The performance of WCDMA system deteriorates in the presence of multipath fading environment.
Fading destroys the orthogonality and is responsible for multiple access interference (MAI). Though
conventional rake receiver provides reasonable performance in the WCDMA downlink system due to path
diversity, but it does not restores the orthogonality. Linear equalizer restores orthogonality and suppresses
MAI, but it is not efficient, since its performance depends on the spectral characteristics of the channel. To
overcome this, Minimum Mean Square Error- Decision Feedback Equalizer (MMSE-DFE) with a linear,
anticausal feedforward filter, causal feedback filter and simple detector is proposed in this paper. The filter taps
of finite length DFE is derived using the cholesky factorization theory, capable of suppressing noise,
Intersymbol Interference (ISI) and MAI. This paper describes the WCDMA downlink system using finite length
MMSE-DFE and takes into consideration the effects of interference which includes additive white gaussian
noise, multipath fading, ISI and MAI. Furthermore, the performance is compared with conventional rake
receiver and MMSE and the simulation results are shown.
BER Performance of Antenna Array-Based Receiver using Multi-user Detection in...ijwmn
Antenna promises to provide significant increases in system capacity and performance in
wireless systems. In this paper, a simplified, near-optimum array receiver is proposed,
which is based on the angular gain of the spatial filter. This detection is then analyzed by
calculating the exact error probability.The proposed model confirms the benefits of adaptive
antennas in reducing the overall interference level (intercell/intracell) and to find an
accurate approximation of the error probability. We extend the method that has been
proposed for propagation over Nakagami-m fading channels, the model shows good
agreements with simulation results.
Multiuser Detection with Decision-feedback Detectors and PIC in MC-CDMA SystemTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this paper we propose an iterative parallel decision feedback (P-DF) receivers associated with
parallel interference cancellation (PIC) for multicarrier code division multiple access (MC-CDMA) systems
in a Rayleigh fading channel (cost 207). First the most widely detection techniques, minimum
mean-squared error MMSE, Maximum Likelihood ML and PIC were investigated in order to compare their
performances in terms of Bit Error Rate (BER) with parallel feedback detection P-DFD. A MMSE DF
detector that employs parallel decision-feedback (MMSE-P-DFD) is considered and shows almost the
same BER performance with MMSE and ML, which present a better result than the other techniques. In a
second time, an iterative proposed method based on the multi-stage techniques P-DFD
(parallel DFD with two stages) and PIC was exploited to improve the performance of the system.
Design a mobile telephone system in a certain cityeSAT Journals
Abstract
A mobile telephone system is designed to facilitate better communication among 8000 users in the centre of Roma. The network
performance prediction tool was used to determine the best location for deployment of the base station. It was based on some
parameters or predictions which were obtained by calculating needed data to construct the base station.
Theoretically call planning, cell splitting, frequency re-use, offered traffic etc. techniques are used to obtain a good coverage for
a certain city. In order to find the best cell cluster, many calculations were also implemented.
The objective achieved was designing a network system in city centre of Roma. The 7 cell cluster and 12 cell cluster was selected
for its overall efficiency. In addition to this, co-channel interference, best server, maximum received power etc. were examined for
deployment of the base station with help of Winprop.
Key Words:Mobile telephone system, Cell cluster, Frequency re-use, Network performance, Power,Winprop.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Bandpass Filter in S-Band by D.C.Vaghela,LJIET,Ahmedabad,Gujarat.Dipak Vaghela
This paper is to design bandpass filter suitable with center at 2.5 GHz. This application is in the S band range at
2.5 GHz center frequency currently being used for Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS) receiver. The filter
covers the centre frequency 2.5 GHz and the bandwidth is 80 MHz. This project was initiated with theoretical understanding
of various types of filter and their applications. And suitable type was selected. It functions to pass through the desired
frequencies within the range and block unwanted frequencies. In addition, filters are also needed to remove out harmonics
that are present in the communication system. It was design and simulated using ADS (Advanced Design System) software
BER Performance of Antenna Array-Based Receiver using Multi-user Detection in...ijwmn
Antenna promises to provide significant increases in system capacity and performance in
wireless systems. In this paper, a simplified, near-optimum array receiver is proposed,
which is based on the angular gain of the spatial filter. This detection is then analyzed by
calculating the exact error probability.The proposed model confirms the benefits of adaptive
antennas in reducing the overall interference level (intercell/intracell) and to find an
accurate approximation of the error probability. We extend the method that has been
proposed for propagation over Nakagami-m fading channels, the model shows good
agreements with simulation results.
Multiuser Detection with Decision-feedback Detectors and PIC in MC-CDMA SystemTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this paper we propose an iterative parallel decision feedback (P-DF) receivers associated with
parallel interference cancellation (PIC) for multicarrier code division multiple access (MC-CDMA) systems
in a Rayleigh fading channel (cost 207). First the most widely detection techniques, minimum
mean-squared error MMSE, Maximum Likelihood ML and PIC were investigated in order to compare their
performances in terms of Bit Error Rate (BER) with parallel feedback detection P-DFD. A MMSE DF
detector that employs parallel decision-feedback (MMSE-P-DFD) is considered and shows almost the
same BER performance with MMSE and ML, which present a better result than the other techniques. In a
second time, an iterative proposed method based on the multi-stage techniques P-DFD
(parallel DFD with two stages) and PIC was exploited to improve the performance of the system.
Design a mobile telephone system in a certain cityeSAT Journals
Abstract
A mobile telephone system is designed to facilitate better communication among 8000 users in the centre of Roma. The network
performance prediction tool was used to determine the best location for deployment of the base station. It was based on some
parameters or predictions which were obtained by calculating needed data to construct the base station.
Theoretically call planning, cell splitting, frequency re-use, offered traffic etc. techniques are used to obtain a good coverage for
a certain city. In order to find the best cell cluster, many calculations were also implemented.
The objective achieved was designing a network system in city centre of Roma. The 7 cell cluster and 12 cell cluster was selected
for its overall efficiency. In addition to this, co-channel interference, best server, maximum received power etc. were examined for
deployment of the base station with help of Winprop.
Key Words:Mobile telephone system, Cell cluster, Frequency re-use, Network performance, Power,Winprop.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Bandpass Filter in S-Band by D.C.Vaghela,LJIET,Ahmedabad,Gujarat.Dipak Vaghela
This paper is to design bandpass filter suitable with center at 2.5 GHz. This application is in the S band range at
2.5 GHz center frequency currently being used for Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS) receiver. The filter
covers the centre frequency 2.5 GHz and the bandwidth is 80 MHz. This project was initiated with theoretical understanding
of various types of filter and their applications. And suitable type was selected. It functions to pass through the desired
frequencies within the range and block unwanted frequencies. In addition, filters are also needed to remove out harmonics
that are present in the communication system. It was design and simulated using ADS (Advanced Design System) software
Chaotic signals denoising using empirical mode decomposition inspired by mult...IJECEIAES
Empirical mode decomposition (EMD) is an effective noise reduction method to enhance the noisy chaotic signal over additive noise. In this paper, the intrinsic mode functions (IMFs) generated by EMD are thresholded using multivariate denoising. Multivariate denoising is multivariable denosing algorithm that is combined wavelet transform and principal component analysis to denoise multivariate signals in adaptive way. The proposed method is compared at a various signal to noise ratios (SNRs) with different techniques and different types of noise. Also, scale dependent Lyapunov exponent (SDLE) is used to test the behavior of the denoised chaotic signal comparing with clean signal. The results show that EMD-MD method has the best root mean square error (RMSE) and signal to noise ratio gain (SNRG) comparing with the conventional methods.
Comparison of Distance Transform Based FeaturesIJERA Editor
The distance transform based features are widely used in pattern recognition applications. A distance transform
assigns to each background pixel in a binary image a value equal to its distance to the nearest foreground pixel
according to a defined metric. Among these metrics the Chessboard, Euclidean, Chamfer and City-block are
popular. The role of a feature extraction method is quite important in pattern recognition applications. Before
applying a feature, it is essential to judge its performance on the given applications. In this research work, a
study on the performance of above mentioned distance transform based features is made. We have conducted
experiments with 500 hand-printed characters/class and the study has been performed on 43 classes. The
classifiers used are k-NN, MLP, SVM and PNN.
Performance of MMSE Denoise Signal Using LS-MMSE TechniqueIJMER
This paper presents performance of mmse denoises signal using consistent cycle spinning (ccs) and least square (LS) techniques. In the past decade, TV denoise technique is used to reduced the noisy signal. The main drawback is the low quality signal and high MMSE signal. Presently, we
proposed the CCS-MMSE and LS-MMSE technique .The CCS-MMSE technique consists of two steps. They are wavelet based denoise and consistent cycle spinning. The wavelet denoise is powerful decorrelating effect on many signal domains. The consistent cycle spinning is used to estimation the
MMSE in the signal domain. The LS-MMSE is better estimation of MMSE signal domain compare to
CCS-MMSE.The experimental result shows the average MMSE reduction using various techniques.
Performance analysis of adaptive beamforming at receiver side by using lms an...Ijrdt Journal
The Least Mean Squares (LMS) algorithm is an important member of the family of stochastic gradient algorithms. A significant feature of the LMS algorithm is its simplicity. The recursive least squares (RLS) algorithm recursively finds the filter coefficients for minimizing linear least squares cost function. Smart antenna generally refers to any antenna array. Beamforming is a signal processing technique used in sensor arrays for directional signal transmission or reception. This spatial selectivity is achieved by using adaptive or fixed receive/transmit beam patterns. The improvement compared with an omnidirectional reception/transmission is known as the receive/transmit gain (or loss). In this study, fixed weight beamforming basics and maximum signal to interference ratio are given. The theoretical information of adaptive beamforming, LMS (Least Mean Square) and RLS (Recursive Mean Squares) algorithms are explained. Adaptive beamforming in recieve antenna is simulated by using LMS and RLS algorithms. Simulation results are discussed and explained.
Intercept probability analysis in DF time switching full-duplex relaying netw...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this research, we propose and investigate intercept probability analysis in DF time switching relaying full-duplex with impact of Co-channel interference at the eavesdropper. In the beginning stage, we present the DF time switching relaying full-duplex with the Impact of Co-channel interference at the eavesdropper. Furthermore, the closed-form expression of the intercept probability (IP) is analyzed and derived in connection with the primary system parameters. Finally, the Monte Carlo simulation is performed for verifying the correctness of the analytical section. From the research results, a novel solution and some recommendations can be proposed for the communication network in the near future.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Simulink based design simulations of band pass fir filtereSAT Journals
Abstract In this paper, window function method is used to design digital filters. The Band Pass filter has been design with help of Simulink in MATLAB, which have better characteristics of devising filter in fast and effective way. The band pass filter has been design and simulated using Kaiser window technique. This model is established by using Simulink in MATLAB and the filtered waveforms are observed by spectrum scope to analyze the performance of the filter. Keywords: FIR, window function method, Kaiser, Simulink, MATLAB.
On the Performance Analysis of Composite Multipath/Shadowing (Weibull-Log Nor...IJEEE
Composite multipath/shadowing fading environments are frequently encountered in different mobile realistic scenarios. These channels are generally modeled differentComposite multipath/shadowing fading. In this paper wepresent the performance analysis of composite (Weibull-Lognormal shadowed) fading. We adopt efficient toolproposed by Holtzman to approximate composite (Weibull-Lognormal shadowed) fading. The performance measures offading communication systems such as Probability densityfunction (PDF) of Signal to Noise ratio (SNR), Amount offading (AF), Outage probability (Pout) and ChannelCapacity(C/B) will be calculated. Graphical results will bepresented for different signals and fading parameters. Thedifferent expressions that will be provided are of greatimportance in assessing the performance of communicationsystems in composite channels.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Effect of fiber distance on various sac ocdma detection techniqueseSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
A BER Performance Analysis of Shift Keying Technique with MMSE/MLSE estimatio...AM Publications
In this paper Bit Error Rate performance of OFDM - BPSK, QPSK, 4-QAM, 16-QAM System over Rayleigh fading
channel is analyzed. OFDM is a orthogonal frequency division multiplexing to reduce inter-symbol interference problem. Two
of the most equalization algorithms are minimum mean square error (MMSE) equalizer and maximum likelihood sequence
estimation (MLSE) equalizer. Finally simulations of OFDM signals are carried with Rayleigh faded signals to understand the effect of channel fading and to obtain optimum value of Bit Error Rate (BER) and Signal to noise ratio (SNR).
TWO DIMENSIONAL MODELING OF NONUNIFORMLY DOPED MESFET UNDER ILLUMINATIONVLSICS Design
A two dimensional numerical model of an optically gated GaAs MESFET with non uniform channel doping has been developed. This is done to characterize the device as a photo detector. First photo induced voltage (Vop) at the Schottky gate is calculated for estimating the channel profile. Then Poisson’s equation for the device is solved numerically under dark and illumination condition. The paper aims at developing the MESFET 2-D model under illumination using Monte Carlo Finite Difference method. The results discuss about the optical potential developed in the device, variation of channel potential under different biasing and illumination and also about electric fields along X and Y directions. The Cgs under different illumination is also calculated. It has been observed from the results that the characteristics of the device are strongly influenced by the incident optical illumination.
Natural Radioactivity Measurements of Basalt Rocks in Aden governorate, South...IOSR Journals
The amounts of radioactivity in the igneous rocks have been investigated; 63 basalt rock samples were collected from Aden governorate, South of Yemen. The activity concentration of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K were measured using NaI (TI) detector. Along the study area the radium equivalent activities Raeq in Bq/Kg of samples under investigation were found in the range of 51.60to 809.26Bq/Kg with an average value of 237.01Bq/Kg, this value is below the internationally accepted value of 370 Bq/Kg. To estimate the health effects of this natural radioactive composition, the average values of absorbed gamma dose rate D (55 nGyh-1), Indoor and outdoor annual effective dose rates Eied (0.11 mSvy-1), and Eoed (0.03 mSvy-1), External hazard index Hex(0.138) and internal hazard index Hin (0.154), and representative level index Iγr(0.386) have been calculated and found to be higher than the worldwide average values.
Parametric Optimization of Eicher 11.10 Chassis Frame for Weight Reduction Us...IOSR Journals
Abstract: The chassis serves as a backbone for supporting the body and different parts of the automobile. It
should be rigid enough to withstand the shock, twist, vibration and other stresses. Along with strength, an
important consideration in chassis design is to have adequate bending stiffness. The main objective of the
research is to obtain the minimum weight of Eicher 11.10 chassis frame. The chassis frame is made of two side
members joined with a series of cross members. The number of cross members, their locations, cross-section
and the sizes of the side and the cross members becomes the design variables. The chassis frame model is to be
developed in Solid works and analyzed using Ansys. Since the no. of parameters and levels are more, the
probable models are too many. So, to select optimum parameters among them large no of modeling and analysis
work is involved which consumes more time. To overcome this problem TAGUCHI method along with FEA is
use. The weight reduction of the side bar is achieved by changing the Parameters using orthogonal array. Then
FEA is performed on those models to get the best solution. This method can save material used, production cost
and time.
Keywords: Parametric optimization, Chassis frame, FE analysis, FEA-DOE hybrid modeling, Weight
reduction
A Novel Flipflop Topology for High Speed and Area Efficient Logic Structure D...IOSR Journals
In high speed data path network flop is one of the major functional elements to store intermediate
results and data at different stages. But the most important problem is huge power utilization due to switching
activity and increase in clock period that is Timing Latency; causes the performance of data path in digital
design is decreased. The existing works implement various Flipflop topology in data path structure design such
as conventional Transmission Gate Based Master Slave Filpflop (TGMS FF), Write Port Master Slave Flip-flop
(WPMS) and Clocked Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (C2MOS). In WPMS method, area is
minimized but delay is increased. In C2MOS technique Power consumption and delay is reduced, but there is a
definite scope to reduce Power, area and delay. In this paper a Modified Clocked Complementary Metal Oxide
Semiconductor Latch (mC2MOS Latch) is proposed and delay, power is again reduced up to 60% and the area
of the circuit is also reduced while comparing with previous methods.
Chaotic signals denoising using empirical mode decomposition inspired by mult...IJECEIAES
Empirical mode decomposition (EMD) is an effective noise reduction method to enhance the noisy chaotic signal over additive noise. In this paper, the intrinsic mode functions (IMFs) generated by EMD are thresholded using multivariate denoising. Multivariate denoising is multivariable denosing algorithm that is combined wavelet transform and principal component analysis to denoise multivariate signals in adaptive way. The proposed method is compared at a various signal to noise ratios (SNRs) with different techniques and different types of noise. Also, scale dependent Lyapunov exponent (SDLE) is used to test the behavior of the denoised chaotic signal comparing with clean signal. The results show that EMD-MD method has the best root mean square error (RMSE) and signal to noise ratio gain (SNRG) comparing with the conventional methods.
Comparison of Distance Transform Based FeaturesIJERA Editor
The distance transform based features are widely used in pattern recognition applications. A distance transform
assigns to each background pixel in a binary image a value equal to its distance to the nearest foreground pixel
according to a defined metric. Among these metrics the Chessboard, Euclidean, Chamfer and City-block are
popular. The role of a feature extraction method is quite important in pattern recognition applications. Before
applying a feature, it is essential to judge its performance on the given applications. In this research work, a
study on the performance of above mentioned distance transform based features is made. We have conducted
experiments with 500 hand-printed characters/class and the study has been performed on 43 classes. The
classifiers used are k-NN, MLP, SVM and PNN.
Performance of MMSE Denoise Signal Using LS-MMSE TechniqueIJMER
This paper presents performance of mmse denoises signal using consistent cycle spinning (ccs) and least square (LS) techniques. In the past decade, TV denoise technique is used to reduced the noisy signal. The main drawback is the low quality signal and high MMSE signal. Presently, we
proposed the CCS-MMSE and LS-MMSE technique .The CCS-MMSE technique consists of two steps. They are wavelet based denoise and consistent cycle spinning. The wavelet denoise is powerful decorrelating effect on many signal domains. The consistent cycle spinning is used to estimation the
MMSE in the signal domain. The LS-MMSE is better estimation of MMSE signal domain compare to
CCS-MMSE.The experimental result shows the average MMSE reduction using various techniques.
Performance analysis of adaptive beamforming at receiver side by using lms an...Ijrdt Journal
The Least Mean Squares (LMS) algorithm is an important member of the family of stochastic gradient algorithms. A significant feature of the LMS algorithm is its simplicity. The recursive least squares (RLS) algorithm recursively finds the filter coefficients for minimizing linear least squares cost function. Smart antenna generally refers to any antenna array. Beamforming is a signal processing technique used in sensor arrays for directional signal transmission or reception. This spatial selectivity is achieved by using adaptive or fixed receive/transmit beam patterns. The improvement compared with an omnidirectional reception/transmission is known as the receive/transmit gain (or loss). In this study, fixed weight beamforming basics and maximum signal to interference ratio are given. The theoretical information of adaptive beamforming, LMS (Least Mean Square) and RLS (Recursive Mean Squares) algorithms are explained. Adaptive beamforming in recieve antenna is simulated by using LMS and RLS algorithms. Simulation results are discussed and explained.
Intercept probability analysis in DF time switching full-duplex relaying netw...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this research, we propose and investigate intercept probability analysis in DF time switching relaying full-duplex with impact of Co-channel interference at the eavesdropper. In the beginning stage, we present the DF time switching relaying full-duplex with the Impact of Co-channel interference at the eavesdropper. Furthermore, the closed-form expression of the intercept probability (IP) is analyzed and derived in connection with the primary system parameters. Finally, the Monte Carlo simulation is performed for verifying the correctness of the analytical section. From the research results, a novel solution and some recommendations can be proposed for the communication network in the near future.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Simulink based design simulations of band pass fir filtereSAT Journals
Abstract In this paper, window function method is used to design digital filters. The Band Pass filter has been design with help of Simulink in MATLAB, which have better characteristics of devising filter in fast and effective way. The band pass filter has been design and simulated using Kaiser window technique. This model is established by using Simulink in MATLAB and the filtered waveforms are observed by spectrum scope to analyze the performance of the filter. Keywords: FIR, window function method, Kaiser, Simulink, MATLAB.
On the Performance Analysis of Composite Multipath/Shadowing (Weibull-Log Nor...IJEEE
Composite multipath/shadowing fading environments are frequently encountered in different mobile realistic scenarios. These channels are generally modeled differentComposite multipath/shadowing fading. In this paper wepresent the performance analysis of composite (Weibull-Lognormal shadowed) fading. We adopt efficient toolproposed by Holtzman to approximate composite (Weibull-Lognormal shadowed) fading. The performance measures offading communication systems such as Probability densityfunction (PDF) of Signal to Noise ratio (SNR), Amount offading (AF), Outage probability (Pout) and ChannelCapacity(C/B) will be calculated. Graphical results will bepresented for different signals and fading parameters. Thedifferent expressions that will be provided are of greatimportance in assessing the performance of communicationsystems in composite channels.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Effect of fiber distance on various sac ocdma detection techniqueseSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
A BER Performance Analysis of Shift Keying Technique with MMSE/MLSE estimatio...AM Publications
In this paper Bit Error Rate performance of OFDM - BPSK, QPSK, 4-QAM, 16-QAM System over Rayleigh fading
channel is analyzed. OFDM is a orthogonal frequency division multiplexing to reduce inter-symbol interference problem. Two
of the most equalization algorithms are minimum mean square error (MMSE) equalizer and maximum likelihood sequence
estimation (MLSE) equalizer. Finally simulations of OFDM signals are carried with Rayleigh faded signals to understand the effect of channel fading and to obtain optimum value of Bit Error Rate (BER) and Signal to noise ratio (SNR).
TWO DIMENSIONAL MODELING OF NONUNIFORMLY DOPED MESFET UNDER ILLUMINATIONVLSICS Design
A two dimensional numerical model of an optically gated GaAs MESFET with non uniform channel doping has been developed. This is done to characterize the device as a photo detector. First photo induced voltage (Vop) at the Schottky gate is calculated for estimating the channel profile. Then Poisson’s equation for the device is solved numerically under dark and illumination condition. The paper aims at developing the MESFET 2-D model under illumination using Monte Carlo Finite Difference method. The results discuss about the optical potential developed in the device, variation of channel potential under different biasing and illumination and also about electric fields along X and Y directions. The Cgs under different illumination is also calculated. It has been observed from the results that the characteristics of the device are strongly influenced by the incident optical illumination.
Natural Radioactivity Measurements of Basalt Rocks in Aden governorate, South...IOSR Journals
The amounts of radioactivity in the igneous rocks have been investigated; 63 basalt rock samples were collected from Aden governorate, South of Yemen. The activity concentration of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K were measured using NaI (TI) detector. Along the study area the radium equivalent activities Raeq in Bq/Kg of samples under investigation were found in the range of 51.60to 809.26Bq/Kg with an average value of 237.01Bq/Kg, this value is below the internationally accepted value of 370 Bq/Kg. To estimate the health effects of this natural radioactive composition, the average values of absorbed gamma dose rate D (55 nGyh-1), Indoor and outdoor annual effective dose rates Eied (0.11 mSvy-1), and Eoed (0.03 mSvy-1), External hazard index Hex(0.138) and internal hazard index Hin (0.154), and representative level index Iγr(0.386) have been calculated and found to be higher than the worldwide average values.
Parametric Optimization of Eicher 11.10 Chassis Frame for Weight Reduction Us...IOSR Journals
Abstract: The chassis serves as a backbone for supporting the body and different parts of the automobile. It
should be rigid enough to withstand the shock, twist, vibration and other stresses. Along with strength, an
important consideration in chassis design is to have adequate bending stiffness. The main objective of the
research is to obtain the minimum weight of Eicher 11.10 chassis frame. The chassis frame is made of two side
members joined with a series of cross members. The number of cross members, their locations, cross-section
and the sizes of the side and the cross members becomes the design variables. The chassis frame model is to be
developed in Solid works and analyzed using Ansys. Since the no. of parameters and levels are more, the
probable models are too many. So, to select optimum parameters among them large no of modeling and analysis
work is involved which consumes more time. To overcome this problem TAGUCHI method along with FEA is
use. The weight reduction of the side bar is achieved by changing the Parameters using orthogonal array. Then
FEA is performed on those models to get the best solution. This method can save material used, production cost
and time.
Keywords: Parametric optimization, Chassis frame, FE analysis, FEA-DOE hybrid modeling, Weight
reduction
A Novel Flipflop Topology for High Speed and Area Efficient Logic Structure D...IOSR Journals
In high speed data path network flop is one of the major functional elements to store intermediate
results and data at different stages. But the most important problem is huge power utilization due to switching
activity and increase in clock period that is Timing Latency; causes the performance of data path in digital
design is decreased. The existing works implement various Flipflop topology in data path structure design such
as conventional Transmission Gate Based Master Slave Filpflop (TGMS FF), Write Port Master Slave Flip-flop
(WPMS) and Clocked Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (C2MOS). In WPMS method, area is
minimized but delay is increased. In C2MOS technique Power consumption and delay is reduced, but there is a
definite scope to reduce Power, area and delay. In this paper a Modified Clocked Complementary Metal Oxide
Semiconductor Latch (mC2MOS Latch) is proposed and delay, power is again reduced up to 60% and the area
of the circuit is also reduced while comparing with previous methods.
Error Reduction of Modified Booth Multipliers in Mac UnitIOSR Journals
Abstract: The fixed-width multiplier is well attractive to many multimedia and digital signal processing systems. It proposes a reduction of truncation error from 16-bit to 8-bit MSB bits (Truncated output) using simple error reduction circuit. The Fixed width modified booth multiplier is used to minimize the partial product matrix of Booth multiplication. Multiplication is binary mathematical operation scaling one number by another. Lead the design of high accuracy, low power and area in MAC unit and compare with the Wallace tree multiplier. The system will be designed using VHDL coding (Very High speed Integrated Circuit Hardware Descriptive Language). Index Terms: Multiplier and Accumulator, Most significant bits, Modified booth multiplier, error reduction circuit, fixed width multiplier
Computer aided environment for drawing (to set) fill in the blank from given ...IOSR Journals
Abstract: In this paper, we present Development of computer aided environment for drawing (to set) fill in the
blanks that can generate for given paragraph. The System finds fill in the blanks, blanking key generates from
the selected statement. Syntactic and lexical features are used in this process. NLP parser is used, part of speech
taggers are applied on each of these sentences to encode necessary information.
We present our work in designing and implementing the system which generate the blanks. The System is
developed in Java using JDBC which is open source.
Keyword: Natural Language Processing NLP, Key selection, POS tagging, Sentence selection
Sisal and its Potential for Creating Innovative Employment Opportunities and ...IOSR Journals
The tremendous potential of sisal (Agave sp.) as an important plant resource has not so far been fully
exploited in our country. Sisal leaves yield quality fibres, which are utilized for conventional purposes like
ropes, anchors, cordage and handicrafts. The superior engineering properties of sisal makes it an excellent
green material for its application in major sectors like marine, automotive, construction and renewable energy
etc. Preliminary investigations indicate that there is a great scope for the development of sisal based
technologies for rural and engineering applications. The sisal fibre and its allied activities could augment
employment opportunities for income generation in rural sector, whereas its engineering applications can
generate substantial employment potential in semi-urban and urban areas. New opportunities for the use of
sisal fibre as a reinforcing fibre in commodity papers potentially offers large markets and employment
generation for rural area people in India
Optimizing Mobile Robot Path Planning and Navigation by Use of Differential E...IOSR Journals
Abstract: Path planning and navigation is essential for an autonomous robot which can move avoiding the
static obstacles in a real world and to reach the specific target. Optimizing path for the robot movement gives
the optimal distance from the source to the target and save precious time as well. With the development of
various evolutionary algorithms, the differential evolution is taking the pace in comparison to genetic algorithm.
Differential evolution has been deployed quite successfully for solving global optimization problem. Differential
evolution is a very simple yet powerful metaheuristics type problem solving method. In this paper we are
proposing a Differential Evolution based path navigation algorithm for mobile path navigation and analyze its
efficiency with other developed approaches. The proposed algorithm optimized the robot path and navigates the
robot to the proper target efficiently.
Establishment of A Small Scale Non-Woven Tissue Processing IndustryIOSR Journals
Abstract: A study was made to establish a site for the tissue manufacturing industry. The industry is proposed to
be located in the Northern part of Nigeria. It will be situated on a 615,204 square meters area, which is to
be acquired prior to erection of building and other infrastructure. The major raw materials include
obsolete/waste paper, carton and chipboards. The types, of machines to be used are pulper machines,
chester machine, tissue recycling machine, culling machine and slicing machine. The in i t i a l capital outlay
for the plant is N75 million for a start. The product will generate a total revenue over a period of three years
of N97 mill io n with a net fixed asset of N54.S million. Thus, the project is feasible even at an annual discount
of 10%.
Kineto-Elasto Dynamic Analysis of Robot Manipulator Puma-560IOSR Journals
Current industrial robots are made very heavy to achieve high Stiffness
which increases the accuracy of their motion. However this heaviness limits the robot speed and in masses the
required energy to move the system. The requirement for higher speed and better system performance makes it
necessary to consider a new generation of light weight manipulators as an alternative to today's massive
inefficient ones. Light weight manipulators require Less energy to move and they have larger payload abilities
and more maneuverability. However due to the dynamic effects of structural flexibility, their control is much
more difficult. Therefore, there is a need to develop accurate dynamic models for design and control of such
systems.This project presents the flexibility and Kineto - Elasto dynamic analysis of robot manipulator
considering deflection. Based on the distributed parameter method, the generalized motion equations of robot
manipulator with flexible links are derived. The final formulation of the motion equations is used to model
general complex elastic manipulators with nonlinear rigid-body and elastic motion in dynamics and it can be
used in the flexibility analysis of robot manipulators and spatial mechanisms. Manipulator end-effector path
trajectory, velocity and accelerations are plotted. Joint torques is to be determined for each joint trajectory
(Dynamics) .Using joint torques, static loading due to link’s masses, masses at joints, and payload, the robot
arms elastic deformations are to be found by using ANSYS-12.0 software package. Elastic compensation is
inserted in coordinates of robotic programming to get exact end-effectors path. A comparison of paths
trajectory of the end-effector is to be plotted. Also variation of torques is plotted after considering elastic
compensation. These torque variations are included in the robotic programming for getting the accurate endeffect
or’s path trajectory
Exploring Values and Value Streams by BPM method solved by Lean Management toolIOSR Journals
This paper suggests a continuous improvement plan that can satisfy customer’s value and eliminate
waste in the enterprise business process. In order to explore the applicability of lean management principles in
the enterprise business process, the five fundamental concepts (specify value, identify the value stream, flow,
pull, and perfection) of lean management are being used as a stable and proved approach. In addition, Business
Process Management is applied as a new method to constantly improve the elimination of waste in the
enterprise business process. This can be accomplished by the lean management concept. Moreover business
process problems, such as overlapping work, redoing work, communication gaps, inflexible processes, and
obscure processes, have the possibility of being solved by lean management.
Lean management has traditionally been adopted by manufacturing industries to improve operations through
the identification and elimination of all forms of waste basically. The construction industry has also adopted this
philosophy, primarily in the field of projects. In order to increase an organization’s competitiveness and
productivity, lean management is needed in the any business process as well as in the field. The intent of this
work is to explore a method of introducing lean management which continuously improves any business
processes. The five fundamental concepts (specify value, identify the value stream, flow, pull, and perfection) of
lean management as an approach are being adapted in this project to improve quality of the processes. Hence
the main objective of this paper to apply the tool of lean and six sigma management to improve the elimination
of waste in the enterprises business process. Followed by a literature review which provides a brief summary of
lean thinking and six sigma along with challenges might face while implementing. A case study follows that
demonstrates how; Business Process Management is applied as a tool, method to constantly improve the
business process.
Jordan Higher (𝜎, 𝜏)-Centralizer on Prime RingIOSR Journals
Let 𝑅 be a ring and 𝜎, 𝜏 be an endomorphisms of 𝑅, in this paper we will present and study the
concepts of higher (𝜎, 𝜏)-centralizer, Jordan higher(𝜎, 𝜏)-centralizer and Jordan triple higher (𝜎, 𝜏)-
centralizer and their generalization on the ring. The main results are prove that every Jordan higher (𝜎, 𝜏)-
centralizer of prime ring 𝑅 is higher (𝜎, 𝜏)-centralizer of 𝑅 and we prove let 𝑅 be a 2-torsion free ring,𝜎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜏
are commutative endomorphism then every Jordan higher (𝜎, 𝜏)-centralizer is Jordan triple higher (𝜎, 𝜏)-
centralizer.
A Survey of Agent Based Pre-Processing and Knowledge RetrievalIOSR Journals
Abstract: Information retrieval is the major task in present scenario as quantum of data is increasing with a
tremendous speed. So, to manage & mine knowledge for different users as per their interest, is the goal of every
organization whether it is related to grid computing, business intelligence, distributed databases or any other.
To achieve this goal of extracting quality information from large databases, software agents have proved to be
a strong pillar. Over the decades, researchers have implemented the concept of multi agents to get the process
of data mining done by focusing on its various steps. Among which data pre-processing is found to be the most
sensitive and crucial step as the quality of knowledge to be retrieved is totally dependent on the quality of raw
data. Many methods or tools are available to pre-process the data in an automated fashion using intelligent
(self learning) mobile agents effectively in distributed as well as centralized databases but various quality
factors are still to get attention to improve the retrieved knowledge quality. This article will provide a review of
the integration of these two emerging fields of software agents and knowledge retrieval process with the focus
on data pre-processing step.
Keywords: Data Mining, Multi Agents, Mobile Agents, Preprocessing, Software Agents
Sustaining Value Creation through Knowledge of Customer ExpectationsIOSR Journals
As the pursuit of knowledge becomes increasingly central to firms’ competitiveness, we argued that knowing what the customer expects of product offerings is a prerequisite for sustaining the delivery of value. Thus, this paper seeks to provide a theoretical contribution to the growing recognition of researches on customer as a source of firms’ competence. By building on extant literature of value creation, customer satisfaction/dissatisfaction, and the theories of firm knowledge creation, we proposed a framework of how firms can sustain value creation through knowledge of customer expectations. We argued that sustaining firms’ value creation resides in the ability of firms to continuously anticipate, integrate and configure knowledge of customer expectations to create product offerings that meet or exceed customer expectations and generate better economic returns than other competing alternative firms
Effect of Isolated and Combined Training of Weight and Plyometric Training on...IOSR Journals
Abstract: The reason for this study was to figure out the impact of disconnected and joined weight and
plyometric preparing on chosen physical and physiological variables around school men. To confirm the
progressions because of the impact of weight preparing on chosen physical and physiological variables around
school men, plyometric preparing on chosen physical and physiological variables around school men. To
confirm the progressions because of the joined impact of weight and plyometric preparing on chosen physical
and physiological around school men. The reason for the study was to discover the impact of weight, Plyometric
and Combined preparing on chosen physical and physiological variables to be specific hazardous force, husky perseverance, brawny quality, speed, resting beat rate, breathing holding time and cardiovascular continuance
around school men. To realize the motivation behind this study, 80 school men learner were chosen at irregular
from in and around the Krishna region of Andhra Pradesh, their age ran from 18-23 years. They were
partitioned into four equivalent bunches and every gathering comprised 20 subjects. Group-An experienced
weight preparing; Group-B experienced Plyometric preparing and Group-C experienced joined preparing for
three days for every week for 12 weeks and Group D went about as a control that did not include any
uncommon preparing separated from the customary curricular exercises. While plyometric preparing is
requesting and place respectable push on the figure. The volume and power of the plyometric preparing inside
every these categorise might be directed to low and high practice. The subject of the plyometric assembly
cleared the base quality prerequisite test and exhibits both static and changing control test of their physique
weight with single leg squat, low power place plyometric preparing.
Keywords: Physiological, College Men, Plyometric, variables, Weight.
Survey of Machine Learning Techniques in Textual Document ClassificationIOSR Journals
Classification of Text Document points towards associating one or more predefined categories based
on the likelihood expressed by the training set of labeled documents. Many machine learning algorithms plays
an important role in training the system with predefined categories. The importance of Machine learning
approach has felt because of which the study has been taken up for text document classification based on the
statistical event models available. The aim of this paper is to present the important techniques and
methodologies that are employed for text documents classification, at the same time making awareness of some
of the interesting challenges that remain to be solved, focused mainly on text representation and machine
learning techniques.
Online Technology and Marketing of Financial Services in Nigeria: An Impact A...IOSR Journals
This study extracts and analyse basic information from Service providers and customers reporting the performance and challenges of online marketing of financial services in Nigeria. Staff and customers of twelve (12) out of the leading financial institutions in Nigeria, with track records of online activities were purposively sampled with the aid of structured questionnaires, to elicit ex post facto facts for use in this study. The resultant data were analysed with the use of descriptive statistics and Pearson Correlation Coefficient using statistical package for social sciences (SPSS), version 16. The study reveals low impact; meaning the country has not realises her full potentials in harnessing online technology for marketing of financial services. It also reveals incidence of challenges associated with implementation and performance of online marketing of financial services in Nigeria which include fluctuation in online services due to poor infrastructure, high rate of online fraudsters, slim awareness on the part of the customers, e-payment bottleneck, among others. Finally, this study expounds a number of management options to stimulate the impacts of online technology in marketing financial services in Nigeria.
Fluidization Characteristics of Nano Particles with the Assist of StirrerIOSR Journals
Fluidization of ultrafine solid particles is widely used in a variety of industrial applications because of its
unusual capability of continuous powder handling, good mixing, large gas–solid contact area, and very high rates of
heat and mass transfer. As the particle size decreases the cohesive forces between particles increases. Therefore,
fluidization of ultrafine particles becomes much more difficult as compared to the larger size particles and it needs efficient method. In the present work, the fluidization experiments were conducted using air as fluidizing media and SiO2, ZnO and Al2O3
nano particles, with a size ranging from 15 to 30 nm in 2-dimensional fluidized bed with the assist of stirrer.
The fluidization behavior of the nanoparticle, including the fluidization regime, the minimum fluidization velocity, and the
bed expansion are also investigated. . The results showed that smoother fluidization was observed with increasing agitation
speed, because the agglomeration and channeling were reduced by the mechanical agitation. It was found that with the assist of stirrer ,by increasing in the speed of stirrer initial bed voidage increased and terminal velocity and agglomerate diameter decreased.
Determination of nonlinear absorption (β) and refraction (n2)by the Z-scan me...IOSR Journals
Potassium Pentaborate nonlinear optical (NLO) material was synthesized by the solution growth method. The grown crystals were subjected to structural, optical and mechanical property studies. Crystal with excellent transparency were grown with maximum size of 9mm×8mm×5mm and the grown crystals were characterized by single crystal Single crystal XRD, FT-IR, TGA-DTA&DSC, and UV–vis-NIR studies. The crystal belongs to orthorhombic with a space group of mm2 having unit-cell dimensions a = 11.068Åb= 11.175Å c = 9.058Åand α = 90°; β = 90°; and γ =90°; Z=4, at 298(2) K. The second-order nonlinear optical property of the polycrystalline sample has been confirmed by Kurtz-Perry powder SHG analysis. Third order nonlinear optical properties were also studied by Z-scan techniques. Nonlinear absorption and nonlinear refractive index were found out and the third order bulk susceptibility of compound was also calculated.
Intersymbol interference caused by multipath in band limited frequency selective time dispersive channels distorts the transmitted signal, causing bit error at receiver. ISI is the major obstacle to high speed data transmission over wireless channels. Channel estimation is a technique used to combat the intersymbol interference. The objective of this paper is to improve channel estimation accuracy in MIMO-OFDM system by using modified variable step size leaky Least Mean Square (MVSSLLMS) algorithm proposed for MIMO OFDM System. So we are going to analyze Bit Error Rate for different signal to noise ratio, also compare the proposed scheme with standard LMS channel estimation method.
IMPROVEMENT OF LTE DOWNLINK SYSTEM PERFORMANCES USING THE LAGRANGE POLYNOMIAL...IJCNCJournal
To achieve a high speed data rate, higher spectral efficiency, improved services and low latency the 3rd
generation partnership project designed LTE standard (Long Term Evolution).the LTE system employs
specific technical as well the technical HARQ, MIMO transmission, OFDM Access or estimation technical.
In this paper we focus our study on downlink LTE channel estimation and specially the interpolation which
is the basis of the estimation of the channel coefficients. Thus, we propose an adaptive method for polynomial interpolation based on Lagrange polynomial. We perform the Downlink LTE system MIMO transmission then compare the obtained results with linear, Sinus Cardinal and polynomial Newton Interpolations. The simulation results show that the Lagrange method outperforms system performance in term of Block Error Rate (BLER) , throughput and EVN(%)vs. Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR).
A blind channel shortening for multiuser, multicarrier CDMA system over multi...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this paper we derive the Multicarrier Equalization by Restoration of Redundancy (MERRY) algorithm: A blind, adaptive channel shortening algorithm for updating a Time-domain Equalizer (TEQ) in a system employing MultiCarrier Code Division Multiple Access (MC-CDMA) modulation. We show that the MERRY algorithm applied to the MC-CDMA system converges considerably more rapidly than in the Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) system [1]. Simulations results are provided to demonstrate the performance of the algorithm.
Multi carrier equalization by restoration of redundanc y (merry) for adaptive...IJNSA Journal
This paper proposes a new blind adaptive channel shortening approach for multi-carrier systems. The
performance of the discrete Fourier transform-DMT (DFT-DMT) system is investigated with the proposed
DST-DMT system over the standard carrier serving area (CSA) loop1. Enhanced bit rates demonstrated
and less complexity also involved by the simulation of the DST-DMT system.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
CHANNEL ESTIMATION AND MULTIUSER DETECTION IN ASYNCHRONOUS SATELLITE COMMUNIC...ijwmn
In this paper, we propose a new method of channel estimation for asynchronous additive white Gaussian noise channels in satellite communications. This method is based on signals correlation and multiuser interference cancellation which adopts a successive structure. Propagation delays and signals amplitudes are jointly estimated in order to be used for data detection at the receiver. As, a multiuser detector, a single stage successive interference cancellation (SIC) architecture is analyzed and integrated to the channel estimation technique and the whole system is evaluated. The satellite access method adopted is the direct sequence code division multiple access (DS CDMA) one. To evaluate the channel estimation and the detection technique, we have simulated a satellite uplink with an asynchronous multiuser access.
Performance analysis of adaptive filter channel estimated MIMO OFDM communica...IJECEIAES
Advanced Communication Systems are wideband systems to support multiple applications such as audio, video and data so and so forth. These systems require high spectral efficiency and data rates. In addition, they should provide multipath fading and inter-symbol interference (ISI) free transmission. Multiple input multiple output orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (MIMO OFDM) meets these requirements Hence, MIMOOFDM is the most preferable technique for long term evaluation advanced (LTEA). The primary objective of this paper is to control bit error rate (BER) by proper channel coding, pilot carriers, adaptive filter channel estimation schemes and space time coding (STC). A combination of any of these schemes results in better BER performance over individual schemes. System performance is analyzed for various digital modulation schemes. In this paper, adaptive filter channel estimated MIMO OFDM system is proposed by integrating channel coding, adaptive filter channel estimation, digital modulation and space time coding. From the simulation results, channel estimated 2×2 MIMO OFDM system shows superior performance over individual schemes.
Performance of the MIMO-MC-CDMA System with MMSE EqualizationTamilarasan N
Multipath fading and spectral crowding are the
major challenges in dealing higher data rate in future
broadband wireless communication system. Multi-carrier
Modulation like Multicarrier code division multiple access
(MC-CDMA) can tackle the problem and provide higher data
rate for future wireless communication system. However,
through a frequency selective fading channel, the subcarriers
in MC-CDMA signal have different amplitude levels and phase
shifts which result in loss of the orthogonality among users
and generates Multiple access interference (MAI). To combat
the MAI, various amplitude and phase equalizing techniques
such as Maximum Ratio Combining (MRC), Equal Gain
Combining (EGC), Orthogonal Restoring Combining (ORC),
Threshold Orthogonal Restoring Combining or Minimum
Mean Square Error (MMSE) may be used. Out of these MMSE
offers better performance since the MMSE criterion is applied
independently on each subcarrier. Further improvement in
performance is possible through space–time block coding,
which offers maximum diversity gain and multiplexing gain.
This paper combines MC-CDMA with MMSE equalization
and space–time block coding which proves to be a powerful
physical layer solution in combating delay spread and inter
symbol interference (ISI).
Discrete-wavelet-transform recursive inverse algorithm using second-order est...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The recursive-least-squares (RLS) algorithm was introduced as an alternative to LMS algorithm with enhanced performance. Computational complexity and instability in updating the autocolleltion matrix are some of the drawbacks of the RLS algorithm that were among the reasons for the intrduction of the second-order recursive inverse (RI) adaptive algorithm. The 2nd order RI adaptive algorithm suffered from low convergence rate in certain scenarios that required a relatively small initial step-size. In this paper, we propose a newsecond-order RI algorithm that projects the input signal to a new domain namely discrete-wavelet-transform (DWT) as pre step before performing the algorithm. This transformation overcomes the low convergence rate of the second-order RI algorithm by reducing the self-correlation of the input signal in the mentioned scenatios. Expeirments are conducted using the noise cancellation setting. The performance of the proposed algorithm is compared to those of the RI, original second-order RI and RLS algorithms in different Gaussian and impulsive noise environments. Simulations demonstrate the superiority of the proposed algorithm in terms of convergence rate comparedto those algorithms.
Reduction of PAPR and Efficient detection ordering scheme for MIMO Transmissi...IJERA Editor
The technical challenges for communication engineers is the development of best performance wireless
networks with negligible amount of distortions. We have to consider multipath propagation attenuation and
radio spectrum inefficiency. Now a days, In MIMO (Multi Input Multi Output) systems there is a huge demand
for the networks with the high transmission rates and better quality of service which are having low PAPR ratio.
Instead of OFDMA, filter banks are used in massive MIMO to reduce the complexity. But they are error prone
to noise. This base paper discusses about PAPR reduction in MIMO systems using different precoding based
OFDM systems. Mainly, minimization of multi-antenna systems by controlling the transmission power and
reduction of PAPR using ZC (Zadoff-Chu) matrix transform.
Multi-carrier Equalization by Restoration of RedundancY (MERRY) for Adaptive ...IJNSA Journal
This paper proposes a new blind adaptive channel shortening approach for multi-carrier systems. The performance of the discrete Fourier transform-DMT (DFT-DMT) system is investigated with the proposed DST-DMT system over the standard carrier serving area (CSA) loop1. Enhanced bit rates demonstrated and less complexity also involved by the simulation of the DST-DMT system.
Classical Discrete-Time Fourier TransformBased Channel Estimation for MIMO-OF...IJCSEA Journal
In this document, we look at various time domain channel estimation methods with this constraint of null carriers at spectrumborders.We showin detail howto gauge the importance of the “border effect” depending on the number of null carriers, which may vary from one system to another. Thereby we assess the limit of the technique discussed when the number of null carriers is large. Finally the DFT with the truncated singular value decomposition (SVD) technique is proposed to completely eliminate the impact of the null subcarriers whatever their number. A technique for the determination of the truncation threshold for any MIMO-OFDM system is also proposed.
ICI and PAPR enhancement in MIMO-OFDM system using RNS codingIJECEIAES
The Inter-Carrier-Interference (ICI) is considered a bottleneck in the utilization of Multiple-Input-Multiple-Output Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (MIMO-OFDM) systems, due to the sensitivity of the OFDM towards frequency offsets which lead to loss of orthogonality, interference and performance degradation. In this paper Residue Numbers as a coding scheme is impeded in MIMO-OFDM systems, where the ICI levels is measured and evaluated with respect to conventional ICI mitigation techniques implemented in MIMO-OFDM. The Carrier-to-Interference Ratio (CIR), the system Bit-Error-Rate (BER) and the Complementary Cumulative Distribution Function (CCDF) for MIMO-OFDM system with Residue Number System (RNS) coding are analyzed and evaluated. The results had demonstrated a performance of transmission model with and without RNS.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...
Channel Equalization of WCDMA Downlink System Using Finite Length MMSE-DFE
1. IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering (IOSR-JECE)
e-ISSN: 2278-2834,p- ISSN: 2278-8735.Volume 6, Issue 2 (May. - Jun. 2013), PP 36-40
www.iosrjournals.org
www.iosrjournals.org 36 | Page
Channel Equalization of WCDMA Downlink System Using Finite
Length MMSE-DFE
Sandip Das1
, Soumitra Kumar Mandal2
1
(Electronics and Communication Engg Dept., University of Engineering and Management, Jaipur, India)
2
(Electrical Engineering Dept., NITTTR Kolkata, India)
Abstract: The performance of WCDMA system deteriorates in the presence of multipath fading environment.
Fading destroys the orthogonality and is responsible for multiple access interference (MAI). Though
conventional rake receiver provides reasonable performance in the WCDMA downlink system due to path
diversity, but it does not restores the orthogonality. Linear equalizer restores orthogonality and suppresses
MAI, but it is not efficient, since its performance depends on the spectral characteristics of the channel. To
overcome this, Minimum Mean Square Error- Decision Feedback Equalizer (MMSE-DFE) with a linear,
anticausal feedforward filter, causal feedback filter and simple detector is proposed in this paper. The filter taps
of finite length DFE is derived using the cholesky factorization theory, capable of suppressing noise,
Intersymbol Interference (ISI) and MAI. This paper describes the WCDMA downlink system using finite length
MMSE-DFE and takes into consideration the effects of interference which includes additive white gaussian
noise, multipath fading, ISI and MAI. Furthermore, the performance is compared with conventional rake
receiver and MMSE and the simulation results are shown.
Keywords – MMSE, MMSE-DFE, rake receiver, WCDMA
I. INTRODUCTION
During the period of last one decade, the large demands for wireless services and high data speeds have
driven the wireless cellular networks to a tremendous growth. To support high-speed data rates and more
importantly, to provide multimedia services efficiently, the International Telecommunications Union-Radio
Communication Sector (ITU-R) undertook the task of defining a set of recommendations for International
Mobile Telecommunication in the year 2000 (IMT-2000). UMTS was proposed with WCDMA as the air
interface. In this system Rake is a popular and effective receiver utilizing temporal diversity in the presence of
multiple effects. But, its performance is limited by Multiple Access Interference (MAI) because of the disability
for separating Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) from MAI [1]. UMTS uses orthogonal spreading
sequences which are time-varying due to the embedded scrambling code. These time-varying spreading
sequences cause severe problems when applying multiuser detection, e.g. symbol–level minimum mean–
squared error (MMSE) multiuser equalization according to [2], because the receiver filter has to be recalculated
at each symbol interval. To overcome this requirement, it was proposed in [3], [4] to apply linear MMSE
channel equalization [5] with finite impulse response (FIR) filters at chip level on the CDMA downlink
followed by a simple correlation with the spreading sequence of the desired user. Substantial improvements in
performance are obtained by using convolutional codes jointly with the adaptive space-time MMSE receiver [6].
In this paper, a Decision Feedback Equalizer is introduced whose filter coefficients are derived under the
MMSE criteria by making the error orthogonal to the received sequence. The ideal, infinite-length feed-forward
filter is a noise whitening filter that results in an overall response with minimum phase. Choosing an infinite-
length filter eliminates the delay optimization, because the overall response, consisting of transmit, channel,
receiver, sampler, and feed forward filters is simply a filter with minimum phase. Cholesky factorization theory
is used to derive the finite length equivalent of the infinite tap Decision Feedback Equalizer.
II. SYSTEM MODEL
In WCDMA downlink the users are spread twice in succession-first with channelization code and later
with the scrambling codes. In this channelization operation, the number of chips per data symbol is called the
Spreading Factor (SF) [7]. The channelization codes are used for separation of the different downlink physical
channels within one cell. In each cell the same set of channelization codes is used. UMTS supports data rates
ranging from 15 kbps to 1920 kbps for DPDCHs corresponding with SFs ranging from 512 to 4 and data rates
ranging from 30 kbps to 1920 kbps for PDSCHs, corresponding with SFs ranging from 256 to 4 [8]. The second
spreading operation is the scrambling operation, where a base station specific scrambling code is applied to the
already spread signal [9][10]. Finally the scrambled signal is pulse-shape filtered using a root raised cosine filter
with a roll-off factor of 0.22 [11]. After pulse shape filtering the signal is QPSK modulated and transmitted
2. Channel Equalization of WCDMA Downlink System using Finite Length MMSE-DFE
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through the modeled channel. The K user data after the spreading operation can be written as:
𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑋𝑘 𝑚 𝑆 𝑚
𝑘
𝑡 − 𝑚𝑇𝑚
𝑘
𝑚−1
𝑚=0
𝐾
𝑘=1
1
Sd(t)
Where, K stands for number of active users, Sd(t) is the data signals (of Dedicated Physical Channels). Mk is the
number of data symbols in a frame sent to user K in the burst. The user K spreading waveform is denoted by,
𝑆 𝑚
𝑘
(𝑡). Where 𝑆 𝑚
𝑘
(𝑡) is defined as:
𝑆 𝑚
𝑘
𝑡 =
1
𝑁𝑘
𝑊𝑘
𝑐ℎ
𝑖 𝐶𝑠𝑐𝑟 𝑖 + 𝑚𝑁𝑘 𝑝(𝑡 − 𝑖𝑇𝑐 )
𝑁 𝑘 −1
𝑖=0
=
1
𝑁 𝑘
𝑊𝑘
𝑐ℎ
𝑖 𝐶𝑘 𝑖, 𝑚 𝑝(𝑡 − 𝑖𝑇𝑐 )
𝑁 𝑘−1
𝑖=0 (2)
Where, Nk is the user specific spreading factor. The data symbols are spread 𝑊𝑘
𝑐ℎ
(i) and then scrambled by
scrambling code (Gold Code) 𝐶𝑠𝑐𝑟 𝑖 . The two codes are mixed in a single time-varying and user k specific
spreading code, 𝐶𝑘 𝑖, 𝑚 . The chip shaping filter 𝑝(𝑡)is a square root raised cosine pulse of roll off factor
ρ=0.22, and Tc is the chip duration.
The channel is modeled as time invariant FIR filter h(z-1
) given as:
ℎ 𝑧−1
= ℎ0 + ℎ1 𝑧−1
+ ℎ2 𝑧−2
+ ⋯+ ℎ 𝑛−1 𝑧 𝑛−1
(3)
or,
ℎ 𝜏 = (𝜏 − 𝜏𝑙)
𝐿−1
𝑙
(4)
Where, z-1
is the unit delay operator and n is the tap length and h0, h1, h2....... hn-1 are the complex impulse
response of the channel in (3) and τl is the path delay and L represents the total number of paths in (4).
The signal received at the mobile station after propagating through the modeled channel given by (4) can be
represented as:
𝑦 𝑡 = ℎ𝑥 𝑡 − 𝑑𝑙
𝐿−1
𝑙=0
+ 𝑣 𝑑 𝑡 (5)
Assuming the described transmission model, a MMSE-DFE is introduced in the following section whose filter
taps are calculated using cholesky factorization theory.
III. MMSE-DECISION FEEDBACK EQUALIZER
In this section a Decision Feedback Equalizer is introduced, whose feed forward and feedback filter taps are
derived under minimum mean square criteria using cholesky factorization. The received signal given in (5), can
be represented as:
𝑦 𝑘 =
𝑦(𝑘 + ((𝑛 − 1) 𝑛)𝑇)
… … .
… …
𝑦(𝑘𝑇)
=
𝑦 𝑛−1,𝑘
… …
… . .
𝑦0,𝑘
ℎ𝑙 =
ℎ(𝑙 + ((𝑛 − 1) 𝑛)𝑇)
… … .
… …
ℎ(𝑙𝑇)
=
ℎ 𝑛−1,𝑘
… …
… . .
ℎ0,𝑘
𝑣 𝑘 =
𝑣(𝑘 + ((𝑛 − 1) 𝑛)𝑇)
… … .
… …
𝑣(𝑘𝑇)
=
𝑣 𝑛−1,𝑘
… …
… . .
𝑣0,𝑘
(6)
Where n is the oversampling factor, yk is the received samples, hl is the channel and vk is the noise samples.
By combining Nf successive n-tuples of samples yk:
3. Channel Equalization of WCDMA Downlink System using Finite Length MMSE-DFE
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𝑦 𝑘 + 𝑁𝑓 − 1
𝑦 𝑘 + 𝑁𝑓 − 2
…
𝑦 𝑘
=
ℎ0 ℎ1 … ℎ𝑙 0 … 0
0 ℎ0 ℎ1 … ℎ𝑙 0 …
… … … … … … …
0 … 0 ℎ0 ℎ1 … ℎ𝑙
𝑥 𝑘 + 𝑁𝑓 − 1
𝑥 𝑘 + 𝑁𝑓 − 2
…
𝑥 𝑘−𝑣
+
𝑣 𝑘 + 𝑁𝑓 − 1
𝑣 𝑘 + 𝑁𝑓 − 2
…
𝑣 𝑘
(7)
A more compact representation of (7) is expressed in (8).
𝑦 𝑘 + 𝑁𝑓−1,𝑘 = 𝐻𝑥 𝑘+𝑁 𝑓−1,𝑘−𝑙 + 𝑛 𝑘+𝑁 𝑓−1
(8)
Where Nf is the number of feed forward filter taps.
The equalizer output error is expressed as:
𝑒 𝑘 = 𝑏∗
𝑥 𝑘,𝑘−𝑙 − 𝑤∗
𝑦 𝑘+𝑁 𝑓−1,𝑘 (9)
The w* feed forward filter taps are expressed as:
𝑤∗
= 𝑤− 𝑁 𝑓−1
∗
𝑤− 𝑁 𝑓−2
∗
… … 𝑤0 (10)
For a decision delay of Δ, the corresponding MMSE is expressed as:
𝐸 𝑒 𝑘
2
= 𝐸 𝑒 𝑘. 𝑒 𝑘
∗
= 𝐸 𝑥 𝑘−∆ − 𝑤𝑌𝑘 + 𝑏𝑥 𝑘−∆−1 𝑥 𝑘−∆ − 𝑤𝑌𝑘 + 𝑏𝑥 𝑘−∆−1
∗
(11)
The coefficients for the feedback FIR filter, b is:
𝑏 = 1 𝑏0 … . . 𝑏 𝑁 𝑏
(12)
Applying the orthogonal principle by making the error orthogonal to the output we get:
𝐸 𝑒 𝑘. 𝑌𝑘
∗
= 0 (13)
In other words, the optimum error sequence is uncorrelated with the observed data. This simplifies to (14),
which gives the relation between the DFE feedback and feed forward filter coefficients.
𝑏∗
𝑅 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑤∗
𝑅 𝑦𝑦 (14)
The FIR MMSE-DFE autocorrelation matrix is expressed as:
𝑅 𝑦𝑦 = 𝐸 𝑌𝑘+𝑁 𝑓−1,𝑘
𝑌𝑘+𝑁 𝑓−1,𝑘
∗
= 𝑆𝑥 𝐻𝐻∗
+ 𝑅 𝑣𝑣 (15)
Where 𝑅 𝑣𝑣 = 𝑁0 𝐼𝑁𝑓 and 𝑁0 is the noise power, I is an identity matrix, and Sx is the signal power. The input-
output cross-correlation matrix is given as:
𝑅 𝑥𝑦 = 𝐸 𝑥 𝑘,𝑘−𝑙 𝑦 𝑘+𝑁 𝑓−1,𝑘
∗
= 𝑆𝑥 0 𝑙+1 𝑁 𝑓−1
… . 𝐼 𝑙+1 𝐻 (16)
The mean-square error is expressed as:
𝑅 𝑥𝑥 − 𝑅 𝑥𝑦 𝑅 𝑦𝑦
−1
𝑅 𝑦𝑥 = 𝑆𝑥 0 𝐼𝑙+1 𝐼 𝑁 𝑓+𝑙
− 𝐻∗
𝐻𝐻∗
+
1
𝑆𝑁𝑅
𝐼 𝑁 𝑓−𝑙
−1
𝐻 (17)
Simplifying (17) by using the matrix inversion lemma results in (18):
𝑆𝑥 0 𝐼𝑙+1 [𝐼 𝑁 𝑓+𝑙
− 𝐻∗
𝐻𝐻∗
+
1
𝑆𝑁𝑅
𝐼 𝑁 𝑓+𝑙
−1 0
𝐼𝑙+1
= 𝑁0 0 𝐼𝑙+1 𝐻𝐻∗
+
1
𝑆𝑁𝑅
𝐼 𝑁 𝑓+𝑙
−1 0
𝐼𝑙+1
(18)
The middle term in the right-hand side of (19), is defined as a Cholesky factorization, where 𝐿𝐷𝐿∗
is the Lower-
Diagonal-Upper.
𝑅 𝑥𝑥
−1
+ 𝐻∗
𝑅 𝑣𝑣
−1
𝐻 = 𝑅 𝑥𝑥 − 𝑅 𝑥𝑦 𝑅 𝑦𝑦
−1
𝑅 𝑦𝑥
−1 1
𝑆𝑁𝑅
𝐼 𝑁 𝑓+𝑙
+ 𝐻∗
𝐻 = 𝐿𝐷𝐿∗
(19)
Where L is a lower-triangular monic matrix, D is a diagonal matrix as shown:
𝐿 = 𝐼0…. 𝐼 𝑁 𝑓+𝑙−1
𝐿−1
=
𝑢0
…
𝑢 𝑁 𝑓+𝑙−1
𝐷 =
𝑑0 … 0
0 … 0
0 … 𝑑 𝑁 𝑓+𝑙−1
(20)
Because L is a monic matrix, its columns constitute a basis for the (Nf+l) dimensional vector space. The optimal
setting for b is column L which corresponds to the highest value of “d” in the diagonal matrix. When the
feedback coefficients are located, the solution expressed in (21), gives the optimal setting for w, the feed
forward coefficient.
𝑤𝑜𝑝𝑡
∗
= 𝑏 𝑜𝑝𝑡
∗
𝑅𝑥𝑦 𝑅 𝑦𝑦
−1
(21)
The first coefficient of b is always unity, therefore a simple back substitution is used to solve for the feed
forward coefficients.
The feed forward filter coefficients, w, derived are used to process the received signal and the feedback filter
coefficients, b, processes the previous estimates as shown in Fig.1.
4. Channel Equalization of WCDMA Downlink System using Finite Length MMSE-DFE
www.iosrjournals.org 39 | Page
Fig.1. Block Diagram of DFE
IV. NUMERICAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
In this section the performance of MMSE-DFE is compared with conventional rake receiver and
MMSE. The WCDMA downlink system is simulated using Matlab R2010a. The considered Rayleigh multipath
channel has five important delayed paths having equal average power. Ten radio frames, each of 10ms long, are
transmitted with spreading code of 16 and 32 respectively. The number of bits transmitted in a frame depends on
the spread factor and can be calculated as 15*10*2k
, where parameter k is related to spreading factor given by
SF=512/2k
[12][13]. Thus when SF=16, number of bits transmitted in ten radio frames is 48000 and when
SF=32, number of bits transmitted in ten radio frames is 24000. The modulation technique used in the
simulations is QPSK modulation and the terminal velocity is set to 60Km/h. In the receiver side, the feed
forward filter order and the feedback filter of MMSE-DFE is taken as 24.
Fig.2 and Fig.3 shows the BER vs SNR performance of MMSE-DFE compared to conventional rake
receiver and MMSE equalizer. From both the figure it is clear that MMSE-DFE is the efficient equalizer
compared to MMSE equalizer and conventional rake receiver. The MMSE-DFE considerably reduces the bit
error rate and outperforms MMSE equalizer and MMSE-DFE.
From Fig.2 and 3 it is seen that SNR of 10dB and 8dB is required to achieve the BER of 10-2
by
MMSE equalizer for spreading factor 16 and 32 respectively, whereas MMSE-DFE need SNR of 8.5 dB and
6dB to achieve BER of 10-2
for spreading factor 16 and 32 respectively and SNR of 16dB and 12 dB to achieve
the BER of 10-3
for spreading factor 16 and 32 respectively.
Fig. 2 BER vs SNR for SF=16 with terminal velocity
60Km/h for rake receiver, MMSE and MMSE-DFE
5. Channel Equalization of WCDMA Downlink System using Finite Length MMSE-DFE
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Fig. 3 BER vs SNR for SF=32 with terminal velocity
60Km/h for rake receiver, MMSE and MMSE-DFE
V. CONCLUSION
This paper has demonstrated MMSE- DFE for WCDMA downlink system, which is capable of
reducing the MAI and restoring the orthogonality of the users. MMSE-DFE is compared with conventional rake
receiver and MMSE for different terminal velocities and varying spreading factors. Simulation result shows that
MMSE-DFE is an efficient equalizer compared to conventional rake receiver and MMSE and improves the
performance of WCDMA downlink system. Further work is required in order to realise adaptive
implementations of MMSE-DFE for downlink WCDMA system.
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