Fractures of the lower limb can result from high-energy trauma or osteoporosis in the elderly. Common fractures include the femur, patella, tibia, fibula, ankle, and bones of the foot. Treatment depends on the type and location of the fracture, ranging from closed reduction and casting to open reduction with internal fixation using plates, screws, or intramedullary nails. Pelvic fractures may also require surgical fixation depending on the forces involved and stability of the injury.

1. FRACTURES 0F LOWER LIMB BYVishnu Mohan

2. TopicsMechanism of fractures

3. fracture of femur

4. fracture of patella

5. Tibial and fibular Fractures.

6. Ankle fractures

7. fracture of foot

8. Fracture of pelvis.fracturesA bone fracture is a medical condition in which there is a break in the continuity of the bone

9. Types Closed{simple} open{compound} Compression Complete Incomplete Linear Transverse Oblique Spiral Impacted comminuted

14. Mechanism of fracturesLower limb fracture is a result of a high energy trauma except in elderly people or diseased bones Types of fracture are depend on position of limb during impaction and magnitude of forces applied.

15. femurUpper end

16. shaft

17. Lower endFractures of head of femurThe head and neck of the femur is primarily intended for transmission of body weight efficiently with minimum bone mass.

18. - Mechanism : - Minimal trauma in old people with osteoporosis- High energy trauma in young adults .

19. TypesIntracapsularExtracapsular

20. Intracapsular typessubcapital- just distal to femoral head Transcervical– at the middle of femoral neck

21. Extracapsular typesIntertrochanteric- passes between two trochanterspertrochanteric –passes through the two trochanters,one or both of which may be seperatedSubtrochanteric -2or3 inches below lesser trochanter

23. incomplete fracture of the neck(so called abducted or impacted)

24. complete without displacement

25. this is a complete femoral neck fracture with fulldisplacement: the proximal fragment is free and liescorrectly in the acetabulum so that the trabeculae appear normally aligned

26. - Management :- Immobilization with traction until surgery - Surgery: indicated to stabilize the fracture to help healing, - Internal fixation by, angled plate , condylar plate or multiple pins . - Arthroplasty

27. ArthroplastySurgical reconstruction or replacement of degenerated joint

28. Examples of Internal Fixation

29. Fracture of Femoral Shaft :- Mechanism :- High energy trauma , falling from height - Management : - Closed reduction ( In children ) - Open reduction internal fixation by plate and screws or interlocking nail .( In adult) - External fixator .

30. Open reduction of a fracture involves making an incision in the skin and putting the fractured bones together and stabilizing with screws or plates or rods. Closed reduction means just that: no incision made, the fracture is manipulated under a type of X-ray machine called fluoroscopy or just by feel and a cast is then usually applied. Open usually leads to quicker healing because the fragments are held together. Closed has the advantage of avoiding an operation but the healing can be slower because the bones are not rigidly held together.

31. External fixator

33. splint a rigid or flexible appliance for fixation of displaced or movable partsThomas splintA long leg splint that extends from a ring at the hip to beyond the foot, allowing traction to a fractured leg, and is used in emergencies and for transportation.

34. (B), Thomas knee splint.

35. PATELLAR FRACTURES

36. The patella, also known as the knee cap or kneepan circular-triangular bone It is the largest sesamoid bone in the human body.

37. PATELLAR FRACTURES Caused by direct injury or by indirect injury The type of fracture is different in both Treatment is also different

38. Types 1.direct [stellate] 2.indirect [transverse]

39. Direct Mechanism- a fall on patella, heavy object falling across the knee Inspection- knee joint is extremely swollen, in slightly flexed position Palpation- effusion in the knee joint is easily determined

40. X ray- shows fracture lines running radialy. There may or may not be any displacement full extension of the knee joint is possible in majority of cases.

41. Treatment 1.When there is crack fracture with no displacement operation is not needed 2. Even slight displacement patellectomy is the treatment of choice, irregular articular surface of patella will damage the femoral articular cartilage and lead to osteoarthritis early in age

42. pattellectomy An operation to remove the patella.

43. Indirect Mechanism- when a person slips on leg with the other leg in a semi flexed positionInspection- there is swelling but is less than direct fracture Palpation- one can feel the fracture line and even gap between the segments the patient is unable extend the knee and is also unable to lift the leg

44. Treatment 1.Undisplaced crack fracture by plaster cylinder 2.With separation{in middle} a) internal fixation b) patellectomy

46. Fracture Tibia & Fibula:- Mechanism :-Direct trauma , falling . - Management : - Closed reduction & cast immobilization . - Open reduction internal fixation by plate and screws or inter locking nail .

49. Tibial and fibular fractures

50. Fractures of the Ankle

51. Fractures of the AnkleClassification : - According to mechanism of injury : - Abduction - Adduction - Ext. rotation - Vertical compressionManagement :Surgical treatment is indicated to restore normal anatomy and function of ankle joint

53. Examples of Internal Fixation

54. Fractures of foot

56. Fractures of calcaneum Mechanism - fall from height degree of displacement also varies according to the violence TypesChip fractures- rare typeSplit fractures- split in to two fragmentsCrush fractures- the portion which articulates with talus is completely crushed

57. Functional treatment a crepe bandage is applied, the foot is elevated and active exercises are encouraged from the beginning. Majority of patients return to full activity within 6 months.

58. Fractures of metatarsal bones

59. Mechanism – from direct violence usually at the neck Treatment - mainly functional method Stress fracture{march fracture} – due tolong march or overuse mostly in 2nd metatarsal

60. Pelvis Fractures

61. Pelvis – three bones make up each side of the pelvis. (ilium, ishium,and pubis). They are connected to the sacrum by ligaments.

62. Causes…Elderly people with osteoporosis.May fracture pelvis during a fall. These injuries do not usually damage the structural integrity of the pelvic ring, but may fracture an individual bone.