Stream Morphology
Investigation
Manual
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
Made ADA compliant by
NetCentric Technologies using
the CommonLook® software
STREAM MORPHOLOGY
Overview
Students will construct a physical scale model of a stream system
to help understand how streams and rivers shape the solid earth
(i.e., the landscape). Students will perform several experiments
to determine streamflow properties under different conditions.
They will apply the scientific method, testing their own scenarios
regarding human impacts to river systems.
Outcomes
• Design a stream table model to analyze the different
characteristics of streamflow.
• Explain the effects of watersheds on the surrounding
environment in terms of the biology, water quality, and economic
importance of streams.
• Identify different stream features based on their geological
formation due to erosion and deposition.
• Develop an experiment to test how human actions can modify
stream morphology in ways that may, in turn, impact riparian
ecosystems.
Time Requirements
Preparation ...................................................................... 5 minutes,
then let sit overnight
Activity 1: Creating a Stream Table ................................ 60 minutes
Activity 2: Scientific Method: Modeling Human Impacts
on Stream Ecosystems .................................. 45 minutes
2 Carolina Distance Learning
Key
Personal protective
equipment
(PPE)
goggles gloves apron
follow
link to
video
photograph
results and
submit
stopwatch
required
warning corrosion flammable toxic environment health hazard
Key
Personal protective
equipment
(PPE)
goggles gloves apron
follow
link to
video
photograph
results and
submit
stopwatch
required
warning corrosion flammable toxic environment health hazard
Table of Contents
2 Overview
2 Outcomes
2 Time Requirements
3 Background
9 Materials
10 Safety
10 Preparation
10 Activity 1
12 Activity 2
13 Submission
13 Disposal and Cleanup
14 Lab Worksheet
18 Lab Questions
Background
A watershed is an area of land that drains
any form of precipitation into the earth’s water
bodies (see Figure 1). The entire land area that
forms this connection of atmospheric water to
the water on Earth, whether it is rain flowing into
a lake or snow soaking into the groundwater, is
considered a watershed.
Water covers approximately 70% of the earth’s
surface. However, about two-thirds of all water
is impaired to some degree, with less than
1% being accessible, consumable freshwater.
Keeping watersheds pristine is the leading
method for providing clean drinking water to
communities, and it is a high priority worldwide.
However, with increased development and
people flocking toward waterfront regions to live,
downstream communities are becoming increas-
ingly polluted every day.
From small streams to large rivers (hereafter .
36002 Topic SCI 207 Our Dependence upon the EnvironmentNumber.docxrhetttrevannion
36002 Topic: SCI 207 Our Dependence upon the Environment
Number of Pages: 2 (Double Spaced)
Number of sources: 3
Writing Style: APA
Type of document: Essay
Academic Level:Undergraduate
Category: Environmental Issues
Language Style: English (U.S.)
Order Instructions: Attached
Week 1 - Assignment 1
Stream Morphology Laboratory
[WLO: 1] [CLOs: 1, 3, 5]
This lab enables you to construct a physical scale model of a stream system to help you understand how streams and rivers shape the landscape, and how human actions can affect river ecosystems. This lab is done with materials that you will need to supply; the list of items you will need to obtain is in the Stream Morphology Investigation ManualPreview the document.
The Process:
Take the required photos and complete all parts of the assignment (calculations, data tables, etc.). On the “Lab Worksheet,” answer all of the questions in the “Lab Questions” section. Finally, transfer all of your answers and visual elements from the “Lab Worksheet” into the “Lab Report.” You will submit both the “Lab Report” and the “Lab Worksheet” to Waypoint.
The Assignment:
Make sure to complete all of the following items before submission:
Before you begin the assignment, read the Stream Morphology Investigation ManualPreview the document and review The Scientific Method presentation video.
Complete Activity 1 and Activity 2 using the materials that you supply. Photograph each activity following these instructions:
When taking lab photos, you need to include in each image a strip of paper with your name and the date clearly written on it.
Complete all parts of the Week 1 Lab WorksheetPreview the document and answer all of the questions in the “Lab Questions” section.
Transfer your responses to the lab questions and the data tables and your photos from the “Lab Worksheet” into the Lab Report TemplatePreview the document.
Submit your completed “Lab Report” and “Lab Worksheet” through Waypoint.
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
Stream Morphology
Investigation Manual
STREAM MORPHOLOGY
Table of Contents
2 Overview 2 Outcomes
2 Time Requirements
3 Background
9 Materials
10 Safety
10 Preparation 10 Activity 1
12 Activity 2
13 Submission
13 Disposal and Cleanup
14 Lab Worksheet
18 Lab Questions
Overview
Students will construct a physical scale model of a stream system to help understand how streams and rivers shape the solid earth (i.e., the landscape). Students will perform several experiments
to determine streamflow properties under different conditions. They will apply the scientific method, testing their own scenarios regarding human impacts on river systems.
Outcomes
• Design a stream table model to analyze the different characteristics of streamflow.
• Explain the effects of watersheds on the surrounding environment in terms of the biology, water quality, and economic importance of streams.
• Identify different stream features based on their geological formation due to erosion an.
Assignment on: Runoff and flooding (Drainage Pattern, Stream Flow Velocity, R...Mozakkir Azad
Water is one of our most important natural resources. Without it, there would be no life on earth. The supply of water available for our use is limited by nature. Although there is plenty of water on earth, it is not always in the right place, at the right time and of the right quality. Adding to the problem is the increasing evidence that chemical wastes improperly discarded yesterday are showing up in our water supplies today. Hydrology has evolved as a science in response to the need to understand the complex water systems of the Earth and help solve water problems. Hydrologists play a vital role in finding solutions to water problems, and interesting and challenging careers are available to those who choose to study hydrology
#36068 Topic SCI 207 Our Dependence upon the EnvironmentNumber.docxAASTHA76
#36068 Topic: SCI 207 Our Dependence upon the Environment
Number of Pages: 1 (Double Spaced)
Number of sources: 2
Writing Style: APA
Type of document: Essay
Academic Level:Undergraduate
Category: Environmental Issues
Language Style: English (U.S.)
Order Instructions: ATTACHED
Week 3 - Assignment 1
Ground and Surface Water Interactions Laboratory
[WLO: 2] [CLOs: 1, 3, 4, 5]
This lab enables you to design models of different scenarios that affect the earth’s surface water and groundwater.
The Process:
Take the required photos and complete all parts of the assignment (calculations, data tables, etc.). On the “Lab Worksheet,” answer all of the questions in the “Lab Questions” section. Finally, transfer all of your answers and visual elements from the “Lab Worksheet” into the “Lab Report.” You will submit both the “Lab Report” and the “Lab Worksheet” to Waypoint.
The Assignment:
Making sure to complete all of the following items before submission:
Before you begin this assignment, read the Groundwater and Surface Water Interactions Investigation ManualPreview the document and review The Scientific Method (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.presentation video.
Follow the instructions in the manual to complete Activities 1, 2, and 3 using materials in your kit, augmented by additional materials that you will supply. Photograph each activity following these instructions:
When taking lab photos, you need to include in each image a strip of paper with your name and the date clearly written on it.
Complete all parts of the Week 3 Lab WorksheetPreview the document and answer all of the questions in the “Lab Questions” section.
Transfer your responses to the lab questions and data tables and your photos from the “Lab Worksheet” into the “Lab Report” by downloading the Lab Report TemplatePreview the document.
Submit your completed “Lab Report” and your “Lab Worksheet” through Waypoint.
Groundwater and Surface
Water Interactions
Investigation
Manual
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
Made ADA compliant by
NetCentric Technologies using
the CommonLook® software
Key
Personal protective
equipment
(PPE)
goggles gloves apron
follow
link to
video
photograph
results and
submit
stopwatch
required
warning corrosion flammable toxic environment health hazard
GROUNDWATER AND SURFACE WATER INTERACTIONS
Overview
Clean drinking water is vital for all human life. In this lab, students
will learn how freshwater sources interact through the natural
processes of the hydrosphere (all the water on the planet)
and what happens to drinking water supplies when our planet
becomes altered by human activities. Students will design models
of different scenarios that affect the earth’s surface water and
groundwater. The models will demonstrate overconsumption and
dro
Background
The hydrosphere encompasses all the water
on the planet. It includes freshwater and
saltwater; liquid, solid, and vapor; and water
.
36002 Topic SCI 207 Our Dependence upon the EnvironmentNumber.docxrhetttrevannion
36002 Topic: SCI 207 Our Dependence upon the Environment
Number of Pages: 2 (Double Spaced)
Number of sources: 3
Writing Style: APA
Type of document: Essay
Academic Level:Undergraduate
Category: Environmental Issues
Language Style: English (U.S.)
Order Instructions: Attached
Week 1 - Assignment 1
Stream Morphology Laboratory
[WLO: 1] [CLOs: 1, 3, 5]
This lab enables you to construct a physical scale model of a stream system to help you understand how streams and rivers shape the landscape, and how human actions can affect river ecosystems. This lab is done with materials that you will need to supply; the list of items you will need to obtain is in the Stream Morphology Investigation ManualPreview the document.
The Process:
Take the required photos and complete all parts of the assignment (calculations, data tables, etc.). On the “Lab Worksheet,” answer all of the questions in the “Lab Questions” section. Finally, transfer all of your answers and visual elements from the “Lab Worksheet” into the “Lab Report.” You will submit both the “Lab Report” and the “Lab Worksheet” to Waypoint.
The Assignment:
Make sure to complete all of the following items before submission:
Before you begin the assignment, read the Stream Morphology Investigation ManualPreview the document and review The Scientific Method presentation video.
Complete Activity 1 and Activity 2 using the materials that you supply. Photograph each activity following these instructions:
When taking lab photos, you need to include in each image a strip of paper with your name and the date clearly written on it.
Complete all parts of the Week 1 Lab WorksheetPreview the document and answer all of the questions in the “Lab Questions” section.
Transfer your responses to the lab questions and the data tables and your photos from the “Lab Worksheet” into the Lab Report TemplatePreview the document.
Submit your completed “Lab Report” and “Lab Worksheet” through Waypoint.
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
Stream Morphology
Investigation Manual
STREAM MORPHOLOGY
Table of Contents
2 Overview 2 Outcomes
2 Time Requirements
3 Background
9 Materials
10 Safety
10 Preparation 10 Activity 1
12 Activity 2
13 Submission
13 Disposal and Cleanup
14 Lab Worksheet
18 Lab Questions
Overview
Students will construct a physical scale model of a stream system to help understand how streams and rivers shape the solid earth (i.e., the landscape). Students will perform several experiments
to determine streamflow properties under different conditions. They will apply the scientific method, testing their own scenarios regarding human impacts on river systems.
Outcomes
• Design a stream table model to analyze the different characteristics of streamflow.
• Explain the effects of watersheds on the surrounding environment in terms of the biology, water quality, and economic importance of streams.
• Identify different stream features based on their geological formation due to erosion an.
Assignment on: Runoff and flooding (Drainage Pattern, Stream Flow Velocity, R...Mozakkir Azad
Water is one of our most important natural resources. Without it, there would be no life on earth. The supply of water available for our use is limited by nature. Although there is plenty of water on earth, it is not always in the right place, at the right time and of the right quality. Adding to the problem is the increasing evidence that chemical wastes improperly discarded yesterday are showing up in our water supplies today. Hydrology has evolved as a science in response to the need to understand the complex water systems of the Earth and help solve water problems. Hydrologists play a vital role in finding solutions to water problems, and interesting and challenging careers are available to those who choose to study hydrology
#36068 Topic SCI 207 Our Dependence upon the EnvironmentNumber.docxAASTHA76
#36068 Topic: SCI 207 Our Dependence upon the Environment
Number of Pages: 1 (Double Spaced)
Number of sources: 2
Writing Style: APA
Type of document: Essay
Academic Level:Undergraduate
Category: Environmental Issues
Language Style: English (U.S.)
Order Instructions: ATTACHED
Week 3 - Assignment 1
Ground and Surface Water Interactions Laboratory
[WLO: 2] [CLOs: 1, 3, 4, 5]
This lab enables you to design models of different scenarios that affect the earth’s surface water and groundwater.
The Process:
Take the required photos and complete all parts of the assignment (calculations, data tables, etc.). On the “Lab Worksheet,” answer all of the questions in the “Lab Questions” section. Finally, transfer all of your answers and visual elements from the “Lab Worksheet” into the “Lab Report.” You will submit both the “Lab Report” and the “Lab Worksheet” to Waypoint.
The Assignment:
Making sure to complete all of the following items before submission:
Before you begin this assignment, read the Groundwater and Surface Water Interactions Investigation ManualPreview the document and review The Scientific Method (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.presentation video.
Follow the instructions in the manual to complete Activities 1, 2, and 3 using materials in your kit, augmented by additional materials that you will supply. Photograph each activity following these instructions:
When taking lab photos, you need to include in each image a strip of paper with your name and the date clearly written on it.
Complete all parts of the Week 3 Lab WorksheetPreview the document and answer all of the questions in the “Lab Questions” section.
Transfer your responses to the lab questions and data tables and your photos from the “Lab Worksheet” into the “Lab Report” by downloading the Lab Report TemplatePreview the document.
Submit your completed “Lab Report” and your “Lab Worksheet” through Waypoint.
Groundwater and Surface
Water Interactions
Investigation
Manual
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
Made ADA compliant by
NetCentric Technologies using
the CommonLook® software
Key
Personal protective
equipment
(PPE)
goggles gloves apron
follow
link to
video
photograph
results and
submit
stopwatch
required
warning corrosion flammable toxic environment health hazard
GROUNDWATER AND SURFACE WATER INTERACTIONS
Overview
Clean drinking water is vital for all human life. In this lab, students
will learn how freshwater sources interact through the natural
processes of the hydrosphere (all the water on the planet)
and what happens to drinking water supplies when our planet
becomes altered by human activities. Students will design models
of different scenarios that affect the earth’s surface water and
groundwater. The models will demonstrate overconsumption and
dro
Background
The hydrosphere encompasses all the water
on the planet. It includes freshwater and
saltwater; liquid, solid, and vapor; and water
.
Groundwater Quality from Basaltic Aquifers, Dr. S. K. Vadagbalkar, Associat...SHRINIVAS VADAGBALKAR
Basaltic aquifers-shallow and deep, from Deccan Trap regions in parts of Maharashtra state, are considered as a case study to understand the quality of waters. Based on the research articles, news, from scientific journals, reports of government and non-government social organisations, communications, newspaper articles and news, attempts have been made to prepare a concise reconnaissance review article.
River is a most Important agent in geological field and most important roll of the physical, Chemical and biological erosion. It is common factors of river.
Freshwater ecosystems are a subset of Earth's aquatic ecosystems. They include lakes and ponds, rivers, streams and springs, and wetlands. They can be contrasted with marine ecosystems, which have a larger salt content. This module explains the characteristics of aquatic ecosystems-freshwater ones.
Strict APA format 1 page and no references before 2015. Peer-reviewe.docxcpatriciarpatricia
Strict APA format 1 page and no references before 2015. Peer-reviewed only
NO PLAGIARISM (APA format)
Part 1
Chapter 12 – From the chapter reading, we learned that e-mail is a major area of focus for information governance (IG) efforts, and has become the most common business software application and the backbone of business communications today. In addition, the authors provided details to support their position by providing 2013 survey results from 2,400 corporate e-mail users from a global perspective. The results indicated that two-thirds of the respondents stated that e-mail was their favorite form of business communication which surpassed not only social media but also telephone and in-person contact.
Q1: With this detail in mind, briefly state why the e-Mail has become a critical component for IG implementation?
Part 2
2. Write on two topics 50 words discussing the above question (50 words x 2)
Note: Create a new page other than paper in the same document for two topics
.
Stress and Healthcare Workers Productivity at Lexington Medical .docxcpatriciarpatricia
Stress and Healthcare Workers Productivity at Lexington Medical Center
ABSTRACT
The research proposal aim at assessing the effect of workplace stress on workers productivity at Lexington Medical Center. The objective of the research is to assess worker productivity, the stress level among health workers, and the extent to which their productivity and performance is related to stress levels. The research survey will be a cross section and it will involve 120 participants (about 20% of the total population) and it will be conducted through convenience sampling techniques and stratified sampling. The data will be collected using questionnaire and descriptive statistical regression analysis will be used for data analysis. Before the actual data collection, there will be pilot study to determine reliability of the
research process. At this stage, the research will include expert opinion to enhance validity of the research.
This abstract did not give a background and summary of your study, and your expected outcome
Keywords:Employee productivity/ job performance, work place stress/occupational stress, doctors, nurses, medical attendant Lexington Medical Center.
Table of Contents
Why do you have a background and Statement of the Problem? The background can be covered in the statement and description of the problem.
1CHAPTER ONE
11.0INTRODUCTION
11.1 Background to the Research Problem
31.2 Statement of the Research Problem
31.3 Objectives of the Study
31.3.1General Objective
41.3.2 Specific Objectives
41.4. Research Questions
Why do you have a General and a Specific Objectives and Research Question. Please read the textbook or my powertpoint and understand it. Also my dissertation..
41.4.1 General Research Question
41.4.2 Specific Research Questions
41.5 Relevance of the Research
51.6 Organization of the Dissertation (Why disseration? Disseration is totally different from a Research Proposal
51.7. Limitations
6CHAPTER TWO
62.0 LITERATURE REVIEW
62.1 Overview
62.2 Conceptual Definitions
72.2.1 Work Place Stress
72.2.2 Employee Performance
82.3. Theoretical Literature Review
82.3.1 Employees Performance Management
82.3.2 Stress at Workplace
10Work Stress and Employees Performance
10Theories of Work Stress
10The Job Demands-Control Theory (JD-C)
11The Role Theory
11Empirical Literature Review
12Assessing Employee Performance
132.5.3 Relationship between work Stresses and Employee Performance
13Research Gap Identified
142.9 Statement of Hypotheses
15CHAPTER THREE
153.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
153.1 Overview
153.2 Research Design
153.3 Study Population
153.4 Area of the Research
163.5.1 Sample Size
173.5.2 Sampling Procedure
183.6. Variables and Measurements
193.7 Methods and Instrument Used for Data Collection
193.8. Data Processing and Analysis
21CHAPTER FOUR
214.0 SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
214.1 Summary
22References
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION (Omit the numbers. LOOK AT MY DISSERATION)
1.1 Background You do not need to put backgr.
More Related Content
Similar to Stream MorphologyInvestigation ManualENVIRONMENTAL SCI.docx
Groundwater Quality from Basaltic Aquifers, Dr. S. K. Vadagbalkar, Associat...SHRINIVAS VADAGBALKAR
Basaltic aquifers-shallow and deep, from Deccan Trap regions in parts of Maharashtra state, are considered as a case study to understand the quality of waters. Based on the research articles, news, from scientific journals, reports of government and non-government social organisations, communications, newspaper articles and news, attempts have been made to prepare a concise reconnaissance review article.
River is a most Important agent in geological field and most important roll of the physical, Chemical and biological erosion. It is common factors of river.
Freshwater ecosystems are a subset of Earth's aquatic ecosystems. They include lakes and ponds, rivers, streams and springs, and wetlands. They can be contrasted with marine ecosystems, which have a larger salt content. This module explains the characteristics of aquatic ecosystems-freshwater ones.
Strict APA format 1 page and no references before 2015. Peer-reviewe.docxcpatriciarpatricia
Strict APA format 1 page and no references before 2015. Peer-reviewed only
NO PLAGIARISM (APA format)
Part 1
Chapter 12 – From the chapter reading, we learned that e-mail is a major area of focus for information governance (IG) efforts, and has become the most common business software application and the backbone of business communications today. In addition, the authors provided details to support their position by providing 2013 survey results from 2,400 corporate e-mail users from a global perspective. The results indicated that two-thirds of the respondents stated that e-mail was their favorite form of business communication which surpassed not only social media but also telephone and in-person contact.
Q1: With this detail in mind, briefly state why the e-Mail has become a critical component for IG implementation?
Part 2
2. Write on two topics 50 words discussing the above question (50 words x 2)
Note: Create a new page other than paper in the same document for two topics
.
Stress and Healthcare Workers Productivity at Lexington Medical .docxcpatriciarpatricia
Stress and Healthcare Workers Productivity at Lexington Medical Center
ABSTRACT
The research proposal aim at assessing the effect of workplace stress on workers productivity at Lexington Medical Center. The objective of the research is to assess worker productivity, the stress level among health workers, and the extent to which their productivity and performance is related to stress levels. The research survey will be a cross section and it will involve 120 participants (about 20% of the total population) and it will be conducted through convenience sampling techniques and stratified sampling. The data will be collected using questionnaire and descriptive statistical regression analysis will be used for data analysis. Before the actual data collection, there will be pilot study to determine reliability of the
research process. At this stage, the research will include expert opinion to enhance validity of the research.
This abstract did not give a background and summary of your study, and your expected outcome
Keywords:Employee productivity/ job performance, work place stress/occupational stress, doctors, nurses, medical attendant Lexington Medical Center.
Table of Contents
Why do you have a background and Statement of the Problem? The background can be covered in the statement and description of the problem.
1CHAPTER ONE
11.0INTRODUCTION
11.1 Background to the Research Problem
31.2 Statement of the Research Problem
31.3 Objectives of the Study
31.3.1General Objective
41.3.2 Specific Objectives
41.4. Research Questions
Why do you have a General and a Specific Objectives and Research Question. Please read the textbook or my powertpoint and understand it. Also my dissertation..
41.4.1 General Research Question
41.4.2 Specific Research Questions
41.5 Relevance of the Research
51.6 Organization of the Dissertation (Why disseration? Disseration is totally different from a Research Proposal
51.7. Limitations
6CHAPTER TWO
62.0 LITERATURE REVIEW
62.1 Overview
62.2 Conceptual Definitions
72.2.1 Work Place Stress
72.2.2 Employee Performance
82.3. Theoretical Literature Review
82.3.1 Employees Performance Management
82.3.2 Stress at Workplace
10Work Stress and Employees Performance
10Theories of Work Stress
10The Job Demands-Control Theory (JD-C)
11The Role Theory
11Empirical Literature Review
12Assessing Employee Performance
132.5.3 Relationship between work Stresses and Employee Performance
13Research Gap Identified
142.9 Statement of Hypotheses
15CHAPTER THREE
153.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
153.1 Overview
153.2 Research Design
153.3 Study Population
153.4 Area of the Research
163.5.1 Sample Size
173.5.2 Sampling Procedure
183.6. Variables and Measurements
193.7 Methods and Instrument Used for Data Collection
193.8. Data Processing and Analysis
21CHAPTER FOUR
214.0 SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
214.1 Summary
22References
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION (Omit the numbers. LOOK AT MY DISSERATION)
1.1 Background You do not need to put backgr.
Stress and Chronic Illness- Choose and describe chronic illness su.docxcpatriciarpatricia
Stress and Chronic Illness- Choose and describe chronic illness such as hypertension, diabetes, HIV, etc. Discuss the role of psychological stress in the development and progression of that illness.Develop two research questions that would evaluated the relationship between psychological stress and the illness you have chosen. Additionally, briefly propose a research method that could be used to test the research questions and describe why this method would be appropriate.
In APA format NO mare than 2 pages in single space.
.
Strengths
Weaknesses
Opportunities
Threats
Skills
Knowledge
Experience
Preparation
(Additional attribute)
(Additional attribute)
READING LIST TO CHOOSE TOPIC FROM:
1) Writing and Citing - Rothman, J. (2014, Feb. 20). Why is Academic Writing so Academic. New Yorker. Available at: https://www.newyorker.com/books/page-turner/why-is-academic-writing-so-academic.
2) Origins of American Politics and Polices - Wood, J. (2010, May 10). Tocqueville in America. New Yorker. Available at: https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/inside-story-americas-19th-century-opiate-addiction180967673/.
3) Constitutional Provisions for Limited Government - Dunham, R. G., & Mauss, A. L. (1976). Waves from Watergate: evidence concerning the impact of the Watergate scandal upon political legitimacy and social control. Pacific Sociological Review, 19(4), 469-490. Available at: https://scholarlyrepository.miami.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1006&context=sociology.
4) Voting and Representative Government
John Jay College of Criminal Justice
- McKinley, J. & Mays, J. (2019, Oct. 24). Early Voting Stirs Anxiety in N.Y. The New York Times. Available at: https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/24/nyregion/early-voting-nyelection.html.
5) Division of Power: Federal v. State Authority - Hammer, D., Phillips, B., & Schmidt, T. L. (2010). The intended—and unintended— consequences of healthcare reform. Healthcare Financial Management, 64(10), 50-55. Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Terry_Schmidt5/publication/47348397_The_intendedand_unintended-consequences_of_healthcare_reform/links/5512cda50cf270fd7e33781b/Theintended-and-unintended-consequences-of-healthcare-reform.pdf.
6) America’s Civil Liberties - Nelson, T. E., Clawson, R. A., & Oxley, Z. M. (1997). Media framing of a civil liberties conflict and its effect on tolerance. American Political Science Review, 91(3), 567-583. Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Thomas_Nelson6/publication/209409737_Media_Framing_ of_A_Civil_Liberties_Conflict_and_Its_Effect_on_Tolerance/links/02e7e5323276f31251000000 .pdf.
February 20th – 14th Amendment and Civil Rights - Epps, G. (2015, Dec. 10). Is Affirmative Action Finished?. The Atlantic. Available at: https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2015/12/when-can-race-be-a-college-admissionsfactor/419808/.
7) Legislative Branch and the People - O’Keefe, E. (2014, Feb. 4). Farm bill passes after three years of talks. The Washington Post. Available at: https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2014/02/04/farm-billpasses-after-three-years-of-talks/.
February 27th – Legislative Branch and Political Parties - Everett, B., Sherman, J. & Bresnahan, J. (2013, Oct. 1). Shutdown: Congress sputters on CR. Politico. Available at: https://www.politico.com/story/2013/09/house-senate-governmentshutdown-097557.
8) Executive Branch and Domestic Policies - Guetzkow, J. (2010). Beyond deservingness: congressional d.
Strengths-based nursing (SBN) is an approach to care in which eigh.docxcpatriciarpatricia
Strengths-based nursing (SBN) is an approach to care in which eight core values which guide nursing action, thereby promoting empowerment, hope and self-efficacy. In caring for patients and families, the nurse focuses on their inner and outer strengths-that is, on what patients and families do that best helps them deal with problems and minimize deficits. SBN creating environments and experiences that better enable patients and their families to take control over their lives and health care decisions.
SBN respects a person's self-knowledge and values choice and self-determination, even though there are always limits to the choices available and a person's ability to act in her or his own interest is affected by circumstances, knowledge, and predisposition. it is as important to consider patients' deficits as it is to consider their strengths; both are essential aspects of the whole person. The current health care system is changing into a new system that focuses more on community-based and primary care with the hospitals forming the pillar of the health care system although they are not the primary service (Lind and Smith, 2008). This change has brought about a strength based nursing care which is aimed at developing an individual’s strength to encourage and help in healing. From the perspective of SBN, the nurse's role is to help patients achieve their goals in the healthiest possible way.
SBN sees the nurse's role not as deciding for others but rather as listening attentively and deeply in order to clarify, elaborate, explain, provide information, make suggestions, connect people with resources, and advocate for patients and their families so they may hear their own voices and make their voices heard. Strengths-Based Care (SBC) requires that the nurse use a process to uncover the person’s concerns, get to know the patient and members of the family as individuals, and discover their strengths in order to plan and carry out nursing care.
Nurses require strong nursing leadership to enable them practice strength-based nursing care. Strength based nursing care has a prospective of becoming a game changer in nursing and also revolutionize healthcare. In this approach the focus is redirected from shortages and crisis to use of strength of resources to deal with problems and overcome any shortcomings (Gottlieb, 2012). The medical model need not be a deficit model. The two are not mutually exclusive. Physicians can diagnose and treat problems and also have a strengths perspective and practice whole-person care.
HOLMES INSTITUTE
FACULTY OF
HIGHER EDUCATION
HS1031 Introduction to Programming – Assignment I
Assessment Details and Submission Guidelines
Trimester T1 2019
Unit Code HS1031
Unit Title Introduction to Programming
Assessment Type Individual Assignment
Assessment Title Assignment I
Purpose of the
assessment (with ULO
Mapping)
Assess student’s ability to develop algorithmic solutions to programming problems.
Strengths-to-Strategies, Curriculum Vitae, and Action PlanDue.docxcpatriciarpatricia
Strengths-to-Strategies, Curriculum Vitae, and Action Plan
Due
Mar 12 by 11:59pm
Points
150
Purpose
The purpose of this assignment is to develop (a) a leadership strength-to-strategy plan, (b) a professional curriculum vitae (CV), and (c) an action plan for leadership formation. The strengths-to-strategy plan (developed from the Week 1 interactive) formulates a plan to guide leadership development. The CV provides a record of professional and academic accomplishments. The action plan addresses gaps or developmental opportunities in the CV while applying strategies from the strength-to-strategy plan. The strengths-to-strategy plan, professional CV, and developmental action plan contribute to the student's professional development of skills and competencies relevant to the DNP-prepared nurse.
NR703 Professional CV Template (Links to an external site.)
Course Outcomes
This assignment enables the student to meet the following course outcomes:
CO3: Differentiate attributes of effective leaders and followers in influencing healthcare (PO6)
CO5: Formulate selected strategies for leadership and influence across healthcare systems (PO8)
PREPARING THE ASSIGNMENT
Follow these guidelines when completing each component of this assignment. Contact your course faculty if you have questions.
The assignment will include the following components:
Uses APA 7th edition formatting and style guide
Page numbers are required
There is no running head used
One title page
Suggested title: Strengths-to-Strategy, Curriculum Vitae, and Action Plan
Format the title page as shown in the APA Paper Template in the "Resources" tab of Canvas home page menu and as demonstrated below:
Strengths-to-Strategy, Curriculum Vitae, and Action Plan
Name
University
NR703: Applied Organizational & Leadership Concepts
March Session 2021
Turn on Grammarly.com to correct grammar and punctuation
Include an introduction and a conclusion paragraph
Use the following required level 1 headings:
Strengths-to-Strategy Plan
Professional Curriculum Vitae *(I will do this part, I will insert a Curriculum Vitae as an
appendix A
)
Action Plan for Leadership Formation
Conclusion
Introduction (10 points)
Note: Do not use “Introduction” as a heading. Place the paper’s title on the first line to match the title on the title page
Present a clear purpose statement
Introduce the sections of the paper in a mini-outline in sentence format. The mini-outline should reflect the paper's three primary sections as represented by the level 1 headings (excluding the conclusion, which is a component of all papers)
Establish the significance of the paper to you as a future DNP-prepared nurse.
Strength-to-Strategy Plan (40 points)
: Complete the Week 1 Strength-to-Strategy Plan interactive exercise located in the Explore section of Week 1 after taking the Zenger-Folkman Extraordinary Leader Assessment
Use the Strength-to-Strategy Plan interactive .
Street Sense Media uses a range of creative platforms to spotl.docxcpatriciarpatricia
Street Sense Media uses a range of creative platforms to spotlight solutions to homelessness and empower people in need.
Download the AppDonateEventsArticles ⌵NewsOpinionArtObituariesPrint ArchivesMedia Channels ⌵Film >>FIlmmakers Co-opHomelessly in LoveInterview SeriesRequest a ScreeningCommunity ForumsIllustrationPhotographyPodcast SeriesStudent SeminarsTheatre >>Staging HopeDevising HopeWriters’ GroupServices ⌵Vendor ProgramDigital Professional ProgramService Provider GuideGet Involved ⌵DonateConnectVolunteerInternSubscribeAdvertiseAbout ⌵Mission & HistoryOur Team >>VendorsArtists-in-ResidenceStaffInternsVolunteersBoard of DirectorsFinancesStreet Sense in the NewsOur Excellence in Journalism AwardsContact Us
Street Sense Media uses a range of creative platforms to spotlight solutions to homelessness and empower people in need.
Download the AppDonateEventsArticles ⌵NewsOpinionArtObituariesPrint ArchivesMedia Channels ⌵Film >>FIlmmakers Co-opHomelessly in LoveInterview SeriesRequest a ScreeningCommunity ForumsIllustrationPhotographyPodcast SeriesStudent SeminarsTheatre >>Staging HopeDevising HopeWriters’ GroupServices ⌵Vendor ProgramDigital Professional ProgramService Provider GuideGet Involved ⌵DonateConnectVolunteerInternSubscribeAdvertiseAbout ⌵Mission & HistoryOur Team >>VendorsArtists-in-ResidenceStaffInternsVolunteersBoard of DirectorsFinancesStreet Sense in the NewsOur Excellence in Journalism AwardsContact Us
Street Sense Media uses a range of creative platforms to spotlight solutions to homelessness and empower people in need.
Download the AppDonate
How an unlikely friendship led a homeless man to housing
by Jeff Gray // November 28, 2018
Reed and Anthony met by chance in 2010. Two years later, they embarked on a journey to get Anthony off the street.
Bathroom bill moving forward to full D.C. Council vote
Empower change: Join our 15th anniversary campaign News
This local librarian is serving his community by serving up food and literature
by Zachary Headings // November 29, 2018
Christopher Stewart has been reaching out to his community by standing on a street corner with free breakfast food and novels.
The first three D.C. General replacement shelters open
by Reginald Black // November 29, 2018
There is a possible revolution in the way homelessness is addressed in the nation's capital.
D.C. Superior Court ruling fights back against housing discrimination
by Samantha Caruso // November 29, 2018
Two housing groups in Washington, D.C., were penalized for refusing to accept government subsidies as payment for security deposits and monthly rent, said the Equal Rights Center, the plaintiff in this case.
A woman died from exposure near Union Station during the first hypothermia alert of the year
by Rachel Cain // November 29, 2018
Every year about 40 to 50 people die in D.C. due to exposure to cold weather.
Bathroom bill moving forward to full D.C. Council vote
by Katie Bemb // Novem.
Strengths Paper Write a 2-page paper that identifies your top 5 str.docxcpatriciarpatricia
Strengths Paper: Write a 2-page paper that identifies your top 5 strengths and how you can apply them to your current or future leadership context.
i. What are your strengths/advantages?
ii. What are your weaknesses/pitfalls?
iii. How would you address these weaknesses?
iv. How would you use your strengths in leadership?
.
Stratification and Prejudice in Current EventsThe purpose of t.docxcpatriciarpatricia
Stratification and Prejudice in Current Events
The purpose of this assignment is to explore stratification and prejudice in current events. Despite great advances towards equality between the races and genders, racial and gender discrimination, as well as class stratification remain serious social problems. To conclude this course, you will use the news media to discover current social issues with regards to race and gender.
To complete this assignment, perform the following tasks:
Using newspapers, news websites, or news magazines, select three current events (within the last six months) that reflect our studies on stratification. One event should represent racial issues, one gender issues, and one class issues. All three should demonstrate discrimination and/or stratification in American society.
Using your research, describe the current events and how they are reflective of your studies on racial, gender, and class discrimination and/or stratification.
Analyze the events and apply the lecture and text to the news articles. What theories of stratification apply? Are the current events representative of the historical trends of racial, gender, and class discrimination and or/stratification? What solutions, if any, should be applied to these current events?
In your discussion, apply your personal experiences and observations to the current events.
How do you feel that the media perpetuates discrimination and/or stratification based on race, gender, and class? Support your ideas with concepts from the text and/or appropriate outside resources.
Provide a minimum of three references and apply the correct APA standards in the format of text, citations, and references. Your paper should include a title page and reference. Your paper should be at least five pages in length, not including the title and reference pages.
Assignment 1 Grading Criteria
Selected and used research to describe three current events, one each that addresses racial, gender, and class discrimination and/or stratification.
Analyzed each current event, incorporating theories and concepts from the text, lecture, and appropriate outside resources.
Compared the current events to historical trends of racial, gender, and class discrimination and or/stratification.
Suggested possible solutions for each current event.
Applied personal experiences and observations to the current events.
Analyzed the media’s role in perpetuating discrimination and/or stratification
.
Street CodeConsider this quote from Robert Sampson and William J.docxcpatriciarpatricia
Street Code
Consider this quote from Robert Sampson and William Julius Wilson in
Toward a Theory of Race, Crime, and Urban Inequality:
Shaw and McKay (1942) argued that three structural factors -- low economic status, ethnic heterogeneity, and residential mobility -- led to the disruption of local community social organization, which in turn accounted for variations in crime and delinquency rates... Arguably the most significant aspect of Shaw and McKay's research, however, was their demonstration that high rates of delinquency persisted in certain areas over many years, regardless of population turnover. More than any other, this finding led them to reject individualistic explanations of delinquency and focus instead on the processes by which delinquent and criminal patterns of behavior were transmitted across generations in areas of social disorganization and weak social controls (1942, 1969).
This is the "macrosocial" view that Sampson and Wilson discuss, that crime cannot be attributed solely to individual-level (microsocial) factors. Thinking back over the theories we've studied this term, what society-level factors do you think affect crime? And why would such factors impact different races/ethnicities differently? Is it differences in social disorganization (Shaw & McKay)? Is it the "code of the street" (Anderson)? Limited access to legitimate coping mechanisms when faced with strain (Merton, Agnew)? Get creative!
.
Strengths and Barriers to Program Implementation As you de.docxcpatriciarpatricia
Strengths and Barriers to Program Implementation
As you design your program, it is important to anticipate potential issues related to program implementation. Careful forethought can help you to minimize unnecessary stumbling blocks during implementation.
There are strengths and barriers associated with every program. What do you see as the key factors to be aware of for your program? Brainstorm key terms such as
community, culture, environment, organization, client, bias,
and
ethics
. Give consideration to the factors you come up with
(along with those in the Learning Resources)
as you proceed with this Discussion.
To prepare:
Review the information presented in the Learning Resources. What are some of the factors (e.g., community, organization, environmental, ethical) that you consider strengths or facilitators for your program (breast cancer in African American women in the USA)?
Which ones do you think may pose a challenge for your program(breast cancer in African American women in the USA)?
How do these barriers need to be addressed in your program design?
How might the strengths be leveraged to help overcome the barriers?
By tomorrow Wednesday 01/02/19 2 pm post a minimum of 550 words essay in APA format with a minimum of 3 scholarly references from the list of required readings below.
(Also see attached file on the previous paper regarding the program on the issue of breast cancer in African American women in the USA).
Include the level one header as numbered below:
Post
a cohesive scholarly response that addresses the following:
1) Analyze two or more community, client, organization, and/or environmental forces that may facilitate your program and two or more that may pose a challenge for your program (breast cancer in African American women in the USA).
2) Propose a strategy for addressing one of the barriers as a part of your program design (breast cancer in African American women in the USA)?
3) Ask questions of your colleagues regarding how you might address the other challenge.
Required Readings
Hodges, B. C., & Videto, D. M. (2011).
Assessment and planning in health programs (2nd ed.). Sudbury, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.
• Chapter 4, “Program Planning: The Big Picture”
• Chapter 5, “Social Marketing, Program Planning, and Implementation”
• Chapter 8, “Identifying Strategies and Activities”
• Chapter 9, “Program Implementation"
Chapter 4
outlines the program planning steps and emphasizes the importance of including your target population and additional stakeholders in the design process.
Chapter 5
reemphasizes this focus on the target audience as the authors discuss the use of marketing principles in relation to program development and implementation.
Chapter 8
discusses the importance of utilizing strategies that are aligned with the theoretical foundations of a program and presents recommendations for developing suitable activities. I.
Strengths 1. Large Enrollment 2. Flexible class schedules1. The.docxcpatriciarpatricia
Strengths: 1. Large Enrollment 2. Flexible class schedules
1. The Apollo Group is the largest provider of higher education for adults seeking an associates’, bachelors’, or masters’ degree. The University of Phoenix has over 400,000 students enrolled in one of their many degree programs. The revenues of the Apollo Group have increased by $4.9 billion and its profits increased to $553 million since 1996. 2. The Apollo Group offers classes that are catered around the schedules of working adults. Classes are offered year round with minimal breaks between semesters. Most students take one class twice a week for five to six weeks in the evenings. Classes are also offered online for students who do not wish to participate in the traditional classroom learning environment.
Weaknesses: 1. Accreditation 2. Lack of Qualified Instructors
1. The University of Phoenix (UOP) is accredited by the Higher Learning Commission. This accreditation is sufficient in most states, but some states require other accreditations from that particular state. The Bachelors’ and Masters’ programs in business offered by UOP are not accredited by the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business (AACSB). The AACSB is the most highly recognized accreditation in the industry. By not receiving this accreditation, students who receive degrees from UOP may not be considered for positions in the business industry. 2. UOP utilizes facilitators to facilitate or lead seminar style classrooms. Most classes are comprised of 10-15 students and those students are broken up into groups of 5. Most assignments are group assignments. The class facilitator leads the discussions and guides the class through the curriculum. The facilitators are the instructors for the class. UOP does not hire or employ professors with Doctoral Degrees in order to keep their labor cost down. When a college does not employ doctoral level instructors the quality of education is impaired.
Opportunities: 1. Perceived as a low quality diploma mill. 2. Lack of doctoral staff
These two opportunities for the University of Phoenix are intertwined. The degree programs at UOP are viewed as low quality diploma mills because they do not employ a large number of doctoral level instructors on their campuses. The class room curriculum is developed by the class facilitators. Those facilitators are not considered qualified in the education arena to develop such curriculums for bachelor and master level degree programs. Therefore, UOP is viewed as a for profit educational college that enrolls students in a degree program that does not equip them to handle the challenges they will face in the real world. It is a weakness, because in some states the graduates will not considered for a position in their field of study because UOP is not accredited.
Threats: 1. Competition. 2. Regulatory Issues
1. UOP faces more competition now as more public and private sector universities are now offering adult degree programs and online.
Street artist Shepard Fairey, who was graduated from the Rhode I.docxcpatriciarpatricia
Street artist Shepard Fairey, who was graduated from the Rhode Island School of Design, and the nation’s largest news wire service, The Associated Press (A.P.), sued each other over who owns the right to use and sell a well-recognized photograph image of President Obama. The A.P. claims that Fairey is profiting from a photo taken by a freelance photographer, Mannie Garcia, at the National Press Club in Washington, D.C. Fairey used the photograph as inspiration for his familiar “HOPE” poster, which became an unofficial symbol of the Obama presidential campaign.
Fairey claims that he simply used the A.P. photo “as a visual reference” and that his poster transforms the image in Garcia’s picture into a brand-new work of art with its own copyright protection.
The U.S. Copyright Code gives the creator of a photograph (or any kind of creative work, including movies, books, articles and songs) – the legal right to limit how other people can use the photo.
Background
A photograph, like any piece of creative work, becomes protected by copyright as soon as it is “fixed.” That means, as soon as the image is recorded in the photographer’s camera. The photo does not have to be registered with the U.S. Copyright Office or marked with the (c) copyright symbol to be legally protected.
When a photo is copyrighted, that means that the owner has the right to decide how other people use it. A wire service like The Associated Press makes its money by charging newspapers, magazines, broadcasters, and websites a fee to use its photographs. So, the A.P. is very protective about making sure that people are not duplicating or reselling its photos without a license and paying.
Photos are protected by copyright even when they are placed on the Web in a way that makes it very easy to duplicate them. An owner does not give up his copyright just by displaying the photo on a website.
If a person is accused of violating copyright law (“copyright infringement”), he can defend himself by proving that he made a “
fair use
.” The federal copyright law recognizes a “fair use” defense to allow people to make limited use of other people’s creative work, as long as they add some new creative value or meaning. Common examples of fair use are sampling a phrase from a popular song recording as part of a new song, or showing a brief clip from a movie to go along with a movie review.
To decide whether someone’s use of another person’s creative work is or isn’t a fair use, there are four points to consider:
Section 107 of the Copyright Act
defines fair use as follows:
[T]he fair use of a copyrighted work, including such use by reproduction in copies or phonorecords or by any other means specified by that section, for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching (including multiple copies for classroom use), scholarship, or research, is not an infringement of copyright. In determining whether the use made of a work in any particular case is a fair use the factor.
STRATEGYLeadershipLighting a fire under theniWhy urgen.docxcpatriciarpatricia
STRATEGY
Leadership
Lighting a fire under theni
Why urgency—not panic—is the key
to getting ahead in a recession
John Kotter got an enviable—if
unintentional—endorsement when
then-candidiitc liarack Obama began
inserting the phrase it sense ofurgeney
into his comments about the economy.
A Sense ofUrgeney (Harvard Business
Press, 2008) is the title of Kotter s
latest book on fostering change in
organizations—a subject the Harvard
Business School professor has owned
since publishing the seminal Leading
Change, in 1996.
Kotter believes there arc two kinds
of urgency—and, like cholesterol, one
is good and one is bad. The good kind
is characterized by constant scrutiny of
external promise and peril. It involves
relentless focus on doing only those
things that move the business forward in
the marketplace and on doing them right
now, if not sooner. 'I'he bad kind—to
which many companies have recently
succumbed^—is panic driven and charac-
terized by breathless activity that winds
up prodticing nothing demonstrably new,
Kotter advises leaders to stamp out
the bad urgency, which demoralizes and
drains people, and use the^—tiare we say
it?—opportunity of the economic crisis
to remake their organizations with a lean
and hungry look. And he encourages
them to sustain that newfound urgency
even when flush times return. Editor-at-
large I.eigh Fiuchanan spoke with Kotter
about his urgent call to urgency.
Samue! Johnson said nothing focuses
the mind like a hanging. Has that
happened with the recession? Has
it focused the minds of company
leaders and created the sense of
urgency you advocate?
1
Relentless Leadership guru John Kotter, author of 4 Sense oí Urgency,
says you should be doing something right now, today this very moment,
to move your company forward.
I wish that it had. Many companies
probably think they're responding with
urgency, and there are certainly a lot ot
people running aroujid tr)ing to come up
with solutions. But most ofthat activity is
going to be ineffectual, because it is driven
by a fear of losing. It's not that gut-level
determination to win and to make abso-
lutely sure that they do something every
single day to keep pushing that goal
forward. That's true urgency.
How can you distinguish good urgency
fronn bad urgency?
There are lots of signs of false urgency.
Frenetic activity. Everyone is exhausted,
working 14-hour days. One red flag is
how difficult it is to schedule a meeting.
With true urgency, people leave lots of
white space on their calendars, because
they recognize that the important
stuft^—the stuff they need to deal with
immediately—is going to happen. If
8 6 . I N C SEPTEMBER 2009 PHOTOGRAPH BY ADAM AMENGUAL
STRATEGY
you're overbooked, you can't manage
pressing problems or even recognize
they're pressing until tot) late.
People think that in urgent situations,
they're expected to take on Enore and
more. They're worried about keeping
their jobs, so they try to demonstrate
their value hy being incredihh' b.
STRATEGIESWhat can I do with this majorAREAS EMPLOYER.docxcpatriciarpatricia
STRATEGIES
What can I do with this major?
AREAS EMPLOYERS
CRIMINAL JUSTICE
SOCIAL SERVICES
Corrections
Counseling
Juvenile Justice
Casework
Administration
Probations & Parole
Victim Advocacy
State and federal correction facilities
County jails
Precinct station houses
Prison camps
Youth correction facilities
Medium-security correction facilities
Voluntary correction facilities
Halfway houses and pre-release programs
Reintegration programs
Alternative schools
Juvenile detention centers
Juvenile group homes
Women’s and family shelters
Domestic violence agencies
Immigration and naturalization services
Other nonprofit organizations
Seek courses or training in topics such as
victimology, social problems, diversity issues, or
grieving.
Supplement curriculum with courses in psychology,
sociology, or social work.
Gain experience working with a juvenile population in
any capacity (i.e., sports teams, summer camp
counselor, parks and recreation programs, and
community/religious youth groups).
Gain related experience in employment interviewing,
social casework, substance abuse, and
rehabilitation.
Learn to work well with people of diverse backgrounds.
Consider learning a second language.
Maintain a blemish-free driving and criminal record.
Gain firearms and self-defense training.
Earn a master’s degree in social work or counseling
for therapy positions.
Obtain a masters degree in criminal justice or
business for upper-level positions in facilities
management or administration.
JUDICIARY AND LAW
Court Reporting
Legal Assistance
Legal Research
Administration
Local, state, and federal courts
Law firms
Corporate legal departments
Public interest law organizations
Consider a double major or minor in the social
sciences such as psychology, anthropology,
sociology, or political science.
Attend a postsecondary vocational or technical college
that offers court reporting or paralegal certification
programs.
Obtain a law degree from a law school accredited by
the American Bar Association (ABA).
Learn to use software packages such as CD-ROM
research databases.
Develop strong research, computer, and writing skills.
Maintain a high grade point average to gain admittance
to law school.
Participate in mock trial groups.
STRATEGIESEMPLOYERSAREAS
(Criminal Justice, Page 2)
LAW ENFORCEMENT
Patrolling
Investigating
Forensics
Probation
Security
City/County Government Organizations including:
Police departments
Correction facilities
County sheriff departments
Liquor Control Commission
State Government Organizations including:
State troopers
Crime labs
Penitentiaries
Federal Government Organizations including:
U.S. Customs and Border Protection
Federal Bureau of Investigations (FBI)
Internal Revenue Service (IRS)
Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA)
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
Department of Homeland Security
Postal Service
Federal Marshals
Wildlife, Fisheries, and Parks
United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)
National Parks Service
Crime lab.
Strategies for ChangeWeek 7 The Hard Side of Change Management.docxcpatriciarpatricia
Strategies for Change
Week 7: "The Hard Side of Change Management"
Change is a challenge. This isn’t news. We focus on all the elements that may stand in our way such as human resistance, poor leadership, or lack of motivation. But sometimes we get so wrapped up in these soft elements of change that we overlook the nuts and bolts, the hard elements that are important to making change successful.
Initial Post Instructions
After reading “The Hard Side of Change Management” this week, it will be fruitful to explore additional theories of change management. To prepare for the discussion forum this week, conduct some research on other theories: complexity theory; Kurt Lewin's Force Field Analysis (Unfreeze, Change, Freezing); Morgan's
Images of Organization
or related articles.
Compare and contrast these models with Kotter's
8 Steps to Change
. At this point, refrain from personal opinion - focus on an objective analysis of the theories themselves.
Follow Up Posts, 75-150 words minimum
After your initial post, read over the items posted by your peers and your instructor. Select at least two different posts, and address the following items in your responses:
i. Did your peer’s assessment of the different theories offer new insights to you?
ii. What questions remain in your mind after reading their analyses of these change model? Invite further conversation about these theories.
Patricia McCarthy
Kurt Lewin’s Force Field Analysis involved three steps, unfreezing, moving and refreezing. Lewin’s three concepts considered the ideas of shaping and incorporating a way to deal with the investigating, comprehension and achieving change at the organizational and societal level. The unfreezing stage was based on that the balance should be destabilized (unfrozen) before old conduct can be disposed of (unlearned) and new conduct effectively embraced. Under the moving stage one should try to consider every one of the powers at work and distinguish and assess, on a testing premise, all the accessible alternatives. In the final stage refreezing new conduct must be, somewhat, compatible with the remainder of the conduct, character and condition of the person or it will just prompt another round of disconfirmation.
Morgan’s tactic was based on the principle that organization concepts depended on the understanding of images of the organization. Metaphors can be viewed as ideas which can support the understanding of an organization. Morgan’s ideas “metaphors” are a machine, an organism, an information processor (brain), a culture, a political system, a psychic prison, a flux and transformation, an instrument of domination. Morgan’s metaphors have filled in as methods for translating hierarchical issues, as beginning stages for research, and as edges for characterizing writing in the field. The metaphors also include various theories and means of making sense of organizations while some scholars see them as a tool to analyze and.
Strategic Planning
Unrestricted
“the managerial process of creating and
maintaining a fit between the organization’s
objectives and resources and the evolving
market opportunities”
What is strategic planning?
• Goal:
• Long-term growth and profitability
• Addresses two questions:
• What is the organization’s main activity
(currently)?
• How will it reach its goals?
Strategic planning
• A subgroup of a single business or a collection of
related businesses within the larger organization
Strategic business units
• Each SBU has:
• A unique target market
• Control over its resources
• Its own unique competitors
• A unique strategic plan
• May have its own accounting, R&D,
manufacturing, marketing
Strategic business units
Strategic alternatives - tools
Ansoff’s strategic opportunity matrix
The innovation matrix
• Yellow:
• Core Innovation
• Uses existing assets
• Ex: Tide Pods
• Orange:
• Adjacent Innovation
• Uses existing abilities in new ways
• Ex: Crest Whitestrips
• Red:
• Transformational Innovation
• New markets, new products, new businesses
• Ex: Uber/Lyft
The innovation matrix
Core Innovation
Next year’s car
Adjacent Innovation
Electric car
Transformational
Innovation
App-based taxi service
The innovation matrix
• Portfolios: SBUs will have a range of performance
in terms of growth and profitability
• This matrix organizes each SBU by their present or
future growth and market share
• Relative market share:
• The ratio between the company’s market share and the
share of the largest competitor
Boston Consulting Group’s Portfolio Matrix
Boston Consulting Group’s Portfolio Matrix
Boston Consulting Group’s Portfolio Matrix
Build Build or Harvest
Hold or Harvest Divest
Boston Consulting Group’s Portfolio Matrix
The General Electric Model
• Ansoff’s Matrix:
• Helps you choose between current options (the
present market and what you can currently offer)
and new options (a new market and/or new
products)
• Innovation Matrix:
• Illustrates how opportunities change as you move
away from core capabilities
• Boston Consulting Matrix:
• Helps you analyze the performance of a portfolio of
SBUs
• General Electric:
• Adds more nuance to the Boston Consulting matrix
When to use what?
• Based on the company or SBU’s strategy,
managers can now create a marketing plan
• Process of anticipating future events and determining
strategies to achieve organizational objectives in the
future
Planning
• Designing activities relating to marketing objectives and
the changing marketing environment
Marketing planning
• Written document that acts as a guidebook of
marketing activities for the marketing manager
Marketing plan
The Marketing Plan
• To provide clearly stated activities that help
employees and managers understand and work
toward common goals
• To allow the examination of the marketing
environment in conjunction with the inner
workings of the businesses
• To help marketing ma.
StrategicCompetitive PositionApple Inc. is known for its state-of.docxcpatriciarpatricia
Strategic/Competitive Position
Apple Inc. is known for its state-of-the-art designs for products such as the iPhone, but most are unaware that Apple has used technology to streamline its supply chain management and operational systems to provide competitive pricing. This use of technology has allowed the company to under price its competitors and yet maintain a 25 percent margin on their products. The use of IT has provided Apple with a strategic and competitive position which most of their competitors find difficult to match or exceed.
Using your company or a real-world example from your research, analyze how information systems affect the firm’s strategic and competitive position.
Using the assigned readings and the Argosy University online library resources, explain how information technology:
Impacts competitive rivalry, such as pricing, promotion, and distribution
Enables or dissuades new entrants
Enables customers to achieve greater bargaining power
Enables suppliers to gain more bargaining power
Gives rise to substitute products or services that threaten the existing market
Give reasons and examples from your research to support your responses.
Write your initial response in approximately 300 words. Apply APA standards to citation of sources.
By
Saturday, July 26, 2014
, post your response to the appropriate
Discussion Area
. Through
Wednesday, July 30, 2014
, review and comment on at least two peers’ responses. Consider the following:
Respond to at least two points they have made regarding competitive strategies.
Assignment 1 Grading Criteria
Maximum Points
Initial response:
Was insightful, original, accurate, and timely.
Was substantive and demonstrated advanced understanding of concepts.
Compiled/synthesized theories and concepts drawn from a variety of sources to support statements and conclusions.
16
Discussion response and participation:
Responded to a minimum of two peers in a timely manner.
Included research in the response.
Asked challenging questions that promoted the discussion.
Drew relationships between one or more points in the discussion.
16
Writing:
Wrote in a clear, concise, formal, and organized manner.
Responses were error free.
Information from sources, where applicable, was paraphrased appropriately and accurately cited.
8
Total:
40
.
Strategies for Negotiation & Conflict Resolution Dr. Janice Ba.docxcpatriciarpatricia
Strategies for Negotiation & Conflict Resolution
Dr. Janice Barrett
Notes onCrisis Management and Conflict Resolution
Defining a crisis: An event that brings, or has the potential for bringing, an organization and its leaders into disrepute and imperil the organization’s future profitability, reputation, growth and possibly its very survival.
Financial measures of a crisis: bankruptcy, drop in sales, boycotts, loss of valuable employees etc.
Tarnished reputation results: the erosion of a company’s reputation in the eyes of its many stakeholders and the general public --- the worth of an entire organization can be endangered as a consequence.
Characteristics of a crisis:
Suddenness
Uncertainty
Time compression
The seven types of crises:
1. nature (natural disasters such as earthquakes, hurricanes, floods)
2. technology (oil spills, nuclear reactor accidents)
3. confrontation (equal rights, strikes)
4. malevolence (terrorists, disinformation)
5. skewed values (fraud, cheating, embezzlement)
6. deception (withholding information, lying, deceptive products)
7. misconduct (illegal or criminal acts).
Essentials of a contingency plan: Contingency planning involves formulating responses to crises before they occur. The essentials of a contingency plan include: anticipating what might happen, searching for preventative and preparatory measures, and drafting appropriate responses to those situations most likely to occur or whose impact is greatest.
Other, more specific elements are: Identify all potential contingencies and areas of vulnerability, examine specific vulnerabilities, review general vulnerabilities based on the organization’s “public nature”, establish crisis thresholds and assign crisis alert responsibilities, organize and train a crisis management team and establish a crisis communications center, Obtain advanced approvals for contingency plan measures, list and prioritize publics that must be informed, prepare a crisis media list and background press materials, and designate and train spokespersons.
The most important tasks are: Identifying risks, ranking those risks in a matrix based on relative impact as compared to probability of occurrence, and finally creating plans to eliminate or mitigate the impact of the most impactful and highest probable incidents. Every crisis cannot be planned for; there are simply not enough resources to do so. However, high impact, and high probability risks can be eliminated, or at least mitigated by proper planning and management.
The essentials of a contingency plan include: anticipating what might happen, searching for preventative and preparatory measures, and drafting appropriate responses to those situations most likely to occur or whose impact is greatest. Other, more specific elements are: Identify all potential contingencies and areas of vulnerability, examine specific vulnerabilities, review general vulnerabilities based on the organization’s “public nature”, establ.
Strategic Review2015-2020Prepared by XYZ Consultants.docxcpatriciarpatricia
Strategic Review
2015-2020
Prepared by XYZ Consultants
Version 1.0
20 September 2016
Table of Contents
1 About FitLife 1
1.1 Background 1
1.2 Mission, Vision and Values 1
2 Goals and Objectives 2
2.1 Goals 2
2.2 General Objectives 2
2.3 Proposed Marketing objectives 2
3 Situation Analysis 3
3.1 SWOT Analysis 3
3.2 Product Portfolio – BCG Boston Matrix 4
3.3 PEST/STEEP Analysis 5
3.4 Trend Analysis 6
4. Competitor Analysis 8
5 Key Statistics 14
6 Financials 16
References 18
Introduction
The health and wellbeing industry is a dynamic sector and plays a critical role in the Australian economy. The industry has grown substantially within the last decade, generating $2.2billion revenue on an annual basis (with 3.5% annual growth rate) through 3265 health clubs housing 32,875 employment opportunities across the country. The industry also plays a key role in improving the health and fitness of Australians.
An evaluation of the company’s internal strengths and weaknesses, external opportunities and threats, market trend analysis, and macro environment study established a groundwork to prepare this strategic review.1 About FitLife1.1 Background
FitLife is a privately-owned Sydney based Australian health club chain with 70 health clubs and 182,000 active members in Australia. FitLife serves as one of the industry leaders in the sport and fitness segment providing multi-purpose fitness venues across the country providing state of the art facilities, equipment and services.
FitLife has its base of operations in North Sydney (Health Club and Head Office), Sydney and operates in each state:
State
Total Health Clubs
Total Members
NSW
38
98,800
QLD
10
26,000
VIC
9
23,400
SA
4
10,400
ACT
3
7,800
WA
3
7,800
TAS
2
5,200
NT
1
2,600
Grand Total
70
182,000
Each health club offers the following facilities and services:
· Gym for weightlifting and cardio
· Gymnastics room (martial arts, boxing and kendo)
· Classes (Pilates, Yoga, BodyPump, Cycle, BodyAttack, Full Body Lift, and FatBurner).1.2 Mission, Vision and Values
The mission, in engagement with the community, is to provide innovative health clubs delivering cutting-edge fitness and lifestyle programs that will motivate people of all ages, backgrounds and abilities to lead active, healthy lives.
The vision is to be regarded as a premier provider of quality fitness, gymnastics and wellness through innovative programs and services that result in measurable and transformational changes in the lives of those they serve.
FitLife are passionate for promoting the quality of life for everyone on the basis of the following values and attitudes in all of their staff, members and the community:
Quality
Accountability
Energy
Mutual Respect
Diversity
Enthusiasm
Integrity
Accountability
Care
Honesty
Responsibility
Professionalism
2 Goals and Objectives
Due to its healthy outlook, the Executive Management would like to allocate a total of $1,061,059 budget to market research and then devel.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
1. Stream Morphology
Investigation
Manual
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
Made ADA compliant by
NetCentric Technologies using
the CommonLook® software
STREAM MORPHOLOGY
Overview
Students will construct a physical scale model of a stream
system
to help understand how streams and rivers shape the solid earth
(i.e., the landscape). Students will perform several experiments
to determine streamflow properties under different conditions.
They will apply the scientific method, testing their own
scenarios
regarding human impacts to river systems.
Outcomes
• Design a stream table model to analyze the different
characteristics of streamflow.
• Explain the effects of watersheds on the surrounding
environment in terms of the biology, water quality, and
economic
2. importance of streams.
• Identify different stream features based on their geological
formation due to erosion and deposition.
• Develop an experiment to test how human actions can
modify
stream morphology in ways that may, in turn, impact riparian
ecosystems.
Time Requirements
Preparation ...................................................................... 5
minutes,
then let sit
overnight
Activity 1: Creating a Stream Table ................................ 60
minutes
Activity 2: Scientific Method: Modeling Human Impacts
on Stream Ecosystems .................................. 45 minutes
2 Carolina Distance Learning
Key
Personal protective
equipment
(PPE)
goggles gloves apron
follow
link to
video
photograph
results and
3. submit
stopwatch
required
warning corrosion flammable toxic environment health hazard
Key
Personal protective
equipment
(PPE)
goggles gloves apron
follow
link to
video
photograph
results and
submit
stopwatch
required
warning corrosion flammable toxic environment health hazard
Table of Contents
2 Overview
2 Outcomes
2 Time Requirements
3 Background
9 Materials
10 Safety
10 Preparation
4. 10 Activity 1
12 Activity 2
13 Submission
13 Disposal and Cleanup
14 Lab Worksheet
18 Lab Questions
Background
A watershed is an area of land that drains
any form of precipitation into the earth’s water
bodies (see Figure 1). The entire land area that
forms this connection of atmospheric water to
the water on Earth, whether it is rain flowing into
a lake or snow soaking into the groundwater, is
considered a watershed.
Water covers approximately 70% of the earth’s
surface. However, about two-thirds of all water
is impaired to some degree, with less than
1% being accessible, consumable freshwater.
Keeping watersheds pristine is the leading
method for providing clean drinking water to
communities, and it is a high priority worldwide.
However, with increased development and
people flocking toward waterfront regions to live,
downstream communities are becoming increas-
ingly polluted every day.
From small streams to large rivers (hereafter
considered “streams”), streamflow is a vital
part of understanding the formation of water
and landmasses within a watershed. Under-
standing the flow of a stream can help to deter-
mine when and how much water reaches other
5. areas of a watershed. For example, one of the
leading causes of pollution in most waterways
across the United States is excessive nutrient
and sediment overloading from runoff from
the landmasses surrounding these waterways.
Nutrients such as phosphorus and nitrogen
are prevalent in fertilizers that wash off lawns
and farms into surrounding sewer and water
systems. This process can cause the overpro-
duction of algae, which are further degraded
by bacteria. These bacteria then take up the
surrounding oxygen for respiration and kill
multiple plants and organisms. A comprehen-
sive understanding of the interaction between
streams and the land as they move downstream
to other areas of a watershed can help prevent
pollution. One example is to build a riparian
buffer—a group of plants grown along parts of
a stream bank that are able to trap pollutants
and absorb excessive nutrients; this lessens the
effects of nutrient overloading in the streambed.
(A riparian ecosystem is one that includes a
stream and the life along its banks.)
Sediment, which is easily moved by bodies of
water, has a negative effect on water quality. It
can clog fish gills and cause suffocation, and the
water quality can be impaired by becoming very
cloudy because of high sediment flow. This can
create problems for natural vegetation growth
by obstructing light and can prevent animals
continued on next page
www.carolina.com/distancelearning 3
6. Figure 1.
Snow
Rainfall
Precipitation
Overland
flows
Underground
sources
STREAM MORPHOLOGY
Background continued
from visibly finding their prey. Erosion also has
considerable effects on stream health. Erosion,
or the moving of material (soil, rock, or sand)
from the earth to another location, is caused by
actions such as physical and chemical weath-
ering (see Figure 2). These processes loosen
rocks and other materials and can move these
sediments to other locations through bodies
of water. Once these particles reach their final
destination, they are considered to be depos-
ited. Deposition is also an important process
because where the sediment particles end up
can greatly impact the shape of the land and
how water is distributed throughout the system
(see Figure 2). Erosion and deposition can occur
multiple times along the length of a stream and
can vary because of extreme weather, such
7. as flooding or high wind. Over time, these two
processes can completely reshape an area,
causing the topography, or physical features, of
an entire watershed to be altered. Depending on
weather conditions, a streambed can be altered
quite quickly. Faster moving water tends to
erode more sediment than it deposits. Deposi-
tion usually occurs in slower moving water. With
less force acting on the sediment, it falls out
of suspension and builds up on the bottom or
sides of the streambed.
Sediments are deposited throughout the length
of a stream as bars, generally in the middle of
a channel, or as floodplains, which are more
ridgelike areas of land along the edges of the
stream. Bars generally consist of gravel or sand-
size particles, whereas floodplains are made of
more fine-grained material. Deltas (see Figure
3) and alluvial fans (see Figure 4) are sediment
deposits that occur because of flowing water
continued on next page
4 Carolina Distance Learning
Figure 2. Figure 3.
Erosion Deposition
and are considered more permanent struc-
tures because of their longevity. They are both
fan-shaped accumulations of sediment that
8. form when the stream shape changes. Deltas
form in continuous, flowing water at the mouth
of streams, whereas alluvial fans only form in
streams that flow intermittently (when it rains
or when snow melts). Alluvial fans are usually
composed of larger particles and will form in
canyons and valleys as water accumulates in
these regions. The fan shape of both deposits
is easy to spot from a distance, because they
are formed due to the sand settling out on the
bottom of the streams.
Streamflow Characteristics
Discharge, or the amount of water that flows
past a given location of a stream (per second),
is a very important characteristic of stream-
flow. Discharge and velocity (the speed of
the water moving in the stream) are both vital
to the shaping of streambeds. Within stream
ecosystems, there are microhabitats (smaller
habitats making up larger habitats) that have
different discharges and velocities. The type
of microhabitat depends on the width of that
part of the stream, the shape of the streambed,
and many other physical factors. In areas that
contain riffles, water quickly splashes over
shallow, rocky areas, which are easily observed
in sunny areas (see Figure 5). Deeper pools of
slower moving water also form on the outside
of the bends of the streams, as shown in Figure
5. Runs, which are deeper than riffles but have
a moderate current, connect riffles and pools
throughout the stream. The source of a stream
continued on next page
9. www.carolina.com/distancelearning 5
Figure 4.
Figure 5.
PoolRiffles
STREAM MORPHOLOGY
Background continued
is where it begins, while the mouth of a stream is
where it discharges into a lake or an ocean.
Flow rate is very helpful for engineers and
scientists who study the impacts of a stream
on organisms, surrounding land, and even
recreational uses such as boating and fishing.
The speed of the water in specific areas helps
to determine the composition of the substrate
in that area of the streambed, i.e., whether the
material is more clay, sand, mud, or gravel.
Particle sizes of different sediments are shaped
and deposited throughout various areas of a
stream, depending on these factors.
Most streams have specific physical features
that show periodicity or consistency in regular
intervals. Meanders can occur in a streambed
because of gravity. Water erodes sediment to
the outside of a stream and deposits sediment
along the opposite bank, forming a natural
10. weaving or “snaking” pattern. This pattern can
form in any depth of water and along any type
of terrain. Sinuosity is the measure of how
curvy a stream is. This is a helpful measurement
when determining the flow rates of streams
because it can show how the curves affect the
water velocity. In major rivers and very broad
valleys, meanders can be separated from the
main body of a river, leaving a U-shaped water
body known as an oxbow lake (see Figure 6).
These lake formations can become an entirely
new ecosystem with food and shelter for some
organisms, such as amphibians, to thrive in.
continued on next page
6 Carolina Distance Learning
Figure 6.
Oxbow Lake Formation
continued on next page
www.carolina.com/distancelearning 7
Another feature important for streamflow is the
difference in elevation, or the relief of a stream
as it flows downstream. Streams start at a
higher elevation than where they end up; this
causes the discharge and velocity at the source
versus that at the mouth of the stream to be
quite different, depending on the meandering
of the stream and the type of deposition and
11. erosion that occurs. The gradient is another
important factor of stream morphology. This
is a measure of the slope of the stream over
a particular distance (the relief over the total
distance of the stream). For a kayaker who
wants to know how fast he/she can paddle
down a particular stream, knowing the difference
in elevation (relief) is important over a particular
area; however, knowing the slope of this partic-
ular area will give the kayaker a more accurate
prediction. With erosion and deposition occur-
ring at different rates and at different parts of the
stream, knowing the gradient is a very important
part of determining streamflow for the kayaker.
Groundwater is also affected by changes in
the stream shape and flow. Water infiltrates the
ground in recharge zones. If streams are contin-
uously flowing over these areas, the ground is
able to stay saturated. Most streams are peren-
nial, meaning they flow all year. However, a
drought or an extreme weather event may lower
the stream level. This can lower the ground-
water level, which then allows the stream to only
sustain flow when it rises to a level above the
water table. With the small amount of available
freshwater on Earth, it is vital that our ground-
water sources stay pristine.
Biotic and Economic Impacts of Streams
Not only are streams a major source of clean
freshwater for humans, but they are also a
hotspot for diversity and life. There is great biotic
variability between the different microhabitats
(e.g., riffles, pools, and runs) of a stream. Riffles,
12. in particular, have a high biodiversity because of
the constant movement of water and replenish-
ment of oxygen throughout. Pools usually have
fewer and more hardy organisms in their slower,
deeper moving waters where less oxygen is
available. There are also a multitude of plant
and animal species living around streams. From
a stream in a backyard to the 1,500-mile-long
Colorado River, streams have thousands of
types of birds, insects, and plants that live near
them because they are nutrient-rich with clean
freshwater. Sometimes nutrient spiraling can
occur in these streams. Nutrient spiraling is the
periodic chemical cycling of nutrients throughout
different depths of the streams. This process
recycles nutrients and allows life to thrive at all
depths and regions of different-size streams.
Streams can also have significant economic
impacts on a region. Streams are a channel for
fishing and transportation, two of the largest
industries in the world. Because of all the
commercial boating operations that occur world-
wide in these channels, it is vital to understand
the formation and flow patterns of streams so
that they are clear and navigable. Fishing for
human consumption is another large, worldwide
industry that depends on stream health; keeping
streams pristine and understanding how they
form are of utmost importance in sustaining this
top food industry. Recreational activities such
as kayaking, sportfishing, and boating all shape
areas where streams and rivers are prevalent as
well.
13. STREAM MORPHOLOGY
Background continued
All acts that happen on land affect the water
quality downstream. Through creating a model
stream table in this lab, one can predict large,
system-wide effects. Many land features and
physical parts of a streambed can affect the flow
of water within a watershed. Houses along a
streambed or numerous large rocks can cause
the streamflow to change directions. If any of
these factors cause erosion or deposition in
an area of the stream, microhabitats can be
created. These factors can affect the stream on
a larger scale, creating changes in flow speeds
and widths of the streambeds.
The Importance of Scaling and the Use of the
Scientific Method
When a stream table model is created, a large-
scale depiction of a streambed is being reduced
to a smaller scale so that the effects of different
stream properties on the surrounding environ-
ment can be demonstrated. While the stream
table made in this lab is not a to-size stream
and landscape, the same processes can be
more easily observed at a scaled-down size.
Scientists frequently create models to simplify
complex processes for easier understanding.
For example, to physically observe something
that is too big, such as the distance between
each planet in the solar system, the spatial
distance can be scaled to create a solar system
model. By changing the distance between each
planet from kilometers to centimeters, this large
14. system is now more feasibly observed. Similarly,
the stream model allows us to physically view
different scenarios of a streambed and analyze
different stream properties. Mathematical
equations are also used frequently to observe
data to predict future conditions, such as in
meteorological models. Ultimately, models can
be very important tools for predicting future
events and analyzing processes that occur
in a system.
When one creates a model, many different
outcomes for the same type of setup can be
possible. In this case, multiple variations of
similar-size streambeds will be designed to
evaluate different stream features and their
impacts on the surrounding ecosystem. When
performing any type of scientific evalua-
tion, the scientific method is very useful in
obtaining accurate results. This method involves
performing experiments and recording observa-
tions to answer a question of interest.
Although the exact step names and sequences
sometimes vary a bit from source to source,
in general, the scientific method begins with
a scientist making observations about some
phenomenon and then asking a question. Next,
a scientist proposes a hypothesis—a “best
guess” based upon available information as to
what the answer to the question will be. The
scientist then designs an experiment to test the
hypothesis. Based on the experimental results,
the scientist then either accepts the hypothesis
(if it matches what happened) or rejects it (if it
15. doesn’t). A rejected hypothesis is not a failure; it
is helpful information that can point the way to
a new hypothesis and experiment. Finally, the
scientist communicates the findings to the world
through presenting at a peer-reviewed academic
conference and/or publishing in a scholarly
journal like Science or Nature, for example.
continued on next page
8 Carolina Distance Learning
www.carolina.com/distancelearning 9
When creating stream table models, we are
trying to understand how different factors can
affect streamflow. A few very important steps
from the scientific method are required. The first
is forming a testable hypothesis, or an educated
prediction, of what you expect to observe
based on what you have learned about stream
morphology thus far. In Activity 1, the steps are
already listed, so the main goal is to compare
the two differences in stream reliefs. However,
in Activity 2, the goal is to alter a different vari-
able and predict what will happen to several
stream features in this new situation. In general,
when recording these observations to test a
hypothesis, it is important to repeat the tests.
To obtain valid results, you need to have similar
results over multiple attempts to ensure consis-
tency in the findings and to show that what you
are discovering is not by chance but is instead
replicated each time the experiment is run. While
16. multiple trials are not required in this lab experi-
ment, if you feel particularly less than confident
with your results from doing only one trial run in
Activity 1 or 2, feel free to do multiple trials to
test for validity.
Materials
Needed but not supplied:
• Tray or cookie sheet (or something similar)
• 2–3 lb bag of play sand (not construction sand
or any other type of sand or soil) or, if that is
unavailable, substitute with 1 lb bag (or more)
of plain cornmeal (not self-rising)
• Single-use cup that can have a hole poked in it
(e.g., plastic yogurt cup, foam cup)
• Small piece of foam (such as from a foam cup),
about the size of a grain of rice
• Cup, such as a glass, mug, or plastic cup
• Paper clip, skewer, or thumbtack (to poke a
hole in the single-use cup)
• 2 books, one approximately twice as thick as
the other
• Ruler (There is a ruler in the Equipment Kit if
you have already received it, or you can print
one at a website such as printable-ruler.net.)
• Tap water
• 2 Plastic bags (to cover the books or objects
17. you don’t want to get wet)
• Stopwatch (or cell phone with a timer)
• Digital camera or mobile device capable of
taking photos
• Piece of string
• Marker
https://printable-ruler.net
STREAM MORPHOLOGY
continued on next page
10 Carolina Distance Learning
Safety
Wear your safety
goggles, gloves, and
lab apron for the dura-
tion of this investigation.
Read all the instructions for these laboratory
activities before beginning. Follow the instruc-
tions closely, and observe established laboratory
safety practices, including the use of appropriate
personal protective equipment (PPE).
Do not eat, drink, or chew gum while performing
these activities. Wash your hands with soap and
water before and after performing the activities.
Clean the work area with soap and water after
completing the investigation. Keep pets and chil-
dren away from lab materials and equipment.
18. Preparation
Note: This investigation is best performed
outdoors or in an area in which it is easy to
clean up wet sand/cornmeal and water. Do
not dump any of the sand/cornmeal and
water mixture down the sink, because it can
cause clogging.
1. Read through the activities.
2. Obtain all materials.
3. Pour the sand or cornmeal in one, even layer
on the tray or cookie sheet.
4. Pour water slowly over the sand/cornmeal
until it is completely saturated. Pour off any
excess water outside.
5. With your hands, rub the sand/cornmeal so
it is flat, and let it dry overnight in the tray/
cookie sheet.
6. Using the paper clip, skewer, or thumbtack,
poke a hole in the side of the single-use cup,
1 cm up from the bottom of the cup.
ACTIVITY 1
ACTIVITY
A Creating a Stream Table
In this activity, you will be measuring different
factors (see Step 5) for two different stream
models: one where the streambed is tilted at a
steeper angle and another where the streambed
19. is tilted at a shallower one. Propose four sepa-
rate hypotheses for which of the two streambed
angles (steeper or shallower) will have the
highest values for sinuosity, velocity, relief, and
gradient. Briefly state why you feel that way.
Complete this information in the “Hypotheses”
section of the Lab Worksheet.
1. Bring the tray outside. Place the thicker book
in a plastic bag. Place the tray on one end of
the book so it is tilted (see Figure 7).
2. Fill the cup without a hole in it with tap water
and slowly pour the water into the single-use
cup. Ensure that the single-use cup is right
above the higher end of the tray.
Note: Store extra tap water on-site if more
water is needed to form a stream.
3. Let the water trickle out of the hole in the
single-use cup down the sand/cornmeal.
Observe how the water forms a “stream”
in the table. Stop pouring after a small
streamflow has formed down the table.
Poking a Hole in a Cup to Create a
Stream
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Figure 7. Tray Thicker
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21. How to Measure the Velocity of a
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c. Relief = highest elevation (cm) − lowest
elevation (cm) (recorded in cm)
Measure the elevation change from the
beginning to the end of the stream. Use
the ruler to measure the highest point of
the incline to the ground for the highest
elevation and measure the bottom part
of the tray to the ground for the lowest
elevation.
4. On a blank sheet of paper, carefully
sketch what the formed stream looks
like. Clearly label where erosion and deposition
have occurred along the streambed. Take a
photograph of your completed drawing and
another photograph of your actual stream
table. In the stream table photograph, include
a strip of paper with your name and the date
written on it. You will be uploading both
photographs to your lab report.
5. Use the instructions below to calculate the
values for the different physical stream features
in the “Calculations” section of the Lab
Worksheet. Record these values in Data Table
1 of the “Observations/Data Tables” section of
the Lab Worksheet.
22. a. Sinuosity = curvy distance (cm)/straight
distance (cm) (no units)
i. Use a piece of string to measure the
distance from the mouth to the source
of the stream along the curve (curvy
distance). Once you have used the string
to trace the stream, hold each end of the
string, straighten it, lay it flat, and mark
where the two ends of the stream were.
Use a ruler to measure this distance
between the marks (the curvy distance).
ii. Use a ruler to measure the distance
straight down the stream from the mouth
to the source of the stream (no curve—
straight distance).
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Note: In Activity 1, the heights of the source
of the streams were altered to observe how
streamflow and streambed formation were
affected. In Activity 2, use your streamflow
knowledge to design an experiment by
altering a different characteristic. You will
record the same calculations for your new
experimental setup.
ACTIVITY
ACTIVITY 1 continued
How to Measure the Relief of a
Stream
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d. Gradient = relief (cm)/total distance (cm)
(rise/run) (no units)
Measure the slope of the stream; divide
the relief by the total distance (calculated
in Steps c and a). Note: If the stream is
curvy, this distance is the curvy distance;
if it is not, then this distance is the straight
distance.
How to Measure the Gradient of a
24. Stream
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6. Gently pour the excess water from the stream
table into the grass, and flatten the sand/
cornmeal out where the stream formed,
making a uniform layer.
7. Repeat Steps 1–6 with the thinner book to
obtain a more gradual stream formation.
8. While not required, if you feel particularly less
than confident with your results from doing
only one trial run, feel free to do multiple trials
to test for validity.
ACTIVITY 2
A Scientific Method: Modeling
Human Impacts on Stream
Ecosystems
1. Design a procedure similar to Activity 1.
Choose one height to test the trials and
change a different variable to analyze the
same calculations for stream movement
and formation throughout the streambed.
Choose a variable to change that models how
humans might modify a stream channel for
good or for ill. Activities such as pre-digging
a stream, adding a dam or other features
along the streambed, or adding plants along
these areas are all common factors that
can be altered within a streambed. Feel
25. free to implement additional materials from
your surroundings, such as using a rock to
represent a dam, for example.
2. Hypothesize whether each of the four
calculations (sinuosity, velocity, relief, and
gradient) will increase, decrease, or stay the
same, and include your reasoning in your
choices. Record this in the “Hypotheses”
section in your Lab Worksheet.
12 Carolina Distance Learning
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26. www.carolina.com/distancelearning 13
3. Test your new experimental design
by using the same procedure as in
Activity 1. On a blank sheet of paper, carefully
sketch what the formed stream looks like.
Clearly label where erosion and deposition
have occurred along the streambed. Take a
photograph of your completed drawing …
Running head: NAME OF LAB
1
Running head: NAME OF LAB
3
Name of Lab
Your Name
SCI 207: Our Dependence Upon the Environment
Instructor’s Name
Date
*This template will enable you to produce a polished Lab
Report. Simply complete each section below, pasting in all
your completed data tables, graphs, and photographs where
indicated. Before you submit your Lab Report, it is
recommended that you run it through Turnitin, using the student
folder, to ensure protection from accidental plagiarism. Please
delete this purple text, and all the instructions below, before
submitting your final report.
Title of Lab Goes Here
Introduction
27. Background paragraph: Provide background on the lab topic,
explaining the key concepts covered in the lab and defining (in
your own words) important terms relating to the lab. Explain
why the lab topic is important to scientists. Using APA format,
cite at least two outside credible sources (sources other than
textbook or lab manual) in your statement. Your background
paragraph should be 5-7 original, substantive sentences long.
Objectives paragraph:In 4-5 sentences, explain the purpose of
this lab. What is it intended to examine or test?
Hypotheses paragraph: State your hypotheses for this lab. Be
sure to cover all the lab activities, one at a time. For each
hypothesis, explain why you originally thought that would
happen.
Note: Do not mention the actual results of the lab here – they go
later in the report.
For additional help in writing your Introduction section, refer to
the Ashford Writing Center Resource, Introductions and
Conclusions.
Materials and Methods
Using your own words, describe what you did in each of the lab
activities. Answers should enable a lab report reader to repeat
the lab just as you did it – a process known as replication.
Clearly explain any measurements you made (including the
measurement units).
Results
Data Tables: Copy and paste each of your completed data tables
here, in order (Weeks One, Two, Four, and Five Labs only).
Observations: Provide your observations for each lab activity
here, in order (Week Three Lab only)
Graphs: Paste your graphshere (Week Four Lab only). Include a
numbered figure caption below each one, in APA format.
Photographs: Paste your photographs here, in the order they
were taken in the lab. Include numbered figure captions below
each one, in APA format.
28. For additional help with the data tables and images, refer to the
Ashford Writing Center resource, Tables, Images, and
Appendices.
Discussion
Accept or reject hypotheses paragraph: Based upon the results
of each lab activity, explain whether you accepted or rejected
each of your hypotheses, and why.
Follow these steps:
· Restate your original hypothesis for the lab activity.
· Communicate the results of the lab. Then,
· Compare your hypothesis to the results of the lab and decide
whether to accept your hypothesis or reject it.
· State if your hypothesis is supported or not, and explain with
evidence.
· Move on to the next lab activity and repeat the process.
What I have learned paragraph: What important new things have
you learned from this lab? Use at least one credible outside
source (not the lab manual or textbook) to answer this question.
Cite the source using APA format. Answers should be 5-7
original, substantive sentences in length.
Sources of error paragraph: What challenges did you encounter
when completing this lab? (Identify at least one.) How might
those challenges that you experienced have affected the
accuracy of the results that you obtained?
Future research paragraph: Based upon what you learned in this
lab, what new questions do you have about the topic of this lab?
In a few sentences, how might you design a new lab activity to
answer those questions?
References
List the references that you cited in your report, in APA format
and alphabetically by author’s last name. If you did not actually
cite the source somewhere in your paper, do not include it.
For additional help in formatting your resources section, refer
to the Ashford Writing Center’s resource for Formatting your
34. Curvy distance (cm) / Straight distance (cm) = sinuosity (no
units)
___________ / ____________ =
Both the curvy and straight distances are measurements taken
from the stream formation in the stream table. Please refer to
Activity 1 for more details.
Velocity
Distance traveled (cm) / Time it takes to travel (s) = Velocity
(cm/s)
___________ / ____________ =
The distance it takes a small piece of paper to travel
downstream divided by how long it takes to get downstream is
the velocity. Refer to Activity 1 for more details.
Relief
Highest elevation (cm) – Lowest elevation (cm) = Relief (cm)
___________ - ____________ =
By subtracting the highest elevation of the stream and the
lowest elevation of the stream from each other, the relief can be
calculated. Please refer to Activity 1 for more details.
Gradient
Relief (cm) / Total distance (cm) = Gradient (no units)
___________ / ____________ =
35. By dividing the relief by the total distance of the stream, the
gradient can be calculated. Please refer to Activity 1 for more
details.
ACTIVITY 2
Sinuosity
Curvy distance (cm) / Straight distance (cm) = sinuosity (no
units)
___________ / ____________ =
Both the curvy and straight distances are measurements taken
from the stream formation in the stream table. Please refer to
Activity 1 for more details.
Velocity
Distance traveled (cm) / Time it takes to travel (s) = Velocity
(cm/s)
___________ / ____________ =
The distance it takes a small piece of paper to travel
downstream divided by how long it takes to get downstream is
the velocity. Refer to Activity 1 for more details.
Relief
37. STREAM MORPHOLOGY
Overview
Students will construct a physical scale model of a stream
system
to help understand how streams and rivers shape the solid earth
(i.e., the landscape). Students will perform several experiments
to determine streamflow properties under different conditions.
They will apply the scientific method, testing their own
scenarios
regarding human impacts to river systems.
Outcomes
• Design a stream table model to analyze the different
characteristics of streamflow.
• Explain the effects of watersheds on the surrounding
environment in terms of the biology, water quality, and
economic
importance of streams.
• Identify different stream features based on their geological
formation due to erosion and deposition.
• Develop an experiment to test how human actions can
modify
stream morphology in ways that may, in turn, impact riparian
ecosystems.
Time Requirements
Preparation ...................................................................... 5
minutes,
then let sit
overnight
38. Activity 1: Creating a Stream Table ................................ 60
minutes
Activity 2: Scientific Method: Modeling Human Impacts
on Stream Ecosystems .................................. 45 minutes
2 Carolina Distance Learning
Key
Personal protective
equipment
(PPE)
goggles gloves apron
follow
link to
video
photograph
results and
submit
stopwatch
required
warning corrosion flammable toxic environment health hazard
Key
Personal protective
equipment
(PPE)
goggles gloves apron
follow
link to
39. video
photograph
results and
submit
stopwatch
required
warning corrosion flammable toxic environment health hazard
Table of Contents
2 Overview
2 Outcomes
2 Time Requirements
3 Background
9 Materials
10 Safety
10 Preparation
10 Activity 1
12 Activity 2
13 Submission
13 Disposal and Cleanup
14 Lab Worksheet
18 Lab Questions
Background
A watershed is an area of land that drains
any form of precipitation into the earth’s water
bodies (see Figure 1). The entire land area that
forms this connection of atmospheric water to
the water on Earth, whether it is rain flowing into
40. a lake or snow soaking into the groundwater, is
considered a watershed.
Water covers approximately 70% of the earth’s
surface. However, about two-thirds of all water
is impaired to some degree, with less than
1% being accessible, consumable freshwater.
Keeping watersheds pristine is the leading
method for providing clean drinking water to
communities, and it is a high priority worldwide.
However, with increased development and
people flocking toward waterfront regions to live,
downstream communities are becoming increas-
ingly polluted every day.
From small streams to large rivers (hereafter
considered “streams”), streamflow is a vital
part of understanding the formation of water
and landmasses within a watershed. Under-
standing the flow of a stream can help to deter-
mine when and how much water reaches other
areas of a watershed. For example, one of the
leading causes of pollution in most waterways
across the United States is excessive nutrient
and sediment overloading from runoff from
the landmasses surrounding these waterways.
Nutrients such as phosphorus and nitrogen
are prevalent in fertilizers that wash off lawns
and farms into surrounding sewer and water
systems. This process can cause the overpro-
duction of algae, which are further degraded
by bacteria. These bacteria then take up the
surrounding oxygen for respiration and kill
multiple plants and organisms. A comprehen-
sive understanding of the interaction between
streams and the land as they move downstream
41. to other areas of a watershed can help prevent
pollution. One example is to build a riparian
buffer—a group of plants grown along parts of
a stream bank that are able to trap pollutants
and absorb excessive nutrients; this lessens the
effects of nutrient overloading in the streambed.
(A riparian ecosystem is one that includes a
stream and the life along its banks.)
Sediment, which is easily moved by bodies of
water, has a negative effect on water quality. It
can clog fish gills and cause suffocation, and the
water quality can be impaired by becoming very
cloudy because of high sediment flow. This can
create problems for natural vegetation growth
by obstructing light and can prevent animals
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Figure 1.
Snow
Rainfall
Precipitation
Overland
flows
Underground
sources
42. STREAM MORPHOLOGY
Background continued
from visibly finding their prey. Erosion also has
considerable effects on stream health. Erosion,
or the moving of material (soil, rock, or sand)
from the earth to another location, is caused by
actions such as physical and chemical weath-
ering (see Figure 2). These processes loosen
rocks and other materials and can move these
sediments to other locations through bodies
of water. Once these particles reach their final
destination, they are considered to be depos-
ited. Deposition is also an important process
because where the sediment particles end up
can greatly impact the shape of the land and
how water is distributed throughout the system
(see Figure 2). Erosion and deposition can occur
multiple times along the length of a stream and
can vary because of extreme weather, such
as flooding or high wind. Over time, these two
processes can completely reshape an area,
causing the topography, or physical features, of
an entire watershed to be altered. Depending on
weather conditions, a streambed can be altered
quite quickly. Faster moving water tends to
erode more sediment than it deposits. Deposi-
tion usually occurs in slower moving water. With
less force acting on the sediment, it falls out
of suspension and builds up on the bottom or
sides of the streambed.
Sediments are deposited throughout the length
of a stream as bars, generally in the middle of
43. a channel, or as floodplains, which are more
ridgelike areas of land along the edges of the
stream. Bars generally consist of gravel or sand-
size particles, whereas floodplains are made of
more fine-grained material. Deltas (see Figure
3) and alluvial fans (see Figure 4) are sediment
deposits that occur because of flowing water
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4 Carolina Distance Learning
Figure 2. Figure 3.
Erosion Deposition
and are considered more permanent struc-
tures because of their longevity. They are both
fan-shaped accumulations of sediment that
form when the stream shape changes. Deltas
form in continuous, flowing water at the mouth
of streams, whereas alluvial fans only form in
streams that flow intermittently (when it rains
or when snow melts). Alluvial fans are usually
composed of larger particles and will form in
canyons and valleys as water accumulates in
these regions. The fan shape of both deposits
is easy to spot from a distance, because they
are formed due to the sand settling out on the
bottom of the streams.
Streamflow Characteristics
Discharge, or the amount of water that flows
past a given location of a stream (per second),
44. is a very important characteristic of stream-
flow. Discharge and velocity (the speed of
the water moving in the stream) are both vital
to the shaping of streambeds. Within stream
ecosystems, there are microhabitats (smaller
habitats making up larger habitats) that have
different discharges and velocities. The type
of microhabitat depends on the width of that
part of the stream, the shape of the streambed,
and many other physical factors. In areas that
contain riffles, water quickly splashes over
shallow, rocky areas, which are easily observed
in sunny areas (see Figure 5). Deeper pools of
slower moving water also form on the outside
of the bends of the streams, as shown in Figure
5. Runs, which are deeper than riffles but have
a moderate current, connect riffles and pools
throughout the stream. The source of a stream
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Figure 4.
Figure 5.
PoolRiffles
STREAM MORPHOLOGY
Background continued
is where it begins, while the mouth of a stream is
45. where it discharges into a lake or an ocean.
Flow rate is very helpful for engineers and
scientists who study the impacts of a stream
on organisms, surrounding land, and even
recreational uses such as boating and fishing.
The speed of the water in specific areas helps
to determine the composition of the substrate
in that area of the streambed, i.e., whether the
material is more clay, sand, mud, or gravel.
Particle sizes of different sediments are shaped
and deposited throughout various areas of a
stream, depending on these factors.
Most streams have specific physical features
that show periodicity or consistency in regular
intervals. Meanders can occur in a streambed
because of gravity. Water erodes sediment to
the outside of a stream and deposits sediment
along the opposite bank, forming a natural
weaving or “snaking” pattern. This pattern can
form in any depth of water and along any type
of terrain. Sinuosity is the measure of how
curvy a stream is. This is a helpful measurement
when determining the flow rates of streams
because it can show how the curves affect the
water velocity. In major rivers and very broad
valleys, meanders can be separated from the
main body of a river, leaving a U-shaped water
body known as an oxbow lake (see Figure 6).
These lake formations can become an entirely
new ecosystem with food and shelter for some
organisms, such as amphibians, to thrive in.
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46. 6 Carolina Distance Learning
Figure 6.
Oxbow Lake Formation
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Another feature important for streamflow is the
difference in elevation, or the relief of a stream
as it flows downstream. Streams start at a
higher elevation than where they end up; this
causes the discharge and velocity at the source
versus that at the mouth of the stream to be
quite different, depending on the meandering
of the stream and the type of deposition and
erosion that occurs. The gradient is another
important factor of stream morphology. This
is a measure of the slope of the stream over
a particular distance (the relief over the total
distance of the stream). For a kayaker who
wants to know how fast he/she can paddle
down a particular stream, knowing the difference
in elevation (relief) is important over a particular
area; however, knowing the slope of this partic-
ular area will give the kayaker a more accurate
prediction. With erosion and deposition occur-
ring at different rates and at different parts of the
stream, knowing the gradient is a very important
part of determining streamflow for the kayaker.
47. Groundwater is also affected by changes in
the stream shape and flow. Water infiltrates the
ground in recharge zones. If streams are contin-
uously flowing over these areas, the ground is
able to stay saturated. Most streams are peren-
nial, meaning they flow all year. However, a
drought or an extreme weather event may lower
the stream level. This can lower the ground-
water level, which then allows the stream to only
sustain flow when it rises to a level above the
water table. With the small amount of available
freshwater on Earth, it is vital that our ground-
water sources stay pristine.
Biotic and Economic Impacts of Streams
Not only are streams a major source of clean
freshwater for humans, but they are also a
hotspot for diversity and life. There is great biotic
variability between the different microhabitats
(e.g., riffles, pools, and runs) of a stream. Riffles,
in particular, have a high biodiversity because of
the constant movement of water and replenish-
ment of oxygen throughout. Pools usually have
fewer and more hardy organisms in their slower,
deeper moving waters where less oxygen is
available. There are also a multitude of plant
and animal species living around streams. From
a stream in a backyard to the 1,500-mile-long
Colorado River, streams have thousands of
types of birds, insects, and plants that live near
them because they are nutrient-rich with clean
freshwater. Sometimes nutrient spiraling can
occur in these streams. Nutrient spiraling is the
periodic chemical cycling of nutrients throughout
different depths of the streams. This process
48. recycles nutrients and allows life to thrive at all
depths and regions of different-size streams.
Streams can also have significant economic
impacts on a region. Streams are a channel for
fishing and transportation, two of the largest
industries in the world. Because of all the
commercial boating operations that occur world-
wide in these channels, it is vital to understand
the formation and flow patterns of streams so
that they are clear and navigable. Fishing for
human consumption is another large, worldwide
industry that depends on stream health; keeping
streams pristine and understanding how they
form are of utmost importance in sustaining this
top food industry. Recreational activities such
as kayaking, sportfishing, and boating all shape
areas where streams and rivers are prevalent as
well.
STREAM MORPHOLOGY
Background continued
All acts that happen on land affect the water
quality downstream. Through creating a model
stream table in this lab, one can predict large,
system-wide effects. Many land features and
physical parts of a streambed can affect the flow
of water within a watershed. Houses along a
streambed or numerous large rocks can cause
the streamflow to change directions. If any of
these factors cause erosion or deposition in
an area of the stream, microhabitats can be
created. These factors can affect the stream on
49. a larger scale, creating changes in flow speeds
and widths of the streambeds.
The Importance of Scaling and the Use of the
Scientific Method
When a stream table model is created, a large-
scale depiction of a streambed is being reduced
to a smaller scale so that the effects of different
stream properties on the surrounding environ-
ment can be demonstrated. While the stream
table made in this lab is not a to-size stream
and landscape, the same processes can be
more easily observed at a scaled-down size.
Scientists frequently create models to simplify
complex processes for easier understanding.
For example, to physically observe something
that is too big, such as the distance between
each planet in the solar system, the spatial
distance can be scaled to create a solar system
model. By changing the distance between each
planet from kilometers to centimeters, this large
system is now more feasibly observed. Similarly,
the stream model allows us to physically view
different scenarios of a streambed and analyze
different stream properties. Mathematical
equations are also used frequently to observe
data to predict future conditions, such as in
meteorological models. Ultimately, models can
be very important tools for predicting future
events and analyzing processes that occur
in a system.
When one creates a model, many different
outcomes for the same type of setup can be
possible. In this case, multiple variations of
50. similar-size streambeds will be designed to
evaluate different stream features and their
impacts on the surrounding ecosystem. When
performing any type of scientific evalua-
tion, the scientific method is very useful in
obtaining accurate results. This method involves
performing experiments and recording observa-
tions to answer a question of interest.
Although the exact step names and sequences
sometimes vary a bit from source to source,
in general, the scientific method begins with
a scientist making observations about some
phenomenon and then asking a question. Next,
a scientist proposes a hypothesis—a “best
guess” based upon available information as to
what the answer to the question will be. The
scientist then designs an experiment to test the
hypothesis. Based on the experimental results,
the scientist then either accepts the hypothesis
(if it matches what happened) or rejects it (if it
doesn’t). A rejected hypothesis is not a failure; it
is helpful information that can point the way to
a new hypothesis and experiment. Finally, the
scientist communicates the findings to the world
through presenting at a peer-reviewed academic
conference and/or publishing in a scholarly
journal like Science or Nature, for example.
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51. When creating stream table models, we are
trying to understand how different factors can
affect streamflow. A few very important steps
from the scientific method are required. The first
is forming a testable hypothesis, or an educated
prediction, of what you expect to observe
based on what you have learned about stream
morphology thus far. In Activity 1, the steps are
already listed, so the main goal is to compare
the two differences in stream reliefs. However,
in Activity 2, the goal is to alter a different vari-
able and predict what will happen to several
stream features in this new situation. In general,
when recording these observations to test a
hypothesis, it is important to repeat the tests.
To obtain valid results, you need to have similar
results over multiple attempts to ensure consis-
tency in the findings and to show that what you
are discovering is not by chance but is instead
replicated each time the experiment is run. While
multiple trials are not required in this lab experi-
ment, if you feel particularly less than confident
with your results from doing only one trial run in
Activity 1 or 2, feel free to do multiple trials to
test for validity.
Materials
Needed but not supplied:
• Tray or cookie sheet (or something similar)
• 2–3 lb bag of play sand (not construction sand
or any other type of sand or soil) or, if that is
unavailable, substitute with 1 lb bag (or more)
of plain cornmeal (not self-rising)
52. • Single-use cup that can have a hole poked in it
(e.g., plastic yogurt cup, foam cup)
• Small piece of foam (such as from a foam cup),
about the size of a grain of rice
• Cup, such as a glass, mug, or plastic cup
• Paper clip, skewer, or thumbtack (to poke a
hole in the single-use cup)
• 2 books, one approximately twice as thick as
the other
• Ruler (There is a ruler in the Equipment Kit if
you have already received it, or you can print
one at a website such as printable-ruler.net.)
• Tap water
• 2 Plastic bags (to cover the books or objects
you don’t want to get wet)
• Stopwatch (or cell phone with a timer)
• Digital camera or mobile device capable of
taking photos
• Piece of string
• Marker
https://printable-ruler.net
STREAM MORPHOLOGY
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53. 10 Carolina Distance Learning
Safety
Wear your safety
goggles, gloves, and
lab apron for the dura-
tion of this investigation.
Read all the instructions for these laboratory
activities before beginning. Follow the instruc-
tions closely, and observe established laboratory
safety practices, including the use of appropriate
personal protective equipment (PPE).
Do not eat, drink, or chew gum while performing
these activities. Wash your hands with soap and
water before and after performing the activities.
Clean the work area with soap and water after
completing the investigation. Keep pets and chil-
dren away from lab materials and equipment.
Preparation
Note: This investigation is best performed
outdoors or in an area in which it is easy to
clean up wet sand/cornmeal and water. Do
not dump any of the sand/cornmeal and
water mixture down the sink, because it can
cause clogging.
1. Read through the activities.
2. Obtain all materials.
3. Pour the sand or cornmeal in one, even layer
on the tray or cookie sheet.
4. Pour water slowly over the sand/cornmeal
54. until it is completely saturated. Pour off any
excess water outside.
5. With your hands, rub the sand/cornmeal so
it is flat, and let it dry overnight in the tray/
cookie sheet.
6. Using the paper clip, skewer, or thumbtack,
poke a hole in the side of the single-use cup,
1 cm up from the bottom of the cup.
ACTIVITY 1
ACTIVITY
A Creating a Stream Table
In this activity, you will be measuring different
factors (see Step 5) for two different stream
models: one where the streambed is tilted at a
steeper angle and another where the streambed
is tilted at a shallower one. Propose four sepa-
rate hypotheses for which of the two streambed
angles (steeper or shallower) will have the
highest values for sinuosity, velocity, relief, and
gradient. Briefly state why you feel that way.
Complete this information in the “Hypotheses”
section of the Lab Worksheet.
1. Bring the tray outside. Place the thicker book
in a plastic bag. Place the tray on one end of
the book so it is tilted (see Figure 7).
2. Fill the cup without a hole in it with tap water
and slowly pour the water into the single-use
cup. Ensure that the single-use cup is right
55. above the higher end of the tray.
Note: Store extra tap water on-site if more
water is needed to form a stream.
3. Let the water trickle out of the hole in the
single-use cup down the sand/cornmeal.
Observe how the water forms a “stream”
in the table. Stop pouring after a small
streamflow has formed down the table.
Poking a Hole in a Cup to Create a
Stream
https://players.brightcove.
net/17907428001/HJ2y9UNi_default/
index.html?videoId=5973740372001
Figure 7. Tray Thicker
book
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www.carolina.com/distancelearning 11
iii. Now, divide the curvy distance by the
straight distance. Note: If there is no
curvy distance (if the stream forms
56. straight down the table), then the
sinuosity is 1.
How to Measure the Sinuosity of a
Stream
https://players.brightcove.
net/17907428001/HJ2y9UNi_default/
index.html?videoId=5973736251001
b. Velocity = distance traveled (cm)/time to
travel (s) (recorded in cm/s)
Obtain the small piece of foam (about
the size of a grain of rice). Hold the
single-use cup over the raised edge of the
stream table, allow water to flow out of the
hole, and drop the piece of foam into the
top of the stream. Time how long it takes
(in seconds) for the piece of foam to float
downstream. Divide the curvy distance by
this time.
How to Measure the Velocity of a
Stream
https://players.brightcove.
net/17907428001/HJ2y9UNi_default/
index.html?videoId=5973739032001
c. Relief = highest elevation (cm) − lowest
elevation (cm) (recorded in cm)
Measure the elevation change from the
beginning to the end of the stream. Use
the ruler to measure the highest point of
the incline to the ground for the highest
elevation and measure the bottom part
57. of the tray to the ground for the lowest
elevation.
4. On a blank sheet of paper, carefully
sketch what the formed stream looks
like. Clearly label where erosion and deposition
have occurred along the streambed. Take a
photograph of your completed drawing and
another photograph of your actual stream
table. In the stream table photograph, include
a strip of paper with your name and the date
written on it. You will be uploading both
photographs to your lab report.
5. Use the instructions below to calculate the
values for the different physical stream features
in the “Calculations” section of the Lab
Worksheet. Record these values in Data Table
1 of the “Observations/Data Tables” section of
the Lab Worksheet.
a. Sinuosity = curvy distance (cm)/straight
distance (cm) (no units)
i. Use a piece of string to measure the
distance from the mouth to the source
of the stream along the curve (curvy
distance). Once you have used the string
to trace the stream, hold each end of the
string, straighten it, lay it flat, and mark
where the two ends of the stream were.
Use a ruler to measure this distance
between the marks (the curvy distance).
ii. Use a ruler to measure the distance
58. straight down the stream from the mouth
to the source of the stream (no curve—
straight distance).
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Note: In Activity 1, the heights of the source
of the streams were altered to observe how
streamflow and streambed formation were
affected. In Activity 2, use your streamflow
knowledge to design an experiment by
altering a different characteristic. You will
record the same calculations for your new
experimental setup.
59. ACTIVITY
ACTIVITY 1 continued
How to Measure the Relief of a
Stream
https://players.brightcove.
net/17907428001/HJ2y9UNi_default/
index.html?videoId=5973740399001
d. Gradient = relief (cm)/total distance (cm)
(rise/run) (no units)
Measure the slope of the stream; divide
the relief by the total distance (calculated
in Steps c and a). Note: If the stream is
curvy, this distance is the curvy distance;
if it is not, then this distance is the straight
distance.
How to Measure the Gradient of a
Stream
https://players.brightcove.
net/17907428001/HJ2y9UNi_default/
index.html?videoId=5973742678001
6. Gently pour the excess water from the stream
table into the grass, and flatten the sand/
cornmeal out where the stream formed,
making a uniform layer.
7. Repeat Steps 1–6 with the thinner book to
obtain a more gradual stream formation.
8. While not required, if you feel particularly less
than confident with your results from doing
60. only one trial run, feel free to do multiple trials
to test for validity.
ACTIVITY 2
A Scientific Method: Modeling
Human Impacts on Stream
Ecosystems
1. Design a procedure similar to Activity 1.
Choose one height to test the trials and
change a different variable to analyze the
same calculations for stream movement
and formation throughout the streambed.
Choose a variable to change that models how
humans might modify a stream channel for
good or for ill. Activities such as pre-digging
a stream, adding a dam or other features
along the streambed, or adding plants along
these areas are all common factors that
can be altered within a streambed. Feel
free to implement additional materials from
your surroundings, such as using a rock to
represent a dam, for example.
2. Hypothesize whether each of the four
calculations (sinuosity, velocity, relief, and
gradient) will increase, decrease, or stay the
same, and include your reasoning in your
choices. Record this in the “Hypotheses”
section in your Lab Worksheet.
12 Carolina Distance Learning
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