5th International Disaster and Risk Conference IDRC 2014 Integrative Risk Management - The role of science, technology & practice 24-28 August 2014 in Davos, Switzerland

1. Aviation Industry
and its influences on Crisis Management procedures
and improvement of regional and cities' Resilience
Nooshin Hadidian Moghadam
Civil engineer
Pilot, expert in Crisis management
Noushin_rose_20@hotmail.com

3. Natural disasters always have drastic impact on
human life and in recent decades, hundreds of
millions of people have felt their lives in the ring
of injuries and damages resulting from such
disasters, many people died and more than
millions of dollars as total losses causes that the
social and economical growth is faced with many
obstacles.
Incidents, natural disasters and the level of their
endamaging depend on human activities.

4. With the presence of scientific and integrated
management for crisis that can prevent occurring of
disasters with prediction and detecting them before
anticipation, and in the event of crisis can successfully
control the activities of intervention, guidance, caring
after crisis by prioritizing, organizing, planning and
directing leading levels, we can hope that many crisis
and disasters can be predicted and controlled before
occurrence or in the case of incidence the resulting
backwash of them can be decreased optimally.

5. Therefore, efforts and planning to develop and increase
the resilience of cities and areas that are more
vulnerable for natural hazards, can lead to reduce
irreparable and costly human and financial losses and
optimize the sustainable development indicators in
areas for long time.
One of the major factors affecting sustainable
development and urban and regional resilience and
have bilateral direct connection with crisis management
processes is crisis logistics that has crucial role in
supply chain for crisis management.

6. Based on main characteristics of resilient cities against
natural disasters and scientific definition of crisis logistics,
adopting plans to anticipate and mitigate the effects of
natural hazards ,employing of technologies for monitoring
and early warning, rapid ability to perform instant recovery
solutions and quickly restore basic services and resumption
of social, institutional and economic activities after such
incidents needs safe utilization of new technologies for fast
access to data and information for monitoring and decision-making
and planning before event, during and after it.

7. Undoubtedly use of new , rapid and safe technologies of
aviation industry with variety of functions such as ultra
light and light aircrafts, helicopters and other facilities
utilized in various types of assessment processes, supply,
transportation , storage and distribution of goods and
services have undeniable impact in the field of resilience
against natural disasters and sustainable development
indicators in the regions.

8. This paper has presented a definition of crisis logistics
concepts , and principles of resiliency and also new
technologies in aviation industry , their capabilities ,
potential roles, importance and beside the brief comments
about the experience of different countries in taking
advantage of these industry ,its application in various
process and disasters specially in impassible and cumbrous
areas has been analyzed.

10. 1- Crisis logistics:
Crisis logistics includes processes such as estimation ,
procurement , transportation(scheduled and planned),
maintenance and distribution of goods and services needed
for crisis and disasters ( according to the procedures defined
in crisis management).

11. 2- Sustainable development:
Sustainable development is a process of change in the
use of resources , directing investments , orientation of
technological and institutional change that will be
compatible with present and future needs .This process
is a base of improvements for social and cultural
shortcomings and must be suitable motivation for
balanced, proportionate and coordinated advancements
for economic, social and cultural situations specially in
developing countries.

13. 3- Resilient region:
Resilient region or city refers to area that has the
capacity to respond and applicable planning in
prediction and prevention, preparedness,
reconstruction and rehabilitation in the face of any
crisis and is appropriate to prioritize for sustainable
development indicators in each area and tries to supply
necessary resources to develop and improve
management and organizing capacities.

15. Interaction between Crisis logistics and
region resiliency:
In a Crisis logistics system, the following factors
should be considered:
1. Preparation time (The time required for the
provision of an activity or product from beginning to
the moment of achieving target)
2. Limitation of resources
3. The critical factors causing the crisis, including the
critical and random deficiencies.
4. Needs and priorities and methods for their
allocation.

16. 5. Adaptation and relation between needs and Events
6. Flexibility
7. Easiness and proportionality
8. Appropriate command and control
9. Compilation and preparation of detailed, complete and
timely information and updating them.

17. Therefore for planning in crisis logistics to develop or
enhance resilience in the region, we need to observe at least
the following points:
a)For such a process we should have complete, correct and
update information and accessibility to this information
must be quickly and safely.
b)It is very important that capable planners with high
knowledge and flexibility must be attended for making
crisis logistics models.

18. c)In organization and management system of crisis logistics,
advanced tools and techniques must be used for detecting and
forecasting data and information.
d)In a normal and safe logistics management for crisis, many
measures and plans are applied to anticipate and reduce the
impact of natural disasters, employing technologies for early
warning and rapid monitoring, maintaining infrastructure, public
and private properties, including homes and other assets, Cultural
Heritage, Economic and Environmental capital, And there is
capability for minimizing both physical and social losses caused
by extreme weather events, earthquakes or other natural disasters
or human induced hazards.

19. e)There should be ability for rapidly implement recovery
strategies for immediate and rapid restoring essential
services and resuming social, economic, institutional
activities after such events.
f)It should be noted that most of the above, have specific
importance to achieve resilience against adverse
environmental changes such as climate change, essential
changes in the region or city and the reduction of
greenhouse gas emissions.

21. According to the planning process in crisis logistics in order
to enhance the regional resilience, we can express the
efficiency of this industry in several processes of crisis
management as follows:
Besides the utilizing of Geographic Maps of various
regions and providing information in different ways about
areas, we can use various types of aircrafts, manned or
unmanned helicopters to assess and explore urban and
suburban areas with different land uses in 4 main
procedures of crisis management tasks.

22. 1- Prediction and prevention process:
This industry can be used to evaluate and identify the
various items:
a)Identification and assessment of changes in distribution of old
structures in urban areas (in short time intervals).
b)Identification of trends and changes in urban design and
residential and commercial (etc) districts beside items that
mentioned in comprehensive and detailed maps constantly.
c)Identification of vulnerable areas of the city, sub-urban regions
according to regional background and records for occurrence of
variety of disasters (such as earthquakes, floods, fires, storms,
blizzard and etc.)

23. d)Detection and continuous monitoring of deforestation and
desertification increase or decrease the amount of water in
the floodways of rivers, dams and canals.
e)Precise and controlled Aerial visits but with low height
level from all critical and sensitive positions including vital
installations, such as refineries, fuel tanks, power plants and
dams.
f)Making online and direct communication with assessment
centers in disaster management office before, during and
after disasters.

24. So we can utilize the following aviation
instruments to have a wider application range and
can get out from highly specialized military and
fantasies uses.

25. 1-1-Unmanned aircrafts:
Variety of unmanned aircrafts and helicopters are being
built which can be used for various missions such as
exploration and identification of several areas and online
connections with analysis and assessment centers in the
region for evaluation of regional conditions or incidents:

26. -Quasi UAV for identification and sending information
goals:
This type of aircrafts can be used for exploration and
recognition of several areas and dispatching
information in high level flights. Although main UAVs
with military applications have high and enormous
costs in production and maintenance, Quasi UAV can
be used just for identification goals with lower costs
which are more adaptive with financial definitions in
crisis management.

27. For example we can use this type of UAV for
exploration and inspection of continental changing
before disaster, recognition of flood spread in the
region before crisis occurrence and primary evaluation
of region during protracted crises and after it.
Since their flight altitude can increase, they have high
ability to detect a broader range of information quickly
in special area.

28. Also quasi UAVs have ability to communicate quickly
with satellites and other types of airplanes or
helicopters and ground-based data centers to assess
and evaluate crisis management's information in the
region.
Some Pictures of them are listed below:

29. Aircraft or light quasi UAV with
special camera for taking precise
photos and videos to identify the
region
These types of aircrafts, have
designed structure like military
UAVs which can be used for
identification of the items listed
above.

30. An example of communication between quasi UAV and
unmanned airplanes with ground and aerial systems

31. Making coordination between photos from UAV
and satellite

32. 1-2-Robotic aircraft:
Today this type of flight instruments has more useful
applications for detection and exploration of areas with
low-height flight to take needing photographs.
For example this type of flying robots can be used to
identify and take photographs from volcanoes and their
conditions, rapid changes in construction and traffic trend
in the region, especially before , during and after crisis,
sending reports from sensitive and important infra-structures,
rapid climate change in the region in short time
intervals .
Some images of these flying robots are given below:

33. Identification process and sending data in mountainous terrain

34. Identification of climatic conditions, urban design and urban
and suburban areas' changing

35. Identification and evaluation of potential disasters in special
regions such as volcanoes, fires, etc.

36. VUAV Eagle Eye

37. Structure of UAV micro-helicopter

38. 1-3- Robocopters :
On the nose of this helicopter, important sensors are
installed that can scan all details of the scene and views
from several areas and a pilot and an engineer just as well
as observers are used by those aircraft on the ground and
they will be waiting for its own decision for landing.
This helicopter can control itself. This kind of robocopter
were examined and tested for the first time in Arizona for
many different operations and a variety of motion control
and maneuverability.

39. Robotic systems defined on this robocopter can
completely identify and understand their surrounding ,
decides on its way and also reacts against accidental
events.
This type of aircraft is extraordinarily versatile and
multifunctional and can be used by soldiers and
civilians in narrow , impassible and difficult areas.

40. This type of unmanned helicopters can be used in
identifying and collecting information and taking images
from impassable areas with low accessibility and
Hazardous conditions, Including narrow valleys, forest
fires and areas with narrow access road with high level of
confidence and safety and in comparison with existing
situation , has much more rapid rate in sending data for
evaluation and assessment in analyzing units of crisis
management centers. Some pictures from variety of
robocopter are shown below:

41. Testing of robocopter in several maneuvers for
different operations

42. The capability of Local topography recognition by
robo helicopter

43. Bell vertical flight robocopter that has high capability
for exploration process

44. 2- Manned aircrafts and helicopters:
In prediction and prevention process, generally using of
small aviation instruments with Control capabilities defined
by human for a variety of missions needs to apply human
and artificial intelligence with together as an explorational
and analyzing tools.
In small airplanes and helicopters controlled and directed
by crisis management's pilot, promptitude and accuracy in
sending and identification of sensitive areas has major role
as perspective of crisis management .

45. Because these types of airplanes and helicopters need less
space for occupation and maintenance and have higher
speed operation and in comparison to other aviation
instruments defined in some countries (such as IRAN) such
as BELL and MIL helicopters that are generally used in
"Red Crescent Organization“ as well as other aircrafts that
are used only for disaster relief, have higher financial and
scientific justification and for using in crisis management
missions are more faster and explicit in operational
planning . Hereunder , there are some pictures from these
type of airplanes and helicopters with brief explanation are
given about the characteristics of their in crisis management
missions.

46. - Ultra light Airplanes:
Ultra light airplane is one of the ideal choices for use
in the prediction and prevention processes of crisis
logistics' objectives are listed above due to the small
size, maneuverability, high speed, relatively low
maintenance and repairing costs and a smaller runway .
Indeed, by defining the specific height and direction of
flight for this type of airplane , we can achieve to
desired items.

47. Evector
Dynamic
Savannah

48. -Ultra light helicopter:
In addition to the above advantages, these helicopters can be
used in more conditions and situations because of no need
to wide runways.

49. -Gyrocopters :
Using of gyrocopters are defined in some Rescue operation and the
initial assessment duties , but we can utilize them in following
processes because of their less maintenance and repairing costs and
specific and defined height of flight in important exploration operations
such as:
a)- Identification and assessment of changes in old zones and their
distribution in urban areas.
b) -Identification of vulnerable areas of the city, sub-urban according
to regional capacity for occurrence of several recognized
disasters .( such as earth quake, flood, fire, storm , blizzard and etc.)
c)-Assess and identify the extent of the crisis in the early hours of
disasters' occurrence and
initial estimates of damage and casualties.

51. 2- Response and recovery and rehabilitation process
In addition to using aviation industry and its related
instruments in the prediction and prevention,
preparedness steps in crisis management procedures ,it
can be said that in confrontation with crisis and
disasters and using variety of relief methods in several
time intervals after disasters, defined facilities in
aviation industry can play major role for achieving the
goals defined in crisis logistics .

52. As noted above, some of the effective goals in crisis
logistics planning are included as below:
- Rapid action in providing the manpower
- Agile infrastructure and logistical capabilities
that in fact include part of the major role for this
industry in preparedness and confrontation steps in
crisis management planning which contributes to
increase the regional resiliency because of making
preparation , planning , high flexibility and lowering
costs in crisis management and its logistics.

53. Among more than 40 recognized natural disasters
throughout the world , disasters such as earthquakes, floods,
fires, hail and heavy rain and snow, avalanches and
landslides have more precedents in the world.
So due to the high rate of occurrence of such these incidents
in some countries and also need to increase the resiliency in
sustainable development programs in areas beside
urbanization growth and making rapid changes , the
necessity for using new and update facilities in aviation
industry for attaining defined goals in confrontation ,
reconstruction and rehabilitation after incidents and
disasters is completely clear.

54. Today, the impact of the aviation industry and air relief
during natural disasters is undeniable and unavoidable
and in the countries and areas that success in the field of
crisis management and have provided valuable lessons
for effective crisis logistics business ,definition the role of
the aviation industry and new applications and
equipments in all steps of prediction and prevention,
preparedness , confrontation ,reconstruction, and
rehabilitation are most important.
Although in most countries , air transportation is
generally used for relief and rescue missions, according
to the characteristics of urbanization , spread of areas and
climate changes and frequency of various natural
disasters' occurrence , paying attention to how this
industry can define the goals of sustainable development
and increasing resiliency, becomes necessary.

55. Therefore, aviation industry's role in reconstruction and
rehabilitation process can be defined as following items :
1)Search and reconnaissance operations such as those
mentioned in the prediction and prevention procedures. Use
of defined and proper equipments of this industry in these
steps can reduce the loss of lives and property during
disasters.
2)Initial assessment after natural disasters and accurate
reporting to online crisis management center to determine
the extent of the incident and the speed of its progress in the
area.

57. 3)Search and identify the impassable areas, mountains,
valleys and forests, sea and rivers in natural incidents such
as floods, earthquakes, avalanches, heavy snow and rain.
4)Photography and mapping of vast areas for overall
assessment of natural disasters , and then analyze the
information for confrontation process and make decisions
in reconstruction and rehabilitation programs.
5)Transfer and transport relief and rescue teams, medical
teams, supplies and food requirements, rapid transportation
and rescue tools in specific situations.
6)Handling and transfer of injured and damaged people with
defined aircrafts and helicopters in the air ambulance.

59. 7)Lifting and carrying tools and equipment needed in
various steps of reconstruction and rehabilitation after
disaster.
8)In the case of making field hospitals , utilization of
aviation industry and air transport is one of the best options.
9)Make great help for quick presence of authorities in
critical regions for making quick and correct decisions in
proper period of time.
10) Suitable use of this industry in fire fighting operations
in areas such as pastures, forests, airports and roads.

60. To achieve these goals, in addition to Mil and Bell
helicopters that are used vastly in air rescue
operations, following aviation equipment can be used
with more advantages:

61. Small or oval helicopters can be used for initial assessment and
immediate identification after incident and assessment of
regional situation at different steps of reconstruction and
rehabilitation process

62. Identification and assessment helicopter

63. To transport Injured persons and rescue and medical
equipments

64. Light aircraft with capability of carrying a stretcher and medical
equipments and landing on non- asphalt runways

65. A view from medical equipment defined in the
air ambulance airplane

66. Amphibious aircraft for reconnaissance and rescue
operations in the water and coastlines

67. Fire fighting aircrafts which are suitable for vast areas such as
forests , pasturelands and impassible regions

68. Fire fighting operations in roads and residential areas by
light and ultra light airplanes

71. Documents and experience has shown that many
countries with most production in environmental,
economic and biological facilities were damaged and
became unusable because of natural disasters, but due
to trained and skilled manpower, efficient and dynamic
crisis management and their high speed efforts, they
could compensate all damages and losses and with
proper planning they could manage their environment
in times of crisis occurrence and minimized the losses
rate and vulnerabilities.

72. But on the other hand there are many rich countries
that increased their vulnerability and remain vulnerable
because of the poor and weak planning and poor
management of human resources.
For example in the Metropolis such as Tehran ,
available evidence indicates that much of the
emergency relief organizations do not show their
support for using of air emergency and even in the
case of forgetting this puzzle, they deny its use!

74. However, the research results in some developed
countries show that they use air relief for transportation
of damaged people to medical centers so deaths and
losses statistics are much lower in these countries due
to a variety of events such as fires and road accidents,
so the definition of locating aviation industry and air
rescue in crisis management process needs to new way
of thinking.

75. Therefore, after introduction of a variety tools and
equipment for aviation industry and their usability in
various missions, we need to define the method of
locating and using them in crisis management
planning.
1)At first , there is an essential need to define a variety
of application areas of this industry in 4-fold steps of
crisis management in each country and then in its
different regions according to specific characteristics
of climate, weather, population and etc.

77. 2)Due to the variety of applications for various
types of equipment listed in the aviation industry,
there is need to define independent operating
domains for education, specification of its finance
and financial Workbook Set to determine the
operating areas for different types of aircrafts and
helicopters according to characteristics of different
regions of the country in the case of crisis
management perspective.

79. 3) For proper responding of using these equipments, we
need to define new and update tasks and defining online
analyzing centers in crisis management offices for
receiving recognized information from several
determined aircrafts and assessing them in prediction,
prevention, confrontation, preparedness, recovery and
rehabilitation processes.

80. 4) To fulfill the required tasks and several required
applications of these aviation equipments according
to crisis logistics , there is need to build partnerships
and coordination between all organizations and
institutions in the country which have ability to do
relief operations in different fields and also establish
the relationship between them, especially when using
identification systems and transmit data at different
stages of crisis management.

82. 5) For optimal conclusion from consistent application
of aviation industry as an integral and indispensable
part in crisis management and its logistics , there is an
essential need to design a proper structure for
application of this technology for logistics
management in disasters , improving communication
and information systems and change traditional
patterns to modern models to act quickly and
accurately for our operations in crisis logistics.

84. 6) Opposing the views about creating greater
vulnerability due to the transporting injured persons
with airplanes or helicopters because of air pressure
and other movement disorders and traumatic stress of
airplane or helicopter, some proceedings are being used
to resolve possible imperfections which does not
undermine the usefulness of such equipment.

86. 7) Now it's time for defining and planning aerial maneuvers
for a variety of missions, including reconnaissance, search ,
rescue, relief and transportation of medical goods and
equipment as well as fire fighting operations in different
scales for crisis management exercises.
8) In urban design and neighborhood of dangerous sites and
roots such as mountains and highways , suitable points and
areas must be defined for using several types of aviation
industry's equipments for all determined aerial operations.

88. 9) For organizing the air rescue and relief centers in
crisis management organizations , we require to
establish new and updated centers to manage
engineering and technical affairs , repair and
maintenance of helicopters and airplanes , flight
operations management , affairs of crisis management's
Pilots and medical and rescue operations management.