengesan kanak-kanak yang
menghidap scoliosis.
73. Spinal cord injury
Saraf tunjang mengandungi saraf yang membawa
impulse daripada otak ke receptor pada badan
Saraf tunjang melalui leher seterusnya
pada bahagian belakang (tulang belakang)
74.
75. Spinal cord injury
Punca
Terkena peluru atau luka tikaman
Kecederaan trauma pada muka, leher, kepala,
atau dada contoh kemalangan kereta
Kemalangan ketika menyelam
Pusingan yang melampau pada bahagian tengah
badan
Mendarat menggunakan kepala
Jatuh dari tempat yang tinggi
76. Spinal cord injury
• Symptoms
• Kepala tidak berada kedudukan biasa
• Rasa seperti dicucuk yang merebak kebawah tangan
atau kaki
• Lemah-lemah
• Susah untuk berjalan
• Lumpuh (hilang pergerakan pada tngan dan kaki)
• Hilang kawalan pada usus dan pundi kencing
• terkejut (pucat, kulit melekit, bibir dan kuku kebiru-biruan,
pening dan separuh sedar)
• leher kaku dan sakit kepala
77. Spinal cord injury
• Treatment/rawatan
Jika seseorang itu disyaki mengalami spinal cord
injury pertama sekali cek pernafasan dan nadi. Ini
kerana kecederaan spinal cord di bahagian atas
boleh menyebabkab hilang kawalan pernafasan.
Untuk mengalihkan pesakit, pakaikan pesakit
dengan cervical collar untuk mengelakkan
pergerakan yang boleh menyebabkan kecdereaan
lebih serius
78. Spinal cord injury
Pesakit juga akan diberi dadah streoid untuk
mengurangkan bengkak
Kebanyakan pesakit yang megalami spinal cord
injury akan melakukan pembedahan
79. Spinal cord injury
• Objektif pembedahan adalah untuk
mengurang tekanan pada saraf tunjang
dengan mengalihkan tulang belakang yang
telah rosak dan menekan saraf untuk
mengurangkan tekanan
• Ia juga untuk menstabilkan tulang belakang.
Tulang belakang yang lemah akibat retak atau
ketumbuhan tidak mampu untuk menampung
berat badan.
80. Sciatica
• Merujuk kepada kesakitan, kelemahan, atau rasai
bagai dicuuck pada bahagian kaki.
• Ini disebabkan kecederaan dimana terdapat
tekanan pada saraf sciatica.
• Saraf sciatica bermula pada lumbar hingga
bahagian belakang kedua-dua kaki.
• Saraf tersebut mengawal otot pada bahagian
belakang ltutu dan kaki dan memberi rangsangan
pada belakang peha dan keseluruhan tapak kaki
81.
82. CT-SCAN MRI
Sesuai untuk melihat cancer,
pneumonia, abnormal chest x-rays,
bleeding in the brain
Sesuai untuk melihat kecederaan oada
tendon dan ligament
Mampu memaparkan koyakan pada
organ dengan kadar segera
Sesuai untuk melihat jauh kedalam saraf
tunjang
Bagus dalam membuat paparan pada
bahagian ruang dalam dada iaitu paru-paru
dan organ lain
Ketumbuhan pada otak biasanya
menggunakannya
Sinar x Magnetic field, radio frequency