The Gupta Empire ruled northern India between 320-600 CE. It was a time of political stability and economic prosperity, considered a golden age of Hindu culture. The empire expanded under rulers like Samudragupta and Chandragupta II to control most of the subcontinent. Architecture flourished with the construction of ornate Hindu temples in brick and stone. Sculpture and paintings at sites like Ajanta depicted scenes from Hindu epics and myths. Scholars like Aryabhata and Kalidasa also thrived during this period of learning and cultural achievements.
The PPP is for the students of UG & PG not for my API and not even for the commercial purpose.
The *slide 50* of this PPP is wrongly typed the name *Samudragupta instead of Chandragupta II*. so kindly correct in your notes.
In 176 BC, the Yuezhi were driven from Tarim Besin to westward by the Xiongnu, a fierce people of Magnolia.
The Yuezhi under the leadership of the Kushanas came down from Central Asia and swept away all earlier dynasties of the Northwest in a great campaign of conquest. They established an empire which extended from Central Asia right down to the eastern Gangetic basin.
In Bactria, they conquered the Scythians and the local Indo-Greek kingdoms, the last remnants of Alexander the Great's invasion force that had failed to take India.
From this central location, the Kushan Empire became a wealthy trading hub between the peoples of Han China, Sassanid Persia and the Roman Empire.
Roman gold and Chinese silk changed hands in the Kushan Empire, at a very tidy profit for the middle-men.
The PPP is for the students of UG & PG not for my API and not even for the commercial purpose.
The *slide 50* of this PPP is wrongly typed the name *Samudragupta instead of Chandragupta II*. so kindly correct in your notes.
In 176 BC, the Yuezhi were driven from Tarim Besin to westward by the Xiongnu, a fierce people of Magnolia.
The Yuezhi under the leadership of the Kushanas came down from Central Asia and swept away all earlier dynasties of the Northwest in a great campaign of conquest. They established an empire which extended from Central Asia right down to the eastern Gangetic basin.
In Bactria, they conquered the Scythians and the local Indo-Greek kingdoms, the last remnants of Alexander the Great's invasion force that had failed to take India.
From this central location, the Kushan Empire became a wealthy trading hub between the peoples of Han China, Sassanid Persia and the Roman Empire.
Roman gold and Chinese silk changed hands in the Kushan Empire, at a very tidy profit for the middle-men.
This slide is all about Gupta art and culture that was flourished during these times. It includes cave architecture, stupa architecture and temple Architecture along with their culture that was preserved in their formations.
Matriparishad Composition, Functions and Scope Virag Sontakke
This presentation is prepared for the Graduation students to get basic idea and general information’s regarding the topic. Overall content of presentations is not through and complete, also required further additions.
Origin and Distribution of Megalithic Tradition in IndiaDebajit Ghosh
Exploring the origin and development of the megalithic tradition in India through simple and to-the-point explanations. This presentation is accompanied by a good number of relevant photographs also. I have made this presentation during my masters in Archaeology in 2018.
This presentation is prepared for the Graduation students to get basic idea and general information’s regarding the topic. Overall content of presentations is not through and complete, also required further additions.
This Presentation is prepared for Graduate Students. A presentation consisting of basic information regarding the topic. Students are advised to get more information from recommended books and articles. This presentation is only for students and purely for academic purposes. The pictures/Maps included in the presentation are taken/copied from the internet. The presenter is thankful to them and herewith courtesy is given to all. This presentation is only for academic purposes.
This slide is all about Gupta art and culture that was flourished during these times. It includes cave architecture, stupa architecture and temple Architecture along with their culture that was preserved in their formations.
Matriparishad Composition, Functions and Scope Virag Sontakke
This presentation is prepared for the Graduation students to get basic idea and general information’s regarding the topic. Overall content of presentations is not through and complete, also required further additions.
Origin and Distribution of Megalithic Tradition in IndiaDebajit Ghosh
Exploring the origin and development of the megalithic tradition in India through simple and to-the-point explanations. This presentation is accompanied by a good number of relevant photographs also. I have made this presentation during my masters in Archaeology in 2018.
This presentation is prepared for the Graduation students to get basic idea and general information’s regarding the topic. Overall content of presentations is not through and complete, also required further additions.
This Presentation is prepared for Graduate Students. A presentation consisting of basic information regarding the topic. Students are advised to get more information from recommended books and articles. This presentation is only for students and purely for academic purposes. The pictures/Maps included in the presentation are taken/copied from the internet. The presenter is thankful to them and herewith courtesy is given to all. This presentation is only for academic purposes.
Three types of structures are associated with the religious architecture of early Buddhism: monasteries (viharas), places to venerate relics (stupas), and shrines or prayer halls (chaitya halls, also called chaitya grihas)
DUJ 2017 - Preparatory Talk - Buddhist centres of Lalitagiri, Ratnagiri and U...tamilheritagetrust
A large number of sites in Odisha have yielded Buddhist remains. The major centres are Lalitagiri, Ratnagiri and Udayagiri, about two and a half hours away from Bhubaneswar. While the area has been mentioned in official records since 1870, periodic archaeological excavations from 1958 and more recently in 1997-2000 have unearthed the ruins of a grand monastic complex with magnificent shrines. The sites have numerous sculptures of the Mahayana and Vajrayana pantheon as well as hundreds of votive stupas. Remains at Lalitagiri have been dated as early as 3rd C CE; Ratnagiri and Udayagiri developed subsequently. They were great centres of Vajrayana buddhism between the 7th and 11th centuries.
The talk will include a quick overview of the three sites as well as a detailed introduction to the Buddhist iconography in Odisha (please refer separate presentation deck on that)
This Presentation is prepared for Graduate Students. A presentation consisting of basic information regarding the topic. Students are advised to get more information from recommended books and articles. This presentation is only for students and purely for academic purposes. The pictures/Maps included in the presentation are taken/copied from the internet. The presenter is thankful to them and herewith courtesy is given to all. This presentation is only for academic purposes.
Slideshow is a companion to Gardner's Art Through the Ages (Global) textbook. Prepared for ART 102 at Montgomery County Community College. Jean Thobaben - Adjunct Instructor
Various sources of the art of gupta period Ajay Kumar
This presentation is prepared by the MA student, to get basic and general information about the subject. This presentation is incomplete and students are advised to get the further and proper information from subjective and recommended books and research articles.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
6. Chandragupta-1
• Mystery about the origin
• Chandragupta 1 is widely regarded as founder
• Name mentioned in Allahabad inscription
• Also ‘Chandra’ name is mentioned in Iron
Pillar of Delhi
• Five Theories about origin- Bengal, Magadh,
Sarnatha, Punjab, Prayag
Abdul Azim Akhtar
7. Chandragupta 1
• Father –Ghatotkacha , who was the son of Sri Gupta (
Not to be confused with the Ghatotkacha character of
epic Mahabharta, son of Bhima & Rakshasi)
• Sri Gupta sometime between 240 and 280 CE.
Ghatotkacha, 280 to 319 CE. Chandragupta,
Ghatokacha’s son, 319-335 CE.
• Gupta Empire expansion(conquest & political
marriages)
• Assumed Maharajadhiraj title
• Married to Kumaradevi of Lichchavi clan & it is
commemorated in the coin
• Their coins are the earliest of Gupta period
Abdul Azim Akhtar
8. Samudragupta 350-375
• Son & Successor of Chandragputa 1
• Allahabad pillar inscription is the best source for
him; Line 19 & 20 of Allahabad inscription
showed that Samudragupta released & captured
several kings
• Assumed title of Vikramaditya & regarded as
equal to Kubera (Wealth), Seas (Varuna), Indra
(Celestial), Yama
• Dakshinapatha Aryawarta;
• Some Historians call him ‘Napoleon of India’
Abdul Azim Akhtar
9. • Samudragupta- 335-380 CE and ruled for 45
years. incorporated over 20 kingdoms into his
realm and extended the Gupta Empire-Himalayas
to the Narmada River in central India;
Brahmaputra River to the Yamuna.
• Chandragupta II – adopted the title of
Vikramaditya – Navratna- (Kalidas)
• Gupta Empire, 320-600 CE. Expanded through
conquest & political alliances until 395 CE, when
it extended across the entire Indian subcontinent.
Abdul Azim Akhtar
10. • Some scholars golden age of India. Performed
‘Ashvamedha’ sacrifice & dominance of Brahminical
religion under him
• Allowed to build monastery at Bodh Gaya
• scholars flourished- Kalidasa, poet, dramatist Sanskrit.
• Aryabhata, the first of the Indian mathematician-
astronomers
• Vishnu Sharma- is thought to be the author of the
Panchatantra fables,
• Pataliputra, capital; centralized government there. He
used tribute money from allies to fund government
projects and salaries.
Abdul Azim Akhtar
11. Architecture
• Temple architecture
• Gupta Architecture (by Mark Cartwright )
• published on 22 May 2015
• Dashavatara Temple, Deogarh (Byron Aihara)
• The Gupta Dynasty, founded by Chandragupta I (accession
c. 320 CE), ruled in North Central India between the 4th
and 6th centuries CE and the period is considered a
• golden age of artistic accomplishment.
• The Guptas were the first architects of purpose-built Hindu
(but sometimes also Buddhist) temples which evolved from
the earlier tradition of rock-cut shrines. Adorned with
towers and elaborate carvings, these temples were often
dedicated to all the Hindu gods. Few survived.
Abdul Azim Akhtar
12. • Diverse in style, design and features. This very
diversity illustrates that Hindu temple
architecture was in its formative stage
• GUPTA CAVE SHRINES
• cave-temples- Exteriors decorated with relief
sculpture and a single carved doorway; Inside the
shrine, ritual sculptures were placed such as a
Shiva linga (phallus); and the walls were richly
decorated with carvings from mythology.
Udayagiri Cave, Madhya Pradesh is dated 401 CE.
Examples of Gupta art
Abdul Azim Akhtar
13. • The panel measures 7 x 4 metres and the central figure, carved
almost in the round, is emerging from the cosmic waters, having
defeated a snake-like monster and rescued the goddess Bhudevi
(Earth). The scene refers to peace.
• Ajanta caves- A row of 29 rock-cut caves following the Waghora
river bed ravine in north-west Deccan. (200-700 CE);
• Earliest and finest examples of Indian wall-painting. The subject
matter is largely scenes from the life of Buddha.
• Details- Cave 1 contains a columned shrine in typical Gupta style
with flat cushion-topped column capitals. Cave 19 was built in the
5th century CE and has a Gupta-style chaitya (shrine) facade with
columned porch and large, almost semi-circular aperture above.
The whole facade is covered in rich carvings and relief panels
showing scenes from Buddhist lore.
Abdul Azim Akhtar
14. GUPTA TEMPLES: MATERIALS &
FEATURES
• Guptas were not satisfied with caves and were the first
dynasty to build permanent free-standing Hindu temples.
Indian temple architecture begins. Temples not designed
for congregations but rather as the dwelling place
(devalaya) of a deity. The decorated palace (prasada)
allowed priests to give offerings to the gods and individuals
could also offer prayers, flowers, and food (puja), usually to
a sacred relic or statue representing a particular god which
was housed in a relatively small and windowless
architectural space (the garbhagriha). Believers would also
walk around the temple in a ritual act of worship.
• IN GUPTA ARCHITECTURE THE SQUARE WAS CONSIDERED
THE MOST PERFECT FORM AND TEMPLES WERE DESIGNED
TO BE APPRECIATED FROM ALL SIDES.
Abdul Azim Akhtar
15. influence
• influenced by Kusana, Mathura, and Gandhara and borrowed the
common features of T-shaped doorways, decorated door jambs,
sculpted panels with high-relief figures, and laurel-wreath and
acanthus motifs. Constructed using sandstone, granite, and brick,
• Gupta-era temples added to this architectural heritage with
horseshoe gavakshas arches and distinctive curved shikhara towers
which are frequently topped with a ribbed disk ornamentation
known as an amalaka. These elaborate buildings are further
decorated with a mass of ornate mouldings and sculptures set in
niches.
• In Gupta architecture, the square was considered the most perfect
form and temples were designed to be appreciated from all sides so
that each carries decorative architectural features.
Abdul Azim Akhtar
16. • Most temples also adopt a square plan with the single
cubicle garbhagriha in the centre. Entrance by a short
columned porch set over a single, highly decorated
doorway with a projecting lintel. Columns can support a
pot-and-foliage capital, and roofs were generally flat, as in
surviving examples at Tigawa and Sanchi in Madhya
Pradesh. Other typical Gupta decorative features include
triangle motifs inside doorways and lion's heads at the ends
of stone beams.
• second floor? is difficult to determine, due to their often
ruinous condition.
• The late 5th century CE Parvati temple at Nachna Kuthara is
notable for its surviving second-story shrine room.
Abdul Azim Akhtar
17. • Gupta temples were dedicated to a large number of Hindu
gods rather than a single deity. Accordingly, architectural
sculpture represents a wide range of gods in scenes from
Hindu mythology.
• Dashavatara temple is a fine example and carries sculpture
of Vishnu, Brahma, Indra, Ganga, and Yamuna, as well as
attendants and mithuna couples. The temple also carries
one of the most famous sculptural panels from ancient
India, the Vishnu Anantasayana panel. The scene contains
many gods but is dominated by a sleeping Vishnu who rests
on the multi-headed serpent Ananta and floats on the
waters of oblivion whilst from his navel sprouts a lotus leaf
on which sits Brahma, the god of creation.
• BHITARGAON
Abdul Azim Akhtar
18. • From the 6th century CE, Gupta temples were
built on a platform (jagati) and a good
example is the Dashavatara temple at Deogarh
in Madhya Pradesh. At Deogarh the platform
had reliefs running around it depicting scenes
from the Ramayana epic poem. In the centre
of the jagati stood the principal shrine, which
was without windows and accessed by a flight
of steps on all four sides. Four lesser shrines
stand at each corner of the complex.
Abdul Azim Akhtar
19. • The temple at Bhitargaon in Uttar Pradesh is one of the most
complete surviving Gupta temples.
• Example of a Hindu temple constructed entirely of brick, dating to
the late 5th century CE. Although damaged in its upper portion, the
four-sided and curved shikhara tower of the temple maintains its
gavaksha niches and shallow pilasters which diminish in size as the
tower rises to a pinnacle. These and the decorated capitals create
frames in which were once set terracotta panels.
• Few panels survive intact but examples from other sites
demonstrate that they would have once shown lively scenes from
mythology, in particular figures of river goddesses. Panels still in
their original position in the upper tiers of the tower display
grotesque faces which remind of the gargoyles of European Gothic
cathedrals (Harle, 115).
Abdul Azim Akhtar