Gully erosion occurs when incised channels form along overland flow paths or within watercourses. It begins with the formation of a nick point or head cut, which then migrates upstream through head cut erosion. This forms the gully and steep, unstable banks. Common causes of gully erosion include land clearing, urbanization, exposure of weak subsurface soils, lateral bank erosion, and poorly designed or constructed culverts. Gully erosion can lead to significant soil and sediment loss from the landscape and cause downstream water quality and habitat issues.
- The document provides information about tunnels and tunneling, including background on some of the earliest tunnels constructed by ancient Egyptians and Babylonians.
- Tunnels can be classified based on their purpose, geological location/condition, and cross-sectional shape. Examples of different tunnel types and shapes are given.
- Key geological conditions that influence tunnel planning and construction are discussed, including rock properties, groundwater conditions, and fault zones. The importance of site investigations is emphasized.
- Methods of tunnel construction in soft ground, dealing with water and gases in tunnels, and controlling temperature are outlined. Excavation methods like cut-and-cover, sequential excavation (drill-and-blast), and tunnel boring
R16 41013.2 stability analysis of slopesPoorna Nagidi
The document discusses slope stability analysis. It defines slopes and describes types of natural and man-made slopes. Slope stability is important for earth dams and natural slopes to prevent catastrophic failures. Factors that cause slope instability include gravitational forces, seepage water, surface erosion, lowering of adjacent water levels, and earthquakes. Common types of slope failures are rotational, translational, compound, and wedge failures. Rotational failures occur along a circular or non-circular slip surface. Translational failures occur along failure surfaces parallel to infinite slopes. Compound failures combine rotational and translational slips. Wedge failures involve separation of soil blocks along inclined planes of weakness.
1. The document discusses various terminology used for underground structures related to excavation such as adits, tunnels, shafts, chambers, and portals.
2. It also discusses tunnel construction methods like shield tunneling and cut-and-cover tunneling as well as tunnel boring machines (TBMs).
3. Key challenges with underground excavations discussed include rock falls, rock bursts, squeezing ground, and ensuring long-term stability, especially in challenging ground conditions.
This contains methods of exploration in rock. How the rock samplers are taken. Quality of rock samples and its reporting. Along with the laboratory tests conducting on these rock samples.
Rock mechanics for engineering geology part 1Jyoti Khatiwada
Rock mass classification systems are used to characterize rock masses for engineering design and stability analysis. The key systems discussed include the Rock Mass Rating (RMR) system, Q-system, Slope Mass Rating (SMR), and the New Austrian Tunnelling Method (NATM) classification. These systems aim to identify significant rock mass parameters, divide rock masses into classes of similar quality, and provide guidelines for design and communication between engineers and geologists. The advantages and limitations of each system are reviewed.
This lab report describes procedures for determining the slake durability index of rock samples. The test subjects rock pieces to cycles of drying and wetting with abrasion in a rotating drum to see how much weight is retained. A sandstone and dolomite sample were tested, with the dolomite showing very high durability by retaining over 97% of its weight after both cycles, and the sandstone showing medium durability by retaining around 78% after the second cycle. The results allow classification of the rocks' resistance to weathering and disintegration from wetting and drying.
This document discusses factors that influence the selection of bench height in open pit mining. The key considerations for bench height include planned production requirements, existing equipment size, safety regulations, and future equipment upgrades. Proper bench design is important for controlling blast depths, pit wall slopes, and wall stability. The optimal bench height balances higher stripping costs of flatter slopes with increased stability, while steeper slopes risk failures and cleanup costs outweighing production benefits. Common failure modes in pit walls include planar, wedge, circular, and toppling failures.
This document discusses time-dependent behavior in rocks that occurs over a wide range of strain rates in rock mechanics and engineering applications. It introduces the topic, explaining there are 15 orders of magnitude between high strain rates like explosions and low strain rates like gradual deformation over decades. The document then covers dynamic rock properties, stress waves, time-dependent concepts like creep and relaxation, and rheological models. It discusses the relevance for rock engineering, including concerns over extrapolating short-term test data to designs that must last 1,000 years.
- The document provides information about tunnels and tunneling, including background on some of the earliest tunnels constructed by ancient Egyptians and Babylonians.
- Tunnels can be classified based on their purpose, geological location/condition, and cross-sectional shape. Examples of different tunnel types and shapes are given.
- Key geological conditions that influence tunnel planning and construction are discussed, including rock properties, groundwater conditions, and fault zones. The importance of site investigations is emphasized.
- Methods of tunnel construction in soft ground, dealing with water and gases in tunnels, and controlling temperature are outlined. Excavation methods like cut-and-cover, sequential excavation (drill-and-blast), and tunnel boring
R16 41013.2 stability analysis of slopesPoorna Nagidi
The document discusses slope stability analysis. It defines slopes and describes types of natural and man-made slopes. Slope stability is important for earth dams and natural slopes to prevent catastrophic failures. Factors that cause slope instability include gravitational forces, seepage water, surface erosion, lowering of adjacent water levels, and earthquakes. Common types of slope failures are rotational, translational, compound, and wedge failures. Rotational failures occur along a circular or non-circular slip surface. Translational failures occur along failure surfaces parallel to infinite slopes. Compound failures combine rotational and translational slips. Wedge failures involve separation of soil blocks along inclined planes of weakness.
1. The document discusses various terminology used for underground structures related to excavation such as adits, tunnels, shafts, chambers, and portals.
2. It also discusses tunnel construction methods like shield tunneling and cut-and-cover tunneling as well as tunnel boring machines (TBMs).
3. Key challenges with underground excavations discussed include rock falls, rock bursts, squeezing ground, and ensuring long-term stability, especially in challenging ground conditions.
This contains methods of exploration in rock. How the rock samplers are taken. Quality of rock samples and its reporting. Along with the laboratory tests conducting on these rock samples.
Rock mechanics for engineering geology part 1Jyoti Khatiwada
Rock mass classification systems are used to characterize rock masses for engineering design and stability analysis. The key systems discussed include the Rock Mass Rating (RMR) system, Q-system, Slope Mass Rating (SMR), and the New Austrian Tunnelling Method (NATM) classification. These systems aim to identify significant rock mass parameters, divide rock masses into classes of similar quality, and provide guidelines for design and communication between engineers and geologists. The advantages and limitations of each system are reviewed.
This lab report describes procedures for determining the slake durability index of rock samples. The test subjects rock pieces to cycles of drying and wetting with abrasion in a rotating drum to see how much weight is retained. A sandstone and dolomite sample were tested, with the dolomite showing very high durability by retaining over 97% of its weight after both cycles, and the sandstone showing medium durability by retaining around 78% after the second cycle. The results allow classification of the rocks' resistance to weathering and disintegration from wetting and drying.
This document discusses factors that influence the selection of bench height in open pit mining. The key considerations for bench height include planned production requirements, existing equipment size, safety regulations, and future equipment upgrades. Proper bench design is important for controlling blast depths, pit wall slopes, and wall stability. The optimal bench height balances higher stripping costs of flatter slopes with increased stability, while steeper slopes risk failures and cleanup costs outweighing production benefits. Common failure modes in pit walls include planar, wedge, circular, and toppling failures.
This document discusses time-dependent behavior in rocks that occurs over a wide range of strain rates in rock mechanics and engineering applications. It introduces the topic, explaining there are 15 orders of magnitude between high strain rates like explosions and low strain rates like gradual deformation over decades. The document then covers dynamic rock properties, stress waves, time-dependent concepts like creep and relaxation, and rheological models. It discusses the relevance for rock engineering, including concerns over extrapolating short-term test data to designs that must last 1,000 years.
RMR, or Rock Mass Rating, is a method used to design support plans for underground mine workings based on characteristics of the rock mass. It involves assigning ratings for 5 parameters - layer thickness, structural features, weatherability, rock strength, and groundwater - to determine an overall RMR value. This value is then used to classify the roof rock, estimate expected rock loads, determine the required support resistance and number of roof bolts, and calculate support load density and theoretical strata convergence. The document provides examples of how RMR is applied to these design aspects at a depth of 300m for a mine in India.
The document discusses the physical properties of rocks and soils that are important for civil engineering projects. It describes measuring properties like unit weight, density, porosity, strength, and permeability. It then discusses specific gravity determination and how porosity is measured. Various stress types on rocks, including compressive and tensile strength, are defined. Methods for determining rock properties like point load index and Schmidt hammer rebound number are presented. The document also covers rock mass classification systems and significance of faults and folds for engineering projects, as well as weathering and alteration of rocks.
This document summarizes the process of constructing a 200m long, 8m wide paved road in Soran University campus in Soran, Iraq. It describes surveying the location, designing the road profile and cross-sections, and calculating the cost at 117,200,000 IQD. The construction process involves preparing the subgrade, sub-base, and base layers, laying the wearing course in layers, compacting with rollers, and constructing shoulders. Quality control checks aggregate grading, bitumen grade and mixing/laying temperatures. Finally, the document discusses completing all steps to open the road for public use according to international standards.
It,s all about Index properties of Rocks.
It can help those students who want to give presentation about this topic.
Also it can give you information about Pocks and very helpful in Geo mechanics.
This document discusses various geophysical well logging methods used to delineate aquifers and estimate water quality, including resistivity, spontaneous potential, radioactivity, neutron, temperature, and fluid resistivity logging. Resistivity logging measures the resistivity of formations and can help determine lithology, porosity, and fluid salinity. Spontaneous potential logging indicates bed boundaries and distinguishes shale from permeable rocks. Radioactivity logging uses natural gamma rays or gamma-gamma techniques to identify lithology and determine porosity. Neutron logging measures hydrogen content to estimate porosity and moisture levels. Temperature and fluid resistivity logging provide additional information about groundwater. These geophysical logs provide critical subsurface data for groundwater exploration and management.
Effect of expansive soils on buildings and its preventionSailish Cephas
This document discusses expansive soils and their effects on building structures. It defines expansive soils as soils that swell when water is added and shrink when drying out, due to minerals like montmorillonite that absorb water. Common expansive soils in India include black cotton soils. When the moisture content of expansive soils changes, it can cause problems like cracking in buildings due to uneven swelling or shrinkage. Solutions discussed include replacing expansive soil, compacting or chemically stabilizing soil to reduce swelling, and using moisture barriers to control moisture variation.
Rock mechanics focuses on studying the properties and behavior of intact rock and rock masses. Testing of intact rock samples involves destructive strength tests like uniaxial compression and triaxial tests as well as nondestructive tests like Schmidt hammer and sonic wave propagation. The compressive strength test is widely used in rock engineering to determine parameters like the Young's modulus. The complete stress-strain curve obtained from compression testing provides information on the rock's strength, stiffness and failure behavior. Other tests like point load and Brazilian tests are also used to indirectly measure the tensile strength of rock samples.
1. The document discusses various drilling methods used for extracting samples from underground rock formations. It describes percussion drilling, rotary drilling, and several variations of each method.
2. Percussion drilling involves lifting and dropping heavy tools to break rock and uses steel casing to prevent cave-ins. Variations described are down-the-hole (DTH), top hammer, and circulation drilling.
3. Rotary drilling uses a powered rotating cutting head to drill holes while lubricating with air, water, or mud. Variations are auger drilling, calyx drilling, and diamond drilling. Diamond drilling creates precise holes using diamond-tipped drill bits and is useful for applications like concrete sampling.
Rockbolts and dowels are used to support underground excavations. Rockbolts are tensioned steel rods anchored with mechanical anchors or resin, while dowels are untensioned steel bars grouted into rock. Different support methods are used depending on rock mass properties and stress levels, ranging from spot bolts to heavy bolting patterns with mesh and shotcrete. Mechanically anchored rockbolts work via expansion shells, while resin-anchored bolts provide stronger anchoring, especially in weak rock. Hollow core bolts and resin grouting provide more reliable permanent support by filling the annular space to prevent corrosion.
The document discusses several failure criteria for rocks, including:
1) The Mohr-Coulomb criterion, which defines shear strength as a function of cohesion and friction angle.
2) The Hoek-Brown criterion, which models the non-linear relationship between principal stresses and incorporates rock mass quality.
3) The Griffith failure criterion, which postulates that stress concentrations at flaws like cracks cause propagation and failure.
It also briefly mentions the Drucker-Prager yield criterion and that empirical criteria tailored to a specific rock type may provide the most precise failure prediction.
This document outlines standard operating procedures for secondary blasting at a mine site in Sierra Leone. It describes two methods of secondary blasting - popping and plaster/mud blasting. The procedure highlights how to safely conduct popping for boulder and toe blasting. It details steps for preparation, marking, drilling, charging, stemming, and firing of boulders and toes. Guidelines are provided for determining blasthole positions, depths, and explosive charges based on the size and geometry of boulders and average depths of toes. The objective is to break oversized rocks and toes using the minimum explosive charge while minimizing risks of airblast and flyrocks.
The document discusses the New Austrian Tunnelling Method (NATM) for excavating tunnels in weak rock. Some key points of the NATM include: (1) controlling ground deformations by applying early temporary support like rock bolts and shotcrete, (2) using flexible support that deforms with the ground, and (3) closing the tunnel invert quickly to form a load-bearing ring. The NATM also emphasizes monitoring ground movements and revising support as needed to maintain stability. While economical by matching support to conditions, the NATM requires cooperation between engineers to determine daily support requirements.
Burial history analysis is important for constraining the timing of organic matter maturation and hydrocarbon generation/migration in sedimentary basins. The rate of subsidence, which controls burial depth over time, depends on factors like sedimentation rate and tectonics. Sedimentation rate directly impacts temperature, maturity, porosity and composition as burial increases. Tectonics strongly influence basin architecture and subsidence patterns. Burial history curves can be generated using software by inputting stratigraphic, age and thickness data from wells. Output curves show overburden pressure, porosity, thermal history and maturity over burial depth. The method is applied to the Kohat Sub Basin in Pakistan, analyzing data from two wells.
This document discusses slope stability and failure in open pit mines. It notes that as mining depths increase, slope design becomes more important for economic reasons. Slope stability problems can be either gross or local failures. Factors that affect stability include slope geometry, geology, groundwater, lithology, dynamic forces, and mining methods. Common failure types are planar, wedge, circular, and toppling. Slope stability is assessed using limit equilibrium methods or numerical modeling techniques. Numerical models divide the rock mass into zones to simulate complex slope behavior.
1. The document describes the direct shear test procedure used to determine the shear strength properties of soils. It involves applying a normal load to a soil sample confined in a shear box and measuring the shear stress and displacement as the sample is sheared.
2. The direct shear test can be conducted as unconsolidated-undrained (UU), consolidated-undrained (CU), or consolidated-drained (CD) tests. Shear strength parameters such as cohesion and friction angle are determined from graphs of shear stress versus shear displacement and shear stress versus normal stress.
3. The purpose of the direct shear test is to examine the shear strength of soil samples along
DESIGN OF SUPPORT SYSTEM IN BORD AND PILLAR MINEAnurag Jha
This document describes a project report submitted by Anurag Kumar Jha for the partial fulfillment of requirements for a dual degree in mining engineering. The report focuses on designing a support system for bord and pillar mines. Currently, CMRI-RMR and NGI-Q systems are commonly used in Indian coal mines to estimate rock load and design support. However, calculations using NGI-Q can be time-consuming. The objective of this project is to use formulas involving only the CMRI-RMR parameter to quickly calculate rock load in development areas, at junctions, in slices, and at goaf edges to facilitate timely support design. The literature review covers the parameters used in CMRI-RMR and N
Dolerite is a medium-grained mafic igneous rock composed primarily of plagioclase feldspar and pyroxene. It forms from the cooling of magma underground and is commonly found within dykes and sills. Dolerite exhibits an ophitic texture where plagioclase crystals are surrounded by pyroxene. There are two main types - tholeiitic dolerite and alkali dolerite - which are found in locations like South Africa, Tasmania, Scotland, and England. Dolerite is utilized as a building and construction material.
Erosion is the process by which soil and rock are removed from the Earth's surface by natural forces like wind and water. While erosion is natural, human activities have increased erosion rates globally by 10-40 times, causing problems like land degradation. The main types of erosion are water erosion from rainfall, rivers, coastal areas, glaciers and floods; wind erosion; and gravitational erosion.
Surface subsidence from underground coal mining can cause significant economic, environmental, and social impacts. It damages buildings, bridges, and other infrastructure through tilting, cracking, and structural failure. Subsidence also disrupts drainage and agriculture by altering slopes and blocking or diverting water flows. Ecological impacts include killing vegetation through toxic gas emissions or changing habitat types. Underground coal fires can also be indirectly caused by subsidence when it provides oxygen and ventilation to buried coal seams, resulting in further subsidence and environmental pollution. Careful planning is needed to understand subsidence effects and implement appropriate mitigation and remediation measures.
RMR, or Rock Mass Rating, is a method used to design support plans for underground mine workings based on characteristics of the rock mass. It involves assigning ratings for 5 parameters - layer thickness, structural features, weatherability, rock strength, and groundwater - to determine an overall RMR value. This value is then used to classify the roof rock, estimate expected rock loads, determine the required support resistance and number of roof bolts, and calculate support load density and theoretical strata convergence. The document provides examples of how RMR is applied to these design aspects at a depth of 300m for a mine in India.
The document discusses the physical properties of rocks and soils that are important for civil engineering projects. It describes measuring properties like unit weight, density, porosity, strength, and permeability. It then discusses specific gravity determination and how porosity is measured. Various stress types on rocks, including compressive and tensile strength, are defined. Methods for determining rock properties like point load index and Schmidt hammer rebound number are presented. The document also covers rock mass classification systems and significance of faults and folds for engineering projects, as well as weathering and alteration of rocks.
This document summarizes the process of constructing a 200m long, 8m wide paved road in Soran University campus in Soran, Iraq. It describes surveying the location, designing the road profile and cross-sections, and calculating the cost at 117,200,000 IQD. The construction process involves preparing the subgrade, sub-base, and base layers, laying the wearing course in layers, compacting with rollers, and constructing shoulders. Quality control checks aggregate grading, bitumen grade and mixing/laying temperatures. Finally, the document discusses completing all steps to open the road for public use according to international standards.
It,s all about Index properties of Rocks.
It can help those students who want to give presentation about this topic.
Also it can give you information about Pocks and very helpful in Geo mechanics.
This document discusses various geophysical well logging methods used to delineate aquifers and estimate water quality, including resistivity, spontaneous potential, radioactivity, neutron, temperature, and fluid resistivity logging. Resistivity logging measures the resistivity of formations and can help determine lithology, porosity, and fluid salinity. Spontaneous potential logging indicates bed boundaries and distinguishes shale from permeable rocks. Radioactivity logging uses natural gamma rays or gamma-gamma techniques to identify lithology and determine porosity. Neutron logging measures hydrogen content to estimate porosity and moisture levels. Temperature and fluid resistivity logging provide additional information about groundwater. These geophysical logs provide critical subsurface data for groundwater exploration and management.
Effect of expansive soils on buildings and its preventionSailish Cephas
This document discusses expansive soils and their effects on building structures. It defines expansive soils as soils that swell when water is added and shrink when drying out, due to minerals like montmorillonite that absorb water. Common expansive soils in India include black cotton soils. When the moisture content of expansive soils changes, it can cause problems like cracking in buildings due to uneven swelling or shrinkage. Solutions discussed include replacing expansive soil, compacting or chemically stabilizing soil to reduce swelling, and using moisture barriers to control moisture variation.
Rock mechanics focuses on studying the properties and behavior of intact rock and rock masses. Testing of intact rock samples involves destructive strength tests like uniaxial compression and triaxial tests as well as nondestructive tests like Schmidt hammer and sonic wave propagation. The compressive strength test is widely used in rock engineering to determine parameters like the Young's modulus. The complete stress-strain curve obtained from compression testing provides information on the rock's strength, stiffness and failure behavior. Other tests like point load and Brazilian tests are also used to indirectly measure the tensile strength of rock samples.
1. The document discusses various drilling methods used for extracting samples from underground rock formations. It describes percussion drilling, rotary drilling, and several variations of each method.
2. Percussion drilling involves lifting and dropping heavy tools to break rock and uses steel casing to prevent cave-ins. Variations described are down-the-hole (DTH), top hammer, and circulation drilling.
3. Rotary drilling uses a powered rotating cutting head to drill holes while lubricating with air, water, or mud. Variations are auger drilling, calyx drilling, and diamond drilling. Diamond drilling creates precise holes using diamond-tipped drill bits and is useful for applications like concrete sampling.
Rockbolts and dowels are used to support underground excavations. Rockbolts are tensioned steel rods anchored with mechanical anchors or resin, while dowels are untensioned steel bars grouted into rock. Different support methods are used depending on rock mass properties and stress levels, ranging from spot bolts to heavy bolting patterns with mesh and shotcrete. Mechanically anchored rockbolts work via expansion shells, while resin-anchored bolts provide stronger anchoring, especially in weak rock. Hollow core bolts and resin grouting provide more reliable permanent support by filling the annular space to prevent corrosion.
The document discusses several failure criteria for rocks, including:
1) The Mohr-Coulomb criterion, which defines shear strength as a function of cohesion and friction angle.
2) The Hoek-Brown criterion, which models the non-linear relationship between principal stresses and incorporates rock mass quality.
3) The Griffith failure criterion, which postulates that stress concentrations at flaws like cracks cause propagation and failure.
It also briefly mentions the Drucker-Prager yield criterion and that empirical criteria tailored to a specific rock type may provide the most precise failure prediction.
This document outlines standard operating procedures for secondary blasting at a mine site in Sierra Leone. It describes two methods of secondary blasting - popping and plaster/mud blasting. The procedure highlights how to safely conduct popping for boulder and toe blasting. It details steps for preparation, marking, drilling, charging, stemming, and firing of boulders and toes. Guidelines are provided for determining blasthole positions, depths, and explosive charges based on the size and geometry of boulders and average depths of toes. The objective is to break oversized rocks and toes using the minimum explosive charge while minimizing risks of airblast and flyrocks.
The document discusses the New Austrian Tunnelling Method (NATM) for excavating tunnels in weak rock. Some key points of the NATM include: (1) controlling ground deformations by applying early temporary support like rock bolts and shotcrete, (2) using flexible support that deforms with the ground, and (3) closing the tunnel invert quickly to form a load-bearing ring. The NATM also emphasizes monitoring ground movements and revising support as needed to maintain stability. While economical by matching support to conditions, the NATM requires cooperation between engineers to determine daily support requirements.
Burial history analysis is important for constraining the timing of organic matter maturation and hydrocarbon generation/migration in sedimentary basins. The rate of subsidence, which controls burial depth over time, depends on factors like sedimentation rate and tectonics. Sedimentation rate directly impacts temperature, maturity, porosity and composition as burial increases. Tectonics strongly influence basin architecture and subsidence patterns. Burial history curves can be generated using software by inputting stratigraphic, age and thickness data from wells. Output curves show overburden pressure, porosity, thermal history and maturity over burial depth. The method is applied to the Kohat Sub Basin in Pakistan, analyzing data from two wells.
This document discusses slope stability and failure in open pit mines. It notes that as mining depths increase, slope design becomes more important for economic reasons. Slope stability problems can be either gross or local failures. Factors that affect stability include slope geometry, geology, groundwater, lithology, dynamic forces, and mining methods. Common failure types are planar, wedge, circular, and toppling. Slope stability is assessed using limit equilibrium methods or numerical modeling techniques. Numerical models divide the rock mass into zones to simulate complex slope behavior.
1. The document describes the direct shear test procedure used to determine the shear strength properties of soils. It involves applying a normal load to a soil sample confined in a shear box and measuring the shear stress and displacement as the sample is sheared.
2. The direct shear test can be conducted as unconsolidated-undrained (UU), consolidated-undrained (CU), or consolidated-drained (CD) tests. Shear strength parameters such as cohesion and friction angle are determined from graphs of shear stress versus shear displacement and shear stress versus normal stress.
3. The purpose of the direct shear test is to examine the shear strength of soil samples along
DESIGN OF SUPPORT SYSTEM IN BORD AND PILLAR MINEAnurag Jha
This document describes a project report submitted by Anurag Kumar Jha for the partial fulfillment of requirements for a dual degree in mining engineering. The report focuses on designing a support system for bord and pillar mines. Currently, CMRI-RMR and NGI-Q systems are commonly used in Indian coal mines to estimate rock load and design support. However, calculations using NGI-Q can be time-consuming. The objective of this project is to use formulas involving only the CMRI-RMR parameter to quickly calculate rock load in development areas, at junctions, in slices, and at goaf edges to facilitate timely support design. The literature review covers the parameters used in CMRI-RMR and N
Dolerite is a medium-grained mafic igneous rock composed primarily of plagioclase feldspar and pyroxene. It forms from the cooling of magma underground and is commonly found within dykes and sills. Dolerite exhibits an ophitic texture where plagioclase crystals are surrounded by pyroxene. There are two main types - tholeiitic dolerite and alkali dolerite - which are found in locations like South Africa, Tasmania, Scotland, and England. Dolerite is utilized as a building and construction material.
Erosion is the process by which soil and rock are removed from the Earth's surface by natural forces like wind and water. While erosion is natural, human activities have increased erosion rates globally by 10-40 times, causing problems like land degradation. The main types of erosion are water erosion from rainfall, rivers, coastal areas, glaciers and floods; wind erosion; and gravitational erosion.
Surface subsidence from underground coal mining can cause significant economic, environmental, and social impacts. It damages buildings, bridges, and other infrastructure through tilting, cracking, and structural failure. Subsidence also disrupts drainage and agriculture by altering slopes and blocking or diverting water flows. Ecological impacts include killing vegetation through toxic gas emissions or changing habitat types. Underground coal fires can also be indirectly caused by subsidence when it provides oxygen and ventilation to buried coal seams, resulting in further subsidence and environmental pollution. Careful planning is needed to understand subsidence effects and implement appropriate mitigation and remediation measures.
This document provides an overview of landslides, including their causes, types, and historical examples. It begins by defining a landslide as a geological phenomenon where gravity causes ground movement such as rock falls and slope failures. Landslides can be triggered naturally by factors like heavy rain, earthquakes, and erosion, or anthropogenically by deforestation, construction, and blasting. The document then describes several types of landslides including debris flows, earth flows, debris avalanches, sturzstroms, and shallow landslides. Historical examples from the 19th-21st centuries are also mentioned.
The document discusses the geological action of rivers and their role in shaping landscapes. It describes how river systems erode, transport, and deposit sediment through various processes like meandering, delta formation, and flooding. Key landforms created by rivers include valleys, floodplains, terraces, and alluvial fans. The document also explains how urbanization has impacted river flow and sediment transport.
Stream Morphology
Investigation
Manual
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
Made ADA compliant by
NetCentric Technologies using
the CommonLook® software
STREAM MORPHOLOGY
Overview
Students will construct a physical scale model of a stream system
to help understand how streams and rivers shape the solid earth
(i.e., the landscape). Students will perform several experiments
to determine streamflow properties under different conditions.
They will apply the scientific method, testing their own scenarios
regarding human impacts to river systems.
Outcomes
• Design a stream table model to analyze the different
characteristics of streamflow.
• Explain the effects of watersheds on the surrounding
environment in terms of the biology, water quality, and economic
importance of streams.
• Identify different stream features based on their geological
formation due to erosion and deposition.
• Develop an experiment to test how human actions can modify
stream morphology in ways that may, in turn, impact riparian
ecosystems.
Time Requirements
Preparation ...................................................................... 5 minutes,
then let sit overnight
Activity 1: Creating a Stream Table ................................ 60 minutes
Activity 2: Scientific Method: Modeling Human Impacts
on Stream Ecosystems .................................. 45 minutes
2 Carolina Distance Learning
Key
Personal protective
equipment
(PPE)
goggles gloves apron
follow
link to
video
photograph
results and
submit
stopwatch
required
warning corrosion flammable toxic environment health hazard
Key
Personal protective
equipment
(PPE)
goggles gloves apron
follow
link to
video
photograph
results and
submit
stopwatch
required
warning corrosion flammable toxic environment health hazard
Table of Contents
2 Overview
2 Outcomes
2 Time Requirements
3 Background
9 Materials
10 Safety
10 Preparation
10 Activity 1
12 Activity 2
13 Submission
13 Disposal and Cleanup
14 Lab Worksheet
18 Lab Questions
Background
A watershed is an area of land that drains
any form of precipitation into the earth’s water
bodies (see Figure 1). The entire land area that
forms this connection of atmospheric water to
the water on Earth, whether it is rain flowing into
a lake or snow soaking into the groundwater, is
considered a watershed.
Water covers approximately 70% of the earth’s
surface. However, about two-thirds of all water
is impaired to some degree, with less than
1% being accessible, consumable freshwater.
Keeping watersheds pristine is the leading
method for providing clean drinking water to
communities, and it is a high priority worldwide.
However, with increased development and
people flocking toward waterfront regions to live,
downstream communities are becoming increas-
ingly polluted every day.
From small streams to large rivers (hereafter .
Stream Morphology
Investigation
Manual
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
Made ADA compliant by
NetCentric Technologies using
the CommonLook® software
STREAM MORPHOLOGY
Overview
Students will construct a physical scale model of a stream system
to help understand how streams and rivers shape the solid earth
(i.e., the landscape). Students will perform several experiments
to determine streamflow properties under different conditions.
They will apply the scientific method, testing their own scenarios
regarding human impacts to river systems.
Outcomes
• Design a stream table model to analyze the different
characteristics of streamflow.
• Explain the effects of watersheds on the surrounding
environment in terms of the biology, water quality, and economic
importance of streams.
• Identify different stream features based on their geological
formation due to erosion and deposition.
• Develop an experiment to test how human actions can modify
stream morphology in ways that may, in turn, impact riparian
ecosystems.
Time Requirements
Preparation ...................................................................... 5 minutes,
then let sit overnight
Activity 1: Creating a Stream Table ................................ 60 minutes
Activity 2: Scientific Method: Modeling Human Impacts
on Stream Ecosystems .................................. 45 minutes
2 Carolina Distance Learning
Key
Personal protective
equipment
(PPE)
goggles gloves apron
follow
link to
video
photograph
results and
submit
stopwatch
required
warning corrosion flammable toxic environment health hazard
Key
Personal protective
equipment
(PPE)
goggles gloves apron
follow
link to
video
photograph
results and
submit
stopwatch
required
warning corrosion flammable toxic environment health hazard
Table of Contents
2 Overview
2 Outcomes
2 Time Requirements
3 Background
9 Materials
10 Safety
10 Preparation
10 Activity 1
12 Activity 2
13 Submission
13 Disposal and Cleanup
14 Lab Worksheet
18 Lab Questions
Background
A watershed is an area of land that drains
any form of precipitation into the earth’s water
bodies (see Figure 1). The entire land area that
forms this connection of atmospheric water to
the water on Earth, whether it is rain flowing into
a lake or snow soaking into the groundwater, is
considered a watershed.
Water covers approximately 70% of the earth’s
surface. However, about two-thirds of all water
is impaired to some degree, with less than
1% being accessible, consumable freshwater.
Keeping watersheds pristine is the leading
method for providing clean drinking water to
communities, and it is a high priority worldwide.
However, with increased development and
people flocking toward waterfront regions to live,
downstream communities are becoming increas-
ingly polluted every day.
From small streams to large rivers (hereafter .
The document discusses the causes of landslides and sinkholes. It identifies several natural causes of landslides including climate, earthquakes, weathering, erosion, volcanic eruptions, and forest fires. It also discusses human causes such as mining and clear cutting. For sinkholes, natural causes include dissolution of sedimentary rocks, while human causes involve underground water pumping. The document provides examples of different types of landslides and sinkholes.
A presentation about on-site slope monitoring methods to detect early slope failures and prevent any expected damage on site. Also presents a few scientific methods.
The document discusses different measures for river channel management including realignment, re-sectioning, bank protection, and vegetation planting. It compares the effectiveness of each measure, noting their benefits in increasing water flow but also negative impacts like flooding downstream, destruction of ecosystems, and sedimentation reducing capacity over time. An ideal approach combines measures to maximize flood prevention while minimizing environmental effects.
The document discusses the formation of beaches and cliffs through geological processes. It explains that:
1) Beach composition influences slope, with shingle beaches typically steeper than sandy beaches due to differences in percolation rates. Coarse shingle allows for rapid water drainage, while compact sand hinders drainage.
2) Cliffs form through both subaerial and marine erosion processes. Marine processes like wave pounding and hydraulic pressure undermine cliff bases, while subaerial processes like weathering from precipitation, freeze-thaw cycles, and evaporation cause mass failures and recession.
3) Cliffs are constantly changing features as coastal and atmospheric forces cause unpredictable rockfalls and large-scale collapses over various time
This document discusses river processes and landforms. It begins by explaining the hydrological cycle and components of a drainage basin such as precipitation, evapotranspiration, surface runoff and groundwater flow. River discharge is influenced by several factors like basin size, geology and land use. Meanders, floodplains, levees and deltas are landforms created by fluvial erosion and deposition. The document also examines causes of flooding and different flood management strategies.
DSD-INT 2017 Long-term morphodynamics of muddy backbarrier basins - CanestrelliDeltares
Presentation by Alberto Canestrelli, University of Florida, USA, at the Delft3D - User Days (Day 2: Sediment transport and morphology), during Delft Software Days - Edition 2017. Tuesday, 31 October 2017, Delft.
WATERSHED NOTES IN BOTH HYDROLOGY AND GEOMORPHOLOGY COURSES.pptxFormulaMw
This document discusses different types of watersheds based on size, land use, and geography. It describes:
1) Watersheds are classified by size as small (<250 km2), medium (250-2500 km2), or large (>2500 km2). Small watersheds have more land phase runoff while large watersheds have more developed channel networks.
2) Watersheds can also be classified by land use as urban, agricultural, forested, mountainous, desert, coastal, or mixed. Each land use type influences the watershed's hydrology differently.
3) Additional factors like geography, vegetation, soil type, and rainfall patterns determine a watershed's runoff and
This document discusses landslides, including their causes and types. It defines a landslide as the downward or outward movement of soil, rock, or vegetation under the influence of gravity. Landslides are caused by both natural factors like heavy rainfall, earthquakes, and geological conditions, as well as human factors like deforestation and construction activities. The main types of landslides described are rotational, translational, rock falls, rock toppling, and debris flows. Strategies for mitigating landslides include hazard mapping, controlling surface drainage, using retaining walls, and increasing vegetation cover. Chittagong and the Chittagong Hill Tracts in Bangladesh experience the most landslides due to soft soil, high rainfall, and
The document discusses lithified sedimentary rocks and their impact on groundwater flow. Complex stratigraphy, such as interfingering rock units, can make groundwater exploration challenging. Folds and faults can create complex hydrogeologic systems, acting as barriers or conduits to flow depending on their composition. Clastic sedimentary rocks have permeability influenced by grain size, sorting, and cementation, with fractures increasing permeability. Fractures near the surface are important for bypassing low-permeability layers and recharge.
IMPACT OF SILTATION AND RECLAMATION ON AQUATIC HABITAT.pptxSakshi Patil
Silt is a granular material between sand and clay that can exist as soil or sediment suspended in water. High levels of silt in rivers, known as siltation, is caused by erosion and human activities like agriculture, mining, and construction. Siltation decreases light penetration in water and inhibits photosynthesis, reducing primary productivity and harming aquatic plants and algae. It can also damage gills of fish and kill them. Siltation ultimately harms aquatic ecosystems by reducing food sources and degrading habitat for fish and invertebrates.
This document discusses different types of soil erosion, factors that affect erosion, and conservation practices to reduce erosion. It describes geological erosion as natural soil-forming processes, while accelerated erosion is soil loss due to human activities. Water erosion is divided into raindrop, sheet, rill, gully, and stream channel erosion. Major factors affecting erosion by water are climate, soil properties, vegetation, and topography. Conservation practices discussed include contouring, strip cropping, and tillage management.
Over the years, India has witnessed worst floods causing numerous loss of lives and to property.
Here are some causes and its geomorphic effects.
And some measures of flood control.
Siltation reduces the storage capacity of reservoirs over time. The document discusses various causes of siltation including sediment transport, erosion, landslides, and lack of vegetation. Effects of siltation include reduced water supply and hydropower generation. Remedial measures discussed include sediment traps, detention basins, and vegetative screens to reduce sediment flow into reservoirs. Maintaining reservoir capacity through disiltation techniques is important to prevent issues like flooding.
The modification of an existing product or the formulation of a new product to fill a newly identified market niche or customer need are both examples of product development. This study generally developed and conducted the formulation of aramang baked products enriched with malunggay conducted by the researchers. Specifically, it answered the acceptability level in terms of taste, texture, flavor, odor, and color also the overall acceptability of enriched aramang baked products. The study used the frequency distribution for evaluators to determine the acceptability of enriched aramang baked products enriched with malunggay. As per sensory evaluation conducted by the researchers, it was proven that aramang baked products enriched with malunggay was acceptable in terms of Odor, Taste, Flavor, Color, and Texture. Based on the results of sensory evaluation of enriched aramang baked products proven that three (3) treatments were all highly acceptable in terms of variable Odor, Taste, Flavor, Color and Textures conducted by the researchers.
Trichogramma spp. is an efficient egg parasitoids that potentially assist to manage the insect-pests from the field condition by parasiting the host eggs. To mass culture this egg parasitoids effectively, we need to culture another stored grain pest- Rice Meal Moth (Corcyra Cephalonica). After rearing this pest, the eggs of Corcyra will carry the potential Trichogramma spp., which is an Hymenopteran Wasp. The detailed Methodologies of rearing both Corcyra Cephalonica and Trichogramma spp. have described on this ppt.
There is a tremendous amount of news being disseminated every day online about dangerous forever chemicals called PFAS. In this interview with a global PFAS testing expert, Geraint Williams of ALS, he and York Analytical President Michael Beckerich discuss the hot-button issues for the environmental engineering and consulting industry -- the wider range of PFAS contamination sites, new PFAS that are unregulated, and the compliance challenges ahead.
Widespread PFAS contamination requires stringent sampling and laboratory analyses by certified laboratories only -- whether it is for PFAS in soil, groundwater, wastewater or drinking water.
Contact us at York Analytical Laboratories for expert environmental testing with fast turnaround times and client service. We have 4 state-certified laboratories in Connecticut, New York and New Jersey, and 4 client service centers.
P: 800-306-YORK
E: clientservices@YorkLab.com
W: YorkLab.com
Emerging Earth Observation methods for monitoring sustainable food productionCIFOR-ICRAF
Presented by Daniela Requena Suarez, Helmholtz GeoResearch Center Potsdam (GFZ) at "Side event 60th sessions of the UNFCCC Subsidiary Bodies - Sustainable Bites: Innovating Low Emission Food Systems One Country at a Time" on 13 June 2024
Monitor indicators of genetic diversity from space using Earth Observation dataSpatial Genetics
Genetic diversity within and among populations is essential for species persistence. While targets and indicators for genetic diversity are captured in the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework, assessing genetic diversity across many species at national and regional scales remains challenging. Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) need accessible tools for reliable and efficient monitoring at relevant scales. Here, we describe how Earth Observation satellites (EO) make essential contributions to enable, accelerate, and improve genetic diversity monitoring and preservation. Specifically, we introduce a workflow integrating EO into existing genetic diversity monitoring strategies and present a set of examples where EO data is or can be integrated to improve assessment, monitoring, and conservation. We describe how available EO data can be integrated in innovative ways to support calculation of the genetic diversity indicators of the GBF monitoring framework and to inform management and monitoring decisions, especially in areas with limited research infrastructure or access. We also describe novel, integrative approaches to improve the indicators that can be implemented with the coming generation of EO data, and new capabilities that will provide unprecedented detail to characterize the changes to Earth’s surface and their implications for biodiversity, on a global scale.