Haemoglobin is the red pigment in red blood cells that carries oxygen from the lungs to tissues and carbon dioxide from tissues back to the lungs. It is made up of a protein called globin and an iron-containing molecule called heme. The normal levels of haemoglobin are 14-17 g/dL in males and 12-15 g/dL in females. Haemoglobin transports oxygen by reversibly binding to it at the iron atom in the heme group. Factors like pH, temperature, carbon dioxide levels and 2,3-DPG can shift the oxygen-haemoglobin dissociation curve, affecting how tightly oxygen binds to haemoglobin. There are different types of haemoglobin including fetal haemoglobin, sickle
Formation of heamoglobin / B.pharmacy 2 semesterKondal Reddy
Haemoglobin, is the iron-containing oxygen-transport metalloprotein in the red blood cells (erythrocytes) of almost all vertebrates as well as the tissues of some invertebrates.
Haemoglobin in blood carries oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body.
Haemoglobin develops in cells in the bone marrow that become red blood cells. When red cells die, haemoglobin is broken up: iron is removed and transported to the bone marrow by proteins called transferrins, and used again in the production of new red blood cells.
Plasma proteins, the components of plasma proteins, the protein fractions and condition causing the alteration in the each protein fraction. Clinical implications of the each fraction, the electrophorotic pattern of plasma protein. Acute phase proteins which include the positive and negative phase proteins.
Transamidation of available glutamine residues is catalyzed by trans-
glutaminases (TGs) through a calcium-dependent acyl transfer reac-
tion.
Proteins are posttranslationally modified by an acyl transfer
reaction between the g- carboxamide group of glutamine residues
And the e-amino group of peptide-bound lysine residues
or the primary amino group of polyamines to form either e-(g-
glutamy l)lysine or (g- glutamyl )polyamine bonds between proteins,
releasing ammonia.
Formation of heamoglobin / B.pharmacy 2 semesterKondal Reddy
Haemoglobin, is the iron-containing oxygen-transport metalloprotein in the red blood cells (erythrocytes) of almost all vertebrates as well as the tissues of some invertebrates.
Haemoglobin in blood carries oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body.
Haemoglobin develops in cells in the bone marrow that become red blood cells. When red cells die, haemoglobin is broken up: iron is removed and transported to the bone marrow by proteins called transferrins, and used again in the production of new red blood cells.
Plasma proteins, the components of plasma proteins, the protein fractions and condition causing the alteration in the each protein fraction. Clinical implications of the each fraction, the electrophorotic pattern of plasma protein. Acute phase proteins which include the positive and negative phase proteins.
Transamidation of available glutamine residues is catalyzed by trans-
glutaminases (TGs) through a calcium-dependent acyl transfer reac-
tion.
Proteins are posttranslationally modified by an acyl transfer
reaction between the g- carboxamide group of glutamine residues
And the e-amino group of peptide-bound lysine residues
or the primary amino group of polyamines to form either e-(g-
glutamy l)lysine or (g- glutamyl )polyamine bonds between proteins,
releasing ammonia.
Give the structure and steps of synthesis of Hb.
Give normal values & list functions of Hb.
List physiological & pathological alterations in Hb conc.
describe the fate of Hb.
Give the structure and steps of synthesis of Hb.
Give normal values & list functions of Hb.
List physiological & pathological alterations in Hb conc.
describe the fate of Hb.
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Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
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2. At the End of Class
Haemoglobin
Structure, function,
variations
Derivatives, synthesis and
degradation of
hemoglobin.
Anemia – Types with
example, c/f , treatment
4. HAEMOGLOBIN
It is a Red pigment
Present in RBC of Blood.
It is a conjugated protein, &
Chromoprotein.
It is made up of Iron and
Protein
It’s molecular weight is
68000.
5. Disadvantages if haemoglobin
present in plasma.
Increase viscosity.
Increase osmotic
pressure.
Rapid destruction by
reticuloendothelial
system.
Haemoglobinuria
( excretion through
kidney)
Thursday, April 29, 2021
6. NORMAL VALUES OF
HEMOGLOBIN
The Normal Hb level:
Fetus – 16-18 gm/dl
Newborn – 20-24
gm/dl.
Transfusion from
placenta
Haemoconcentration
7. NORMAL VALUES OF
HEMOGLOBIN
1 year – 10-12 gm/dl
Males - 14 – 17
gm/100ml
Females- 12 – 15
gm/100ml
Thursday, April 29, 2021
8. STRUCTURE OF HAEMOGLOBIN.
Iron containing pigment
called Haem attached
with protein – Globin.
Haeme is Iron –
porphyrin complex
called IRON-
PROTOPORPHYRIN IX.
Globin – Protein.
Thursday, April 29, 2021
9. STRUCTURE OF HAEME
IRON-PROTOPORPHYRIN IX.
IRON
Ferrous form (Fe2+).
Iron attached to
nitrogen atom of each
pyrrole ring.
On iron loose bond for
Oxygen
Carbon monoxide.
Thursday, April 29, 2021
11. Structure of Globin.
Made up of 4
polypeptide chains.
Globin is HbA
2 alpha chains ( ) –
141 amino acids
2 Beta chains ( ) – 146
amino acids.
Thursday, April 29, 2021
12. Attachment of Haeme to
Globin.
4 units of Haeme
attached to 1 unit of
Globin.
So 1 Haemoglobin
molecules contains 4
Iron Atoms which
carry 4 molecules of
oxygen.
Thursday, April 29, 2021
13. Synthesis of Hemoglobin
i) 2 succinyl – CoA + 2 glysine Pyrrole
ii) 4 Pyrrole Protoporphyrin IX
iii) Protoporphyrin IX + Fe2+ Heme
iv) Heme + Polypeptide Hemoglobin chain (α or β)
v) 2 α chains + 2 β chains Haemoglobin A.
14. Succinyl-CoA Glycine
Pyridoxal phosphate
αAmino -β-ketoadipic acid
ALA synthetase
α amino-δ-Laevulinic acid
ALA dehydrogenase.
Porphobilinogen
Protoporphyrin IX
ferrous
Haem globin
haemoglobin
Thursday, April 29, 2021
16. Factors controlling
Haemoglobin formation.
Role Of Proteins – First class proteins provide
amino acids.
Most imp – food of animal origin, liver, spleen,
kidney & heart
Intermediate value – muscles
Least – cereals, dairy products, veg & fruits.
Thursday, April 29, 2021
17. ROLE OF IRON.
Important for formation of Haeme part of
Haemoglobin.
Sources of iron – Dietary iron
Other sources – Iron released from degradation of
RBC.
Thursday, April 29, 2021
18. Role of other metals
Copper – Promotes
Absorption, Mobilization
& Utilization of iron.
Cobalt – Increases
production of
Erythropoietin.
Calcium – conserve iron
& subsequent utilization.
Role of vitamins.
Vit B12, Folic acid help in
synthesis of nucleic acid.
& vit C helps in
absorption of iron from
gut. (Fe3+ to Fe2+)
Role of bile salts.
Imp for proper
absorption of copper &
nickel.
Thursday, April 29, 2021
19. Functions of Haemoglobin
Transport oxygen to tissues
Transport Co2 to lungs
Maintains acid base balance ( As a Buffer)
20. Haemoglobin – Oxygen
Binding.
O2 is attached with
haemoglobin reversibly
at 6th covalent bond.
Oxygenation of 1st haem
increases affinity for 2nd
in turn 3rd & 4th.
Reason for O2-Hb
dissociation curve
Sigmoid shape.
Thursday, April 29, 2021
21. Oxygen – Haemoglobin
Dissociation curve.
As affinity of Hb for O2
falls graph shifted to
right.
As affinity of Hb for O2
rise graph shifted to
left.
H+ ion conc, Pco2
temp & 2,3-DPG
affects shift.
Thursday, April 29, 2021
22. Shift of Oxygen – Haemoglobin
Dissociation curve.
Shift to left. Shift to right.
Thursday, April 29, 2021
24. FETAL HAEMOGLOBIN.
Present in fetal RBC &
disappear in 2-3 months
after birth.
Structure
4 polypeptide chains
2 α(alpha) & 2 γ (gamma)
Characteristics.
Affinity for oxygen – more
Resistance to action of alkalies
Life span – less.
Thursday, April 29, 2021
25. PATHOLOGICAL
(HAEMOGLOBINOPATHIES)
Sickle cell
haemoglobin.(HbS)
Substitution of Valine
for Glutamic Acid at 6th
position in beta chain.
When HbS is reduced (in
low O2 tension)
precipitate into crystals
in RBC changes shape
become Sickle shaped.
Thursday, April 29, 2021
26. EFFECTS OF SICKLE CELL SHAPE.
Less flexible – blockage
of microcirculation.
Increases blood
viscosity.
More fragile – More
Hemolysis – Anaemia.
Thursday, April 29, 2021
27. TREATMENT
Drugs – leads to
formation of HbF which
decreases
polymerization of
deoxygenated Hb.
Azacytidine
Hydroxyurea
Bone Marrow
Transplantation.
Thursday, April 29, 2021
28. Pathological
(Haemoglobinopathies)
Haemoglobin C.
Similar to HbS but not
associated with Sickling.
Other varieties are
HbE, HbI, HbJ, HbM
Thalassaemia
Defect in synthesis of
polypeptide chain.
Types
Major
Minor
Thursday, April 29, 2021
29. DIFFERENCE IN THALASSAEMIA
MAJOR & MINOR.
β Thalassaemia Major
Less common
Homozygous transmission
Complete absence of beta
chain synthesis.
Anemia – moderate to
severe
HbF – markedly increased
Life span – short
Cooley’s Anaemia
β Thalassaemia Minor.
More common.
Heterozygous
transmission.
Partial Absense.
Anemia- mild.
HbF – slightly elevated.
Life span – comparatively
longer.
Thursday, April 29, 2021
30. DERIVATIVES OF Hb
1. Hb + O2 HbO2 (Oxyhaemoglobin) Iron in ferrous state)
2. Hb + Cyanide Methaemoglobin Iron in ferric state.
3. Hb + CO2 Carbamino hemoglobin
4. Hb + CO Carboxy hemoglobin
5. Hb + H2S Sulphemoglobin.
6. Hb + Glucose Glycosylated ( attached to terminal
Valine)
31. FATE OF HAEMOGLOBIN
HEMOGLOBIN
GLOBIN
AMINO ACIDS
Reutilized in bone marrow
for Hb synthesis
IRON
IRON
Stored as Ferritin
BILIVERDIN (Bilirubin
Reductase)
BILIRUBIN
Taken up
by liver
CHOLEGLOBIN
Thursday, April 29, 2021
Tetra pyrrole straight chain with
Globin & Iron