1. During the Delhi Sultanate period, architecture saw the emergence of new features as Islamic architecture utilizing arches, domes and vaults combined with local Indian techniques. 2. The Qutub Minar built in the early 13th century was an early example of this fusion, becoming India's first minaret and introducing elements like the true arch. 3. Literature also flourished as works like Al-Beruni's Kitab-ul-Hind and Amir Khusrau's poetry documented history and celebrated India as a paradise.

1. Delhi Sultanat
Art & Architecture
Abdul Azim Akhtar

2. Literature
• Al-Beruni- Kitab-ul-Hind
• Ibn Batuta- Rehla
• Amir Khusru (1253-1325): Ejaz-e-Khusravi,
Masnavi, Ghazal, Nasr, Dewal Rani khizr
Kahani, Nuh Siphir, Futuh Salatin- Tutu-e-Hindi
Abdul Azim Akhtar

3. Literature
• Amir Hasan- Fawaid-ul-Fawad( Conversation of
mystic Nizamuddin)
• Zia Barni- Tarikh-e-Firozshahi & Fatwa e Jahandari
• Fakhruddin Qawas- Farhang i Qawaas, Persian
dictionary composed in India
• Md. Shadiabadi- Miftahul Fuzala ( Dictionary)
• Abdur Rahman- Sandshraska
• Chand Baradai- Prithiviraj Raso
• Malik Md Jaisi- Padmavat
Abdul Azim Akhtar

4. KHUSRU KAHEIN
• ‘Kishwar-e- Hind Ast Baheshti ba zamin’
‘The land of India is paradise on earth’
Abdul Azim Akhtar

5. Architecture
• New features emerges
• Indian technique was based on trabeated system;
Beams supported by pillars; Lintel, conical
corbelled
• Islamic art was based on use of arches, domes,
vaults, squinches (elimination of corners &
converting square into an octagonal shape;
Persian element)
• Combination of Persian, central Asian, Regional
Abdul Azim Akhtar

6. • Use of Arch- True Arch
• Lime & Cement
• Light & Space
• Quwatul Islam Mosque, Dhai Din Ka Jhonpra (
False arches & Eschew Dome)
Abdul Azim Akhtar

7. First true Arch- Tomb of
Balban ( Location-
Beginning of MB Road
(New Delhi).
First Dome- Alai Darwaza
Abdul Azim Akhtar

8. Abdul Azim Akhtar

9. QUTUB MINAR
1206-30
Started by Aibak
Completed by Iltutmish
Rapaired by Firoz Shah Tughlaq,
Sikander Lodi
Original –4 storeys
Repaired & 5th Storey added by
Firoz Tughlaq
379 steps
Diminishing in Size- Last two are
replacements
Decoration- Floral Pietra Dura
H x W- 72.5 Meter x 14.73 M
Abdul Azim Akhtar

10. Decoration
• Geometry
• Flower- inverted lotus
• Star / Half Moon
• Arabesque- interlacing lines & stems
• Calligraphy- Different scripts of Arabic and sometime
persian used
• Geometrical designs (square, circle, stars)
• Muqarana Design- Honey comb motif- first time
created in Qutub Minar
• Spandrel- the upper cornered triangular space
decorated with geometry
Abdul Azim Akhtar

11. Monuments
• Khalji Era: Alai Darwaza- 1311; Jamat Khana
Mosque ( Nizamuddin); Siri
• Tughlaq period- Tughlaqabad; Jahanpanah;
Begumpur; Kalu Sarai; Kotla; Hauz Khas
• Lodi- Tombs – Sikander Lodi, Octagonal shape,
Bara Gumbad, Moth Masjid,
Abdul Azim Akhtar

12. Cities within City
• Qila Rai Pithora
• Mehrauli ( Qutubuddin Aibak)
• Siri- Hauz Khas ( Alauddin Khalji)
• Tughalaqabad (Ghyasuddin Tughalq)
• Jahanpanah ( Md Bin Tughalq)
• Firozabad / Kotla ( Firoze Shah Tughlaq)
• Dinpanah ( unfinished city by Humayun)
• Purana Qila ( Sher Shah)
Abdul Azim Akhtar

13. Paintings
• Fusion of Persian and Indian Style
• Regional schools like Jain, and Rajasthan style
also influenced the art
• Music – New instruments brought
• Rabab, Sarangi, New regulations, new musical
modes,
• Balban- Dancing and Music society was there
• Gopal Nayak and Amir Khusru were called Nayak(
Master)
Abdul Azim Akhtar

14. Dance & Music
• Barani talks of dancers at Sultanat Courts of
Jalaluddin Khalji ; Faqai’s daughter & Nusrat
Khatun, Mihir Afroz captivated the audience ; He
also talks of girls being trained
• Barni talks of Indian artisans trained in Persian
and Indian music
• Amir Khusru in 1318 claimed that Indian music
was supreme
• Ghunyatu’l Munya - Anonymous work on Indian
Music (1374-75)
Abdul Azim Akhtar

15. ARTS
• Amir Khusru- Introduced new ragas- Aiman,
Ghora, Sanam, iman, zilb, sazagiri & Invented
Sitar
• Firoz Shah Tughlaq- Indian work Ragadarpan
translated into Persian launguage
• Books- Ejaze e Khusravi ( Amir Khusru); Lahaat
by Yahya Kabuli during Sikander Lodi time;
Gunyat al Munya written by unknown during
Firoz Shah Tughlaq
Abdul Azim Akhtar