En este archivo se muestran las consideraciones preliminares para entender limites, tal como factorización, racionalización y valor absoluto. El tema es iniciado con la definición intuitiva, los diferentes teoremas que se aplican en límites, la indeterminación 0/0 y los diversos ejemplos al respecto
The document discusses methods for evaluating indeterminate limits of the form 0/0, including rationalization, factorization, and simplification. It provides examples of using each method to evaluate specific limits, such as limx→4 (x^2 - 16)/(x - 4) and limx→1 (x + 3 - 2)/(x - 1). Rationalization involves multiplying the top and bottom of a fraction by the conjugate of the denominator term to remove the indeterminate form.
This document provides instructions and examples for graphing real functions. It begins with an introduction explaining the importance of understanding function graphs. Chapter 1 covers preliminary considerations like the properties of absolute value. Chapter 2 outlines the basic steps for graphing a function: 1) assign values to the variable, 2) plot the points on a coordinate plane, and 3) connect the points. Examples demonstrate these steps for graphing square root and absolute value functions. Practice problems allow the student to graph similar functions and check their understanding. The goal is for students to learn through practice, examples, and self-evaluation.
Linear Equations and Inequalities in One Variablemisey_margarette
The document discusses linear equations and inequalities in one variable. It defines linear equations and inequalities, and describes methods for solving them including: guess-and-check, cover-up, and working backwards. It also covers properties of equality and inequality, and provides examples of solving linear equations and inequalities using these properties and graphical representations of solution sets on number lines.
Chapter 3. linear equation and linear equalities in one variablesmonomath
Here are the steps to solve this inequality problem:
1) Write an expression for the perimeter in terms of x
2) Set the perimeter expression ≤ 40
3) Isolate x by undoing the operations
4) Write the solution set
The solution is 0 ≤ x ≤ 7
The document discusses linear equations in two variables. It defines a linear equation as one that can be written in the standard form Ax + By = C, where A, B, and C are real numbers and A and B cannot both be zero. Examples are provided of determining if equations are linear and identifying the A, B, and C components if they are linear. The document also discusses using ordered pairs as solutions to linear equations and finding multiple solutions to a given linear equation.
Tutorial linear equations and linear inequalitieskhyps13
This document discusses linear equations and inequalities in one variable. It begins by defining open sentences, variables, and solutions. It then covers topics like solving linear equations using addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. It also discusses solving multi-step equations. Graphing solutions to equations is explained. The document also covers understanding and solving linear inequalities in one variable as well as graphing inequalities. It provides examples of how equations and inequalities can be applied to everyday situations.
This document defines and compares linear equations and linear functions. It explains that a linear equation involves one variable with the highest power being 1, while a linear function relates two variables with the highest power of one variable being 1. The document also defines domain as the set of input values and range as the set of output values. An example shows how to identify the domain and range from a set of ordered pairs for a linear function.
This document discusses solving systems of equations and inequalities through three main methods: graphing, substitution, and elimination. It provides examples of each method. For graphing systems, it explains the three possibilities for the graphs: consistent systems with one solution where the lines intersect, inconsistent systems with no solution where the lines are parallel, and dependent systems with infinite solutions where the lines coincide. It then works through examples of using substitution and elimination to solve systems algebraically. [/SUMMARY]
The document discusses methods for evaluating indeterminate limits of the form 0/0, including rationalization, factorization, and simplification. It provides examples of using each method to evaluate specific limits, such as limx→4 (x^2 - 16)/(x - 4) and limx→1 (x + 3 - 2)/(x - 1). Rationalization involves multiplying the top and bottom of a fraction by the conjugate of the denominator term to remove the indeterminate form.
This document provides instructions and examples for graphing real functions. It begins with an introduction explaining the importance of understanding function graphs. Chapter 1 covers preliminary considerations like the properties of absolute value. Chapter 2 outlines the basic steps for graphing a function: 1) assign values to the variable, 2) plot the points on a coordinate plane, and 3) connect the points. Examples demonstrate these steps for graphing square root and absolute value functions. Practice problems allow the student to graph similar functions and check their understanding. The goal is for students to learn through practice, examples, and self-evaluation.
Linear Equations and Inequalities in One Variablemisey_margarette
The document discusses linear equations and inequalities in one variable. It defines linear equations and inequalities, and describes methods for solving them including: guess-and-check, cover-up, and working backwards. It also covers properties of equality and inequality, and provides examples of solving linear equations and inequalities using these properties and graphical representations of solution sets on number lines.
Chapter 3. linear equation and linear equalities in one variablesmonomath
Here are the steps to solve this inequality problem:
1) Write an expression for the perimeter in terms of x
2) Set the perimeter expression ≤ 40
3) Isolate x by undoing the operations
4) Write the solution set
The solution is 0 ≤ x ≤ 7
The document discusses linear equations in two variables. It defines a linear equation as one that can be written in the standard form Ax + By = C, where A, B, and C are real numbers and A and B cannot both be zero. Examples are provided of determining if equations are linear and identifying the A, B, and C components if they are linear. The document also discusses using ordered pairs as solutions to linear equations and finding multiple solutions to a given linear equation.
Tutorial linear equations and linear inequalitieskhyps13
This document discusses linear equations and inequalities in one variable. It begins by defining open sentences, variables, and solutions. It then covers topics like solving linear equations using addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. It also discusses solving multi-step equations. Graphing solutions to equations is explained. The document also covers understanding and solving linear inequalities in one variable as well as graphing inequalities. It provides examples of how equations and inequalities can be applied to everyday situations.
This document defines and compares linear equations and linear functions. It explains that a linear equation involves one variable with the highest power being 1, while a linear function relates two variables with the highest power of one variable being 1. The document also defines domain as the set of input values and range as the set of output values. An example shows how to identify the domain and range from a set of ordered pairs for a linear function.
This document discusses solving systems of equations and inequalities through three main methods: graphing, substitution, and elimination. It provides examples of each method. For graphing systems, it explains the three possibilities for the graphs: consistent systems with one solution where the lines intersect, inconsistent systems with no solution where the lines are parallel, and dependent systems with infinite solutions where the lines coincide. It then works through examples of using substitution and elimination to solve systems algebraically. [/SUMMARY]
This document defines and provides examples of linear functions. It begins by stating the objective is to define and describe linear functions using points and equations. It then defines that a linear function is of the form f(x)=mx+b, where m is the slope and b is the y-intercept. Several examples are provided to illustrate identifying if a function is linear and calculating its slope and y-intercept. The document also discusses rewriting linear equations between the standard and slope-intercept forms.
This document defines and provides examples of linear functions. It begins by defining a linear function as one that can be written in the form F(x)=ax+b, where a and b are real numbers. It notes that when written as Ax+By=C, it is in standard form. The graph of a linear function is a straight line. Examples are then provided of graphing the linear function 5x-2y=10 by finding its x- and y-intercepts and using those points to draw the line. Additional examples demonstrate finding multiple points on the line to check the solution. Pictures show how the roof of a bridge can be modeled by the linear function y=0.25x+2. A
Linear Equations Slide Share Version Exploded[1]keithpeter
GCSE Maths algebra linear equations revision, now tested by students and typos eliminated. Simple, two step, x on each side and bracket type equations but all examples have whole number answers.
Polynomials And Linear Equation of Two VariablesAnkur Patel
A complete description of polynomials and also various methods to solve the Linear equation of two variables by substitution, cross multiplication and elimination methods.
For polynomials it also contains the description of monomials, binomials etc.
This document discusses solving systems of linear equations by elimination. It provides examples of eliminating variables with opposite coefficients as well as multiplying equations to create opposite coefficients. The key steps are to multiply one equation by a number to create opposite coefficients, add or subtract the equations to eliminate one variable, then solve for the remaining variable and back substitute to solve for the other. Elimination avoids lengthy substitution and allows direct solving of systems of equations.
Pair of linear equation in two variables (sparsh singh)Sparsh Singh
The document discusses different methods for solving systems of linear equations:
1) The substitution method involves substituting one variable's expression into the other equation.
2) The elimination method multiples equations to make coefficients equal and subtracts to eliminate one variable.
3) The cross-multiplication method multiplies equations by constants to isolate coefficients and solve for variables.
Each method follows defined steps to systematically solve the system.
PROJECT (PPT) ON PAIR OF LINEAR EQUATIONS IN TWO VARIABLES - CLASS 10mayank78610
THIS A PROJECT BEING MADE BY INFORMATION COLLECTED FROM CLASS 10 MATHS NCERT BOOK.
THANK YOU FOR SEEING MY PROJECT ... I THINK THIS MIGHT HELP YOU IN YOUR HOLIDAY HOMEWORK PROJECTS .
This document defines and provides examples of linear equations in one variable. It explains that a linear equation is an equation that can be written in the form ax + b = c or ax = b, where a, b, c are constants and a ≠ 0. Examples of linear equations given include 3x + 9 = 0 and 7x + 5 = 2x - 9. The document also discusses how to determine if a value is a solution to a linear equation by substitution and simplification. Steps for solving linear equations are provided, which include isolating the variable using inverse operations like addition/subtraction and multiplication/division.
1. The document contains 30 multiple choice questions from an AIEEE past paper on mathematics.
2. The questions cover topics like trigonometry, geometry, probability, linear algebra, and differential equations.
3. Answer choices ranging from A-D are provided for each question.
This document provides a lesson on writing and graphing linear equations in slope-intercept form. It begins with examples of finding the slope and y-intercept of lines and writing the equations in the form y = mx + b. Then it shows how to graph lines from their equations in slope-intercept form. Applications include writing cost functions from word problems and finding values of the functions. A quiz reviews writing equations from slopes and points and graphing lines from their equations.
1) The document discusses linear equations in two variables, including defining their form as ax + by = c, explaining that they have infinitely many solutions, and noting that their graphs are straight lines.
2) Specific topics covered include finding solutions, drawing graphs, identifying equations for lines parallel to the x-axis and y-axis, and providing examples of writing and solving linear equations.
3) The summary restates the key points about the properties of linear equations in two variables, such as their graphical and algebraic representations.
This document provides an overview of linear functions and equations. It defines linear equations as having the standard form Ax + By = C, with examples and how to identify linear vs. nonlinear equations. Linear functions are defined as having the form f(x) = mx + b. The document discusses slope, x-intercepts, y-intercepts, and how to graph linear equations from these components. It also covers representing linear functions in slope-intercept form as y = mx + b, and point-slope form as y - y1 = m(x - x1).
The document discusses equations and their definitions and classifications. It defines equality, equations, identities, variables, terms of an equation, numerical and literal equations, types of equations including polynomial, rational, radical, and absolute value equations. It provides examples of solving linear, rational, and word problems involving equations. Key steps in solving equations are outlined such as isolating the variable, using properties of equality, and verifying solutions.
The document provides an overview of various algebra topics including:
- Multiplying and dividing monomials by adding/subtracting exponents and multiplying/dividing coefficients
- Adding and subtracting polynomials by combining like terms
- Multiplying polynomials using the distributive property
- Factoring trinomials of the forms x2 + bx + c and ax2 + bx + c by finding two integers with a certain product and sum
- Factoring the difference of squares by taking the square root of each term
- Dividing a polynomial by a binomial by using reverse of multiplication
The document discusses linear equations in two variables. It provides examples of linear equations like x+y=176 and 2x+5=0. It states that a linear equation in two variables has infinitely many solutions, represented by an infinite set of x-y coordinate pairs that satisfy the equation. The graph of a linear equation in two variables is a straight line, where every point on the line is a solution to the equation.
This document discusses linear equations in one variable. It defines linear equations as those involving single variables with the highest power being 1. It presents rules for solving linear equations, including adding, subtracting, multiplying, or dividing the same quantity to both sides. Transposition as a method is explained, where terms change signs when shifted between sides of an equation. Examples of solving linear equations are provided. The document also discusses applying linear equations to word problems by setting up the equation based on the problem and solving for the unknown variable. Several examples of solving word problems involving linear equations are presented.
This document discusses linear equations and their properties and applications. It defines a linear equation as one where each term is either a constant or the product of a constant and two variables. Linear equations can be represented as ax + by + c = 0 and their graphs are straight lines. The solutions of a linear equation are the points that satisfy the equation. Linear equations are used to model many real-world situations where a change in input results in proportional change in output, such as doubling recipes, calculating grass growth rates, and budgeting money for various tasks. While useful for modeling within a "linear regime," systems often become nonlinear if inputs are increased too much.
This document discusses linear equations in one variable. It defines a linear equation as an equation for a straight line in the form of ax + b, where a and b are real numbers and x is the variable. There is only one unknown value in a linear equation. The document provides examples of linear equations and explains how to solve them using addition, subtraction, multiplication, division and mixed operations. It also contains practice problems for the reader to try.
i) The document discusses various methods for solving systems of linear equations, including graphing, substitution, elimination, and cross-multiplication.
ii) It also addresses solving systems that can be reduced to linear equations, such as transforming non-linear equations using substitution.
iii) Examples are provided to illustrate each method for deriving the solution of a system of equations.
This document discusses linear equations. It defines linear equations as algebraic equations with terms that are constants or the product of constants and variables. Linear equations can have one or more variables. The document describes variables, constants, and examples of linear equations with one and two variables. It explains how to graph and solve systems of linear equations using graphical and algebraic methods like elimination and cross multiplication. Graphical methods involve plotting the lines defined by each equation and finding their point(s) of intersection. Algebraic methods eliminate variables to solve for the remaining ones.
This document discusses limits and continuity from a Calculus I course. It defines the limit of a function formally using the epsilon-delta definition introduced by Cauchy. Examples are provided to illustrate how to find the limit of a function as x approaches a number c and how to determine appropriate delta values. The document also covers properties of limits, such as limits of basic functions, and theorems regarding limits of polynomials, rationals, radicals, and composite functions.
The document discusses various algebraic concepts including:
- Expressions involving numbers, letters and signs known as algebraic expressions.
- Methods for adding, multiplying, and dividing algebraic expressions.
- Factorization, which involves writing a polynomial as a product of factors.
- Functions and their key elements such as domain, range, and rule of correspondence.
This document defines and provides examples of linear functions. It begins by stating the objective is to define and describe linear functions using points and equations. It then defines that a linear function is of the form f(x)=mx+b, where m is the slope and b is the y-intercept. Several examples are provided to illustrate identifying if a function is linear and calculating its slope and y-intercept. The document also discusses rewriting linear equations between the standard and slope-intercept forms.
This document defines and provides examples of linear functions. It begins by defining a linear function as one that can be written in the form F(x)=ax+b, where a and b are real numbers. It notes that when written as Ax+By=C, it is in standard form. The graph of a linear function is a straight line. Examples are then provided of graphing the linear function 5x-2y=10 by finding its x- and y-intercepts and using those points to draw the line. Additional examples demonstrate finding multiple points on the line to check the solution. Pictures show how the roof of a bridge can be modeled by the linear function y=0.25x+2. A
Linear Equations Slide Share Version Exploded[1]keithpeter
GCSE Maths algebra linear equations revision, now tested by students and typos eliminated. Simple, two step, x on each side and bracket type equations but all examples have whole number answers.
Polynomials And Linear Equation of Two VariablesAnkur Patel
A complete description of polynomials and also various methods to solve the Linear equation of two variables by substitution, cross multiplication and elimination methods.
For polynomials it also contains the description of monomials, binomials etc.
This document discusses solving systems of linear equations by elimination. It provides examples of eliminating variables with opposite coefficients as well as multiplying equations to create opposite coefficients. The key steps are to multiply one equation by a number to create opposite coefficients, add or subtract the equations to eliminate one variable, then solve for the remaining variable and back substitute to solve for the other. Elimination avoids lengthy substitution and allows direct solving of systems of equations.
Pair of linear equation in two variables (sparsh singh)Sparsh Singh
The document discusses different methods for solving systems of linear equations:
1) The substitution method involves substituting one variable's expression into the other equation.
2) The elimination method multiples equations to make coefficients equal and subtracts to eliminate one variable.
3) The cross-multiplication method multiplies equations by constants to isolate coefficients and solve for variables.
Each method follows defined steps to systematically solve the system.
PROJECT (PPT) ON PAIR OF LINEAR EQUATIONS IN TWO VARIABLES - CLASS 10mayank78610
THIS A PROJECT BEING MADE BY INFORMATION COLLECTED FROM CLASS 10 MATHS NCERT BOOK.
THANK YOU FOR SEEING MY PROJECT ... I THINK THIS MIGHT HELP YOU IN YOUR HOLIDAY HOMEWORK PROJECTS .
This document defines and provides examples of linear equations in one variable. It explains that a linear equation is an equation that can be written in the form ax + b = c or ax = b, where a, b, c are constants and a ≠ 0. Examples of linear equations given include 3x + 9 = 0 and 7x + 5 = 2x - 9. The document also discusses how to determine if a value is a solution to a linear equation by substitution and simplification. Steps for solving linear equations are provided, which include isolating the variable using inverse operations like addition/subtraction and multiplication/division.
1. The document contains 30 multiple choice questions from an AIEEE past paper on mathematics.
2. The questions cover topics like trigonometry, geometry, probability, linear algebra, and differential equations.
3. Answer choices ranging from A-D are provided for each question.
This document provides a lesson on writing and graphing linear equations in slope-intercept form. It begins with examples of finding the slope and y-intercept of lines and writing the equations in the form y = mx + b. Then it shows how to graph lines from their equations in slope-intercept form. Applications include writing cost functions from word problems and finding values of the functions. A quiz reviews writing equations from slopes and points and graphing lines from their equations.
1) The document discusses linear equations in two variables, including defining their form as ax + by = c, explaining that they have infinitely many solutions, and noting that their graphs are straight lines.
2) Specific topics covered include finding solutions, drawing graphs, identifying equations for lines parallel to the x-axis and y-axis, and providing examples of writing and solving linear equations.
3) The summary restates the key points about the properties of linear equations in two variables, such as their graphical and algebraic representations.
This document provides an overview of linear functions and equations. It defines linear equations as having the standard form Ax + By = C, with examples and how to identify linear vs. nonlinear equations. Linear functions are defined as having the form f(x) = mx + b. The document discusses slope, x-intercepts, y-intercepts, and how to graph linear equations from these components. It also covers representing linear functions in slope-intercept form as y = mx + b, and point-slope form as y - y1 = m(x - x1).
The document discusses equations and their definitions and classifications. It defines equality, equations, identities, variables, terms of an equation, numerical and literal equations, types of equations including polynomial, rational, radical, and absolute value equations. It provides examples of solving linear, rational, and word problems involving equations. Key steps in solving equations are outlined such as isolating the variable, using properties of equality, and verifying solutions.
The document provides an overview of various algebra topics including:
- Multiplying and dividing monomials by adding/subtracting exponents and multiplying/dividing coefficients
- Adding and subtracting polynomials by combining like terms
- Multiplying polynomials using the distributive property
- Factoring trinomials of the forms x2 + bx + c and ax2 + bx + c by finding two integers with a certain product and sum
- Factoring the difference of squares by taking the square root of each term
- Dividing a polynomial by a binomial by using reverse of multiplication
The document discusses linear equations in two variables. It provides examples of linear equations like x+y=176 and 2x+5=0. It states that a linear equation in two variables has infinitely many solutions, represented by an infinite set of x-y coordinate pairs that satisfy the equation. The graph of a linear equation in two variables is a straight line, where every point on the line is a solution to the equation.
This document discusses linear equations in one variable. It defines linear equations as those involving single variables with the highest power being 1. It presents rules for solving linear equations, including adding, subtracting, multiplying, or dividing the same quantity to both sides. Transposition as a method is explained, where terms change signs when shifted between sides of an equation. Examples of solving linear equations are provided. The document also discusses applying linear equations to word problems by setting up the equation based on the problem and solving for the unknown variable. Several examples of solving word problems involving linear equations are presented.
This document discusses linear equations and their properties and applications. It defines a linear equation as one where each term is either a constant or the product of a constant and two variables. Linear equations can be represented as ax + by + c = 0 and their graphs are straight lines. The solutions of a linear equation are the points that satisfy the equation. Linear equations are used to model many real-world situations where a change in input results in proportional change in output, such as doubling recipes, calculating grass growth rates, and budgeting money for various tasks. While useful for modeling within a "linear regime," systems often become nonlinear if inputs are increased too much.
This document discusses linear equations in one variable. It defines a linear equation as an equation for a straight line in the form of ax + b, where a and b are real numbers and x is the variable. There is only one unknown value in a linear equation. The document provides examples of linear equations and explains how to solve them using addition, subtraction, multiplication, division and mixed operations. It also contains practice problems for the reader to try.
i) The document discusses various methods for solving systems of linear equations, including graphing, substitution, elimination, and cross-multiplication.
ii) It also addresses solving systems that can be reduced to linear equations, such as transforming non-linear equations using substitution.
iii) Examples are provided to illustrate each method for deriving the solution of a system of equations.
This document discusses linear equations. It defines linear equations as algebraic equations with terms that are constants or the product of constants and variables. Linear equations can have one or more variables. The document describes variables, constants, and examples of linear equations with one and two variables. It explains how to graph and solve systems of linear equations using graphical and algebraic methods like elimination and cross multiplication. Graphical methods involve plotting the lines defined by each equation and finding their point(s) of intersection. Algebraic methods eliminate variables to solve for the remaining ones.
This document discusses limits and continuity from a Calculus I course. It defines the limit of a function formally using the epsilon-delta definition introduced by Cauchy. Examples are provided to illustrate how to find the limit of a function as x approaches a number c and how to determine appropriate delta values. The document also covers properties of limits, such as limits of basic functions, and theorems regarding limits of polynomials, rationals, radicals, and composite functions.
The document discusses various algebraic concepts including:
- Expressions involving numbers, letters and signs known as algebraic expressions.
- Methods for adding, multiplying, and dividing algebraic expressions.
- Factorization, which involves writing a polynomial as a product of factors.
- Functions and their key elements such as domain, range, and rule of correspondence.
The document discusses limits and how to calculate them. Some key points include:
1. Limits can be calculated by taking the values of a function as it approaches a certain number from the left and right sides. This is done by creating tables of values.
2. Common limit laws can also be used to directly calculate limits, such as the constant multiple law and addition/subtraction laws.
3. Graphing the values from the tables shows whether the limit exists as the input values approach the given number, demonstrating the value the function approaches.
The document discusses algebraic expressions and their operations. It defines algebraic expressions as combinations of letters, signs, and numbers used in mathematical operations. Letters typically represent unknown quantities called variables. The four fundamental operations covered are addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division of algebraic expressions. It also discusses factoring algebraic expressions using notable products, which allow simplifying expressions through inspection rather than calculating operations.
An algebraic expression is a combination of letters and numbers linked by operation signs: addition, subtraction, multiplication, division and exponentiation. Algebraic expressions allow us, for example, to find areas and volumes. Some examples given are the circumference of a circle (2πr), the area of a square (s=l2), and the volume of a cube (V=a3). The document then provides examples and explanations of algebraic addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and factorization.
Suma, Resta y Valor numérico de Expresiones algebraicas.
Multiplicación y División de Expresiones algebraicas.
Productos Notables de Expresiones algebraicas.
Factorización por Productos Notables.
The document discusses solving equations involving radicals and absolute value. It begins by outlining the specific skills and materials needed. It then provides theoretical notions on equations with radicals and absolute value, including definitions, examples, and properties. Finally, it gives instructions on how to solve problems involving each type of equation, noting steps like analyzing related theorems, identifying domains, factorizing if possible, making variable substitutions, and using critical points methods for absolute value equations with multiple terms. It includes an example problem demonstrating the full solution process.
The document discusses several topics related to calculus including:
1. How to graph functions using GeoGebra by inputting the function and seeing the outputted graph and table of values.
2. How to find the derivative of composite functions using formulas for derivatives of sums, differences, products, and quotients of functions.
3. The definitions of even and odd functions and how to determine if a given function is even or odd based on its behavior when the input is negated.
4. How to evaluate limit problems by directly substituting the limit value or using trigonometric limits such as lim x->0 sin(x)/x = 1.
Paso 2 contextualizar y profundizar el conocimiento sobre expresiones algebr...Trigogeogebraunad
This document provides instructions and solutions for 7 math exercises involving algebraic expressions and polynomials. It explains how to factor expressions using difference of squares formulas, perform polynomial division using synthetic division, find domains of rational functions, and simplify algebraic fractions. Step-by-step workings are shown for each exercise. Geogebra is used to check solutions for graphing and domains of functions.
The document provides an overview of key concepts in calculus limits including:
1) Limits describe the behavior of a function as its variable approaches a constant value.
2) Tables of values and graphs can be used to evaluate limits by showing how the function values change as the variable nears the constant.
3) Common limit laws are described such as addition, multiplication, and substitution which allow evaluating limits of combined functions.
Taller grupal parcial ii nrc 3246 sebastian fueltala_kevin sánchezkevinct2001
The document is a report in Spanish for a Calculus course discussing applications of derivatives in mechanical engineering. It contains an introduction stating that calculus was developed in the 17th century to solve geometry and physics problems. It then discusses how derivatives are used in mechanical engineering, specifically for analyzing signals with amplitude and frequency using sine and cosine functions. The report has objectives of developing skills for manipulating algebraic functions and their relationship to mechanical engineering problems. It provides theoretical foundations for the definition and calculation of derivatives.
Linear equations inequalities and applicationsvineeta yadav
This document provides information about chapter 2 of a math textbook. It covers linear equations, formulas, and applications. Section 2-1 discusses solving linear equations, including using properties of equality and identifying conditional, identity, and contradictory equations. Section 2-2 introduces formulas and how to solve them for a specified variable. Section 2-3 explains how to translate words to mathematical expressions and equations, and how to solve applied problems using a six step process. An example at the end solves a word problem about baseball players' home run totals.
Cuaderno de trabajo derivadas experiencia 1Mariamne3
This document discusses techniques for finding derivatives of basic functions. It covers finding the derivative of constant functions, which is always 0. It also discusses the derivatives of identity functions (f(x)=x), which is 1, power functions (f(x)=xn), which is nxn-1, square root functions (f(x)=√x), which is 1/2√x, and exponential functions (f(x)=ex), which is ex. Examples are provided for each case along with exercises for students to practice finding derivatives of various functions using the appropriate technique.
The document discusses algebraic expressions and functions with fractional algebraic expressions. It defines algebraic expressions as combinations of letters and numbers using operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication, division and exponents. It also classifies algebraic expressions as monomials, binomials, trinomials or polynomials based on the number of terms. The document then provides examples of adding, subtracting, multiplying and dividing polynomial expressions. It also explains how to solve fractional algebraic expressions and equations involving functions with fractions.
1. The document discusses differentiation rules including the product rule, quotient rule, chain rule, and implicit differentiation. Examples are provided to illustrate how to use each rule to take derivatives.
2. Trigonometric differentiation rules are also covered, including that the derivative of sine is cosine and the derivative of cosine is the negative of sine. Exponential and logarithmic differentiation formulas are defined.
3. The document also discusses parametric differentiation and provides examples of taking derivatives of parametric equations.
This document discusses algebraic expressions and operations involving them. It covers topics such as:
- Variables and the combination of variables and numbers through operations
- Summation, subtraction, multiplication, and division of algebraic expressions
- Types of expressions like monomials, binomials, and trinomials
- Performing operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division on expressions
- Factorization using factoring and the difference of squares
- Evaluating numerical values of expressions
This document discusses algebraic expressions and operations involving them. It covers topics like:
- Variables and the combination of variables and numbers through operations
- Types of algebraic expressions like monomials, binomials, and trinomials
- Performing operations on algebraic expressions like addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division
- Simplifying expressions using techniques like factoring and the distributive property
- Evaluating algebraic expressions by substituting numeric values for variables
The document provides an overview of various topics in analytic geometry, including circle equations, distance equations, systems of two and three variable equations, linear inequalities, rational inequalities, and intersections of inequalities. It defines key concepts, provides examples of how to solve different types of problems, and notes things to remember when working with inequalities.
This document provides a lesson summary for topics in algebra including:
1) Operations on functions such as sum, difference, product, and quotient of functions. It also covers function composition and inverse functions.
2) Solving quadratic equations through factoring and using the quadratic formula.
3) Graphs of polynomial functions and applying the factor theorem, remainder theorem, and rational zero theorem to polynomials.
4) Determining the domains of functions when combining, composing, or taking inverses of functions.
The document includes examples and step-by-step solutions for applying these algebraic concepts.
The document discusses different types of discontinuities in functions. It defines a discontinuity as occurring when one of the conditions for continuity is not met. There are two main types of discontinuities: removable discontinuities and essential discontinuities. A removable discontinuity occurs when the function value at a point does not equal the limit value at that point, allowing redefinition of the function. An essential discontinuity occurs when the limit does not exist at a point, so the discontinuity cannot be removed. Examples are provided to demonstrate how to identify and classify discontinuities in functions.
En la siguiente presentación se comparten ejemplos en donde se aplica la Regla de la Cadena, específicamente se muestra la derivación de funciones compuestas
En la siguiente guía se estudian las condiciones de continuidad en funciones conocidas tanto en un punto como en un intervalo, así como también la Discontinuidad, sus tipos y aplicaciones
En la siguiente presentación se destaca la importancia de la Unidad Curricular, los conocimientos previos necesarios y todo lo relacionado con la planificación del Trimestre
Este documento proporciona información básica sobre una clase de matemáticas impartida en la Universidad Nacional Experimental Francisco de Miranda en Coro, Venezuela en septiembre de 2021. La clase es Matemática I para el programa de Ingeniería Biomédica y es impartida por la profesora Ing. Jocabed Pulido.
Este documento describe diferentes tipos de funciones, incluyendo funciones constantes, potencias, raíces enésimas e inversas. Explica que una función es una correspondencia entre un conjunto de números reales x y otro conjunto de números reales y, y que el dominio es el conjunto de valores de x que acepta la función. También proporciona ejemplos gráficos de cada tipo de función y describe sus dominios y simetrías.
1) La derivada de una función representa la tasa de cambio de dicha función y se define como el límite de la pendiente de la recta que une dos puntos cercanos de la gráfica de la función.
2) El documento presenta reglas para calcular derivadas de funciones elementales, operaciones con derivadas y derivadas de funciones compuestas.
3) También introduce conceptos como puntos críticos, máximos y mínimos locales y globales, funciones crecientes y decrecientes, y puntos de inflexión.
Este documento presenta conceptos básicos sobre la derivada de funciones de una variable, incluyendo su definición, sentido físico y geométrico, reglas para calcular derivadas de funciones elementales y operaciones con funciones, derivadas de funciones compuestas, el teorema del valor medio, la regla de L'Hôpital, y cómo encontrar valores máximos, mínimos, puntos de inflexión, y determinar si una función es creciente o decreciente.
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptxPRIYANKA PATEL
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...University of Maribor
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intelligent Systems.
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
The technology uses reclaimed CO₂ as the dyeing medium in a closed loop process. When pressurized, CO₂ becomes supercritical (SC-CO₂). In this state CO₂ has a very high solvent power, allowing the dye to dissolve easily.
Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvementIshaGoswami9
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
change, and increasing global population, crop yield and quality need to be improved in a sustainable way over the coming decades. Genetic improvement by breeding is the best way to increase crop productivity. With the rapid progression of functional
genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
and analysis methods, numerous infrastructure platforms have been developed for phenotyping.
Or: Beyond linear.
Abstract: Equivariant neural networks are neural networks that incorporate symmetries. The nonlinear activation functions in these networks result in interesting nonlinear equivariant maps between simple representations, and motivate the key player of this talk: piecewise linear representation theory.
Disclaimer: No one is perfect, so please mind that there might be mistakes and typos.
dtubbenhauer@gmail.com
Corrected slides: dtubbenhauer.com/talks.html
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...Leonel Morgado
Current descriptions of immersive learning cases are often difficult or impossible to compare. This is due to a myriad of different options on what details to include, which aspects are relevant, and on the descriptive approaches employed. Also, these aspects often combine very specific details with more general guidelines or indicate intents and rationales without clarifying their implementation. In this paper we provide a method to describe immersive learning cases that is structured to enable comparisons, yet flexible enough to allow researchers and practitioners to decide which aspects to include. This method leverages a taxonomy that classifies educational aspects at three levels (uses, practices, and strategies) and then utilizes two frameworks, the Immersive Learning Brain and the Immersion Cube, to enable a structured description and interpretation of immersive learning cases. The method is then demonstrated on a published immersive learning case on training for wind turbine maintenance using virtual reality. Applying the method results in a structured artifact, the Immersive Learning Case Sheet, that tags the case with its proximal uses, practices, and strategies, and refines the free text case description to ensure that matching details are included. This contribution is thus a case description method in support of future comparative research of immersive learning cases. We then discuss how the resulting description and interpretation can be leveraged to change immersion learning cases, by enriching them (considering low-effort changes or additions) or innovating (exploring more challenging avenues of transformation). The method holds significant promise to support better-grounded research in immersive learning.
hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skills
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths ForwardLeonel Morgado
We will metaverse into the essence of immersive learning, into its three dimensions and conceptual models. This approach encompasses elements from teaching methodologies to social involvement, through organizational concerns and technologies. Challenging the perception of learning as knowledge transfer, we introduce a 'Uses, Practices & Strategies' model operationalized by the 'Immersive Learning Brain' and ‘Immersion Cube’ frameworks. This approach offers a comprehensive guide through the intricacies of immersive educational experiences and spotlighting research frontiers, along the immersion dimensions of system, narrative, and agency. Our discourse extends to stakeholders beyond the academic sphere, addressing the interests of technologists, instructional designers, and policymakers. We span various contexts, from formal education to organizational transformation to the new horizon of an AI-pervasive society. This keynote aims to unite the iLRN community in a collaborative journey towards a future where immersive learning research and practice coalesce, paving the way for innovative educational research and practice landscapes.
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically youngSérgio Sacani
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
1. Universidad Nacional Experimental
Francisco de Miranda
Programa: Ing. Biomédica
Unidad Curricular: Matemática I
Profesora: Ing. Jocabed Pulido T (Esp.)
Coro, septiembre de 2021
2. Nota: Las consideraciones preliminares conforman un repaso sobre los aspectos básicos del
Cálculo que debemos conocer para resolver el límite de una función
3. CONSIDERACIONES PREELIMINARES
FACTORIZACIÓN
Para la aplicación de la factorización debemos tener un polinomio de la forma 𝑎𝑥2
+ 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐
Donde se cumplen las siguientes condiciones
El coeficiente del primer término es 1
El primer término es una letra elevada al cuadrado
El segundo término tiene la misma letra que el primero y su coeficiente es una cantidad
positiva o negativa
El tercero es un término independiente y puede ser positivo o negativo
Procedimiento a seguir en la factorización:
Paso 1: Se establecen dos factores generales cada uno con la variable x
(𝑥 + )(𝑥 + )
Fíjate que ya obtuviste el primer término 𝒙𝟐
las dos casillas son indicadores que faltan los
otros dos términos del polinomio.
Colocamos solo signos positivos porque el polinomio es positivo y sus factores también.
Paso 2: Buscamos dos números cuya suma de como resultado el segundo término y la
multiplicación de ellos genere el tercer término
Fíjate que hablamos de suma porque el polinomio es positivo en caso que sea negativo
emplearíamos una resta
Para entender mejor veamos los siguientes ejemplos
Ejemplo:
Factorizar 𝑥2
+ 5𝑥 + 6
Paso 1: Se establecen dos factores generales cada uno con la variable x
(𝑥 + )(𝑥 + )
Recuerda como si el polinomio es positivo lógicamente sus factores también son positivos
Paso 2: Buscamos dos números cuya suma de como resultado el segundo término y la
multiplicación de ellos genere el tercer término
Buscamos dos números cuya suma sea 5 y la multiplicación sea 6
2 + 3 = 5 2 x 3 = 6
4. Ya hemos encontrado los números que estarán en nuestros factores
𝑥2
+ 5𝑥 + 6 = (𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 + 3)
Ejemplo:
Factorizar 𝑥2
+ 2𝑥 − 15
Paso 1: Se establecen dos factores generales cada uno con la variable x
(𝑥 + )(𝑥 − )
Paso 2: Buscamos dos números cuya suma de como resultado el segundo término y la multiplicación
de ellos genere el tercer término
Fíjate que el primer factor es positivo porque el término 2x es positivo y el segundo es negativo
porque la multiplicación de los signos del segundo y tercer término da negativo
5 - 3 = 2 5 x 3 = 15
𝑥2
+ 2𝑥 − 15 = (𝑥 + 5)(𝑥 − 3)
Ejemplo:
Factorizar 𝑥2
− 7𝑥 + 12
Paso 1: Se establecen dos factores generales cada uno con la variable x
(𝑥 − )(𝑥 − )
Fíjate que en el primer factor se coloca – porque el segundo término tiene signo negativo y el
segundo factor es negativo debido a la multiplicación de los signos del segundo y tercer termino
Paso 2: Buscamos dos números cuya suma de como resultado el segundo término y la multiplicación
de ellos genere el tercer término
-3 + -4 = -7 -3 x -4 = 12
𝑥2
− 7𝑥 + 12 = (𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 − 4)
RACIONALIZACIÓN
Es un proceso el cual se cambia una indeterminación en la cual aparecen radicales mediante la
multiplicación y división de una expresión conjugada.
La conjugada está conformada por el opuesto de la expresión radical original. Debes recordar que
en el tema anterior conocimos las funciones radicales, pero acá vamos a obtener conocimientos
importantes sobre como simplificar ese tipo de funciones. Veamos el siguiente ejemplo
5. Ejemplo:
Racionalizar
Conjugada de la función racional
Para racionalizar la clave es multiplicar y dividir la función racional dada por la conjugada
√𝑥 + 1 − 1
𝑥
∗
√𝑥 + 1 + 1
√𝑥 + 1 + 1
=
√𝑥 + 1
2
+ √𝑥 + 1 − √𝑥 + 1 − 1
𝑥(√𝑥 + 1 + 1)
=
𝑥 + 1 − 1
𝑥(√𝑥 + 1 + 1)
𝑥
𝑥(√𝑥 + 1 + 1)
=
1
(√𝑥 + 1 + 1)
Propiedades de Valor Absoluto:
El Valor Absoluto de un número se define como sigue: el valor absoluto de un número real positivo
es el mismo número. En cambio, el Valor Absoluto de un número real negativo es el mismo
número con signo opuesto.
Se representa con el símbolo |𝑥| y simboliza la distancia entre el número x y el origen , por tal
razón siempre se concibe como un valor positivo.
La definición de Valor Absoluto se resume en las siguientes preposiciones
Si |𝑥| ≥ 0 entonces |𝑥| = 𝑥
Por ejemplo:
|1| = 1
Si |𝑥| < 0 entonces |𝑥| = −𝑥
Por ejemplo:
|−1| = −(−1) = 1
Los ejemplos anteriores se basan en el hecho que los números 1 y -1 se encuentran a 1 unidad de
distancia con respecto al origen por lo tanto el valor absoluto de ellos es el mismo
𝑓(𝑥) =
√𝑥 + 1 − 1
𝑥
√𝑥 + 1 + 1
El valor absoluto
de cualquier
número diferente
de cero siempre
será el mismo
número positivo y
el valor absoluto
del número cero
es 0
7. Definición Intuitiva del Límite de una Función
Consideremos la siguiente función
𝑓(𝑥) =
𝑥3
− 1
𝑥 − 1
La cual está definida para todo número real excepto para 𝑥 = 1.
Aunque la función no está definida en 1 nos interesamos por los valores de la función cuando x se
aproxima a 1, sin llegar a ser 1 tal como se muestra en la tabla
Tabla 1. Resultados de la Función
x 0.9 0.99 0.999 1.001 1.01 1.1
f(x) 2.71 2.970 2.997 3,003 3.030 3.31
Según los datos mostrados en la tabla observamos que cuando x se aproxima a 1 el resultado de la
función se aproxima a 3. Esta relación se expresa en Matemática de la siguiente manera
El límite de la función cuando x tiende a 1 es 3 y se abrevia
lim
𝑥→1
𝑥3
− 1
𝑥 − 1
= 3
A partir de las observaciones realizadas a esta función podemos concluir aspectos básicos
importantes en este tema
Para que el límite de una función exista no es necesario que la función está definida en el valor
exacto en la cual es evaluada. Esto se debe a que el límite implica una tendencia y se evalúa en las
cercanías del punto en cuestión por lo que la condición necesaria y suficiente para que el límite
exista es que se genere una tendencia en las aproximaciones tal como pudimos ver en la tabla.
Más adelante vamos a profundizar en aspectos interesantes sobre más condiciones para la
existencia del límite de una función.
El límite de una función es único. Es decir, la tendencia siempre se llevará a cabo hacia un valor fijo
tal como se fundamenta en el siguiente teorema.
Teorema de Existencia y Unicidad
El límite de una función puede o no existir, pero en el caso de que exista es un valor único.
Parece contradictorio que luego de tantas aproximaciones el resultado sea único, pero una
explicación sencilla a este hecho consiste en que el límite se basa en los llamados puntos de
acumulación que son valores aproximados a un conjunto sin llegar a los extremos, tal como paso en
el caso del ejemplo anterior.
8. Teoremas sobre Límites
Si lim
𝑥→𝑎
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐿 y el lim
𝑥→𝑎
𝑔(𝑥) = 𝐺 se cumple lo siguiente
lim
𝑥→𝑎
(𝑓(𝑥) ± 𝑔(𝑥)) = lim
𝑥→𝑎
𝑓(𝑥) ± lim
𝑥→𝑎
𝑔(𝑥) = 𝐿 ± 𝐺 (Límite de una suma o resta)
lim
𝑥→𝑎
(𝑓(𝑥) ∗ 𝑔(𝑥)) = lim
𝑥→𝑎
𝑓(𝑥) ∗ lim
𝑥→𝑎
𝑔(𝑥) = 𝐿 ∗ 𝐺 (Límite de un producto)
lim
𝑥→𝑎
(
𝑓(𝑥)
𝑔(𝑥)
) =
lim
𝑥→𝑎
𝑓(𝑥)
lim
𝑥→𝑎
𝑔(𝑥)
=
𝐿
𝐺
lim
𝑥→𝑎
(𝑓(𝑥))
𝑛
= (lim
𝑥→𝑎
𝑓(𝑥))
𝑛
= 𝐿𝑛
lim
𝑥→𝑎
√𝑓(𝑥)
𝑛
= √lim
𝑥→𝑎
𝑓(𝑥)
𝑛
= √𝐿
𝑛
(Límite de una función radical)
Si k es una constante entonces se cumple lo siguiente
lim
𝑥→𝑎
𝑘 ∗ 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑘 ∗ lim
𝑥→𝑎
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑘 ∗ 𝐿
lim
𝑥→𝑎
𝑘 = 𝑘 (Límite de una constante)
Si 𝑓(𝑥) es un polinomio entonces se cumple que : lim
𝑥→𝑎
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑎)
Veamos los siguientes ejemplos donde se aplican los teoremas
Ejemplos:
1)Calcular lim
𝑥→2
√5𝑥3
lim
𝑥→2
√5𝑥3 = √lim
𝑥→2
5𝑥3 (Límite de una función radical)
√lim
𝑥→2
5𝑥3 = √5 ∗ lim
𝑥→2
𝑥3 = √5 ∗ 23 = 40 (Límite de una constante y un polinomio)
2)Calcular
lim
𝑥→−1
8𝑥2
− 4𝑥 + 2
𝑥3 + 5
=
lim
𝑥→−1
8𝑥2
− 4𝑥 + 2
lim
𝑥→−1
𝑥3 + 5
=
7
2
(Límite de una división)
(Límite de una potencia)
lim
𝑥→−1
8𝑥2
− 4𝑥 + 2
𝑥3 + 5
Como puedes observar el
resultado del límite es
una fracción en ese caso
tienes dos opciones como
respuesta
7
2
o 3.5 ambas
son válidas.
Como puedes observar el
resultado del límite es una
fracción en ese caso tienes
dos opciones como
respuesta
7
2
o 3.5 ambas
son válidas.
9. 3)Calcular lim
𝑥→0
[(2𝑥 + 1) ∗ (𝑥 − 3)]
lim
𝑥→0
[(2𝑥 + 1) ∗ (𝑥 − 3)] = lim
𝑥→0
2𝑥 + 1 ∗ lim
𝑥→0
𝑥 − 3 (Límite de un producto)
lim
𝑥→0
2𝑥 + 1 ∗ lim
𝑥→0
𝑥 − 3 = 1 ∗ (−3) = −3 (Límite de un polinomio)
4)Resolver lim
𝑥→−2
(5𝑥 + 7)4
lim
𝑥→−2
(5𝑥 + 7)4
= ( lim
𝑥→−2
5𝑥 + 7)
4
( lim
𝑥→−2
5𝑥 + 7)
4
= (5 ∗ (−2) + 7)4
= (−3)4
= 81 (Límite de un polinomio)
Forma Indeterminada
𝟎
𝟎
Si lim
𝑥→𝑎
𝑓(𝑥) = 0 y lim
𝑥→𝑎
𝑔(𝑥) = 0 , y buscamos lim
𝑥→𝑎
(
𝑓(𝑥)
𝑔(𝑥)
)
En este caso no se puede aplicar el límite de una división ya que la sustitución nos lleva a una
expresión indeterminada
𝟎
𝟎
la cual no da información suficiente para encontrar el límite. La
indeterminación se salva recurriendo a métodos algebraicos como simplificación, factorización y
racionalización.
Ejemplo:
Resolver lim
𝑥→4
𝑥2−16
𝑥−4
lim
𝑥→4
𝑥2
− 16
𝑥 − 4
=
lim
𝑥→4
𝑥2
− 16
lim
𝑥→4
𝑥 − 4
lim
𝑥→4
𝑥2
− 16
lim
𝑥→4
𝑥 − 4
=
42
− 16
4 − 4
=
0
0
Fórmula de Simplificación usada: 𝑥2
− 𝑎2
= (𝑥 − 𝑎) ∗ (𝑥 + 𝑎)
Nota: Esta fórmula se emplea para todo número a y variable x elevado al cuadrado en los recursos
didácticos ofreceremos una tabla sobre los casos más comunes a los cuales es aplicable esta
fórmula.
(Límite de una potencia)
(Límite de una división)
¡Indeterminación!
12. Aplicando el proceso de racionalización que repasamos en Consideraciones Preliminares tenemos el
siguiente resultado:
Conjugada de la función racional
√𝑥 + 3 − 2
𝑥 − 1
∗
√𝑥 + 3 + 2
√𝑥 + 3 + 2
=
(𝑥 + 3) − 4
(𝑥 − 1)√𝑥 + 3 + 2
=
𝑥 − 1
(𝑥 − 1)√𝑥 + 3 + 2
=
1
√𝑥 + 3 + 2
lim
𝑥→1
√𝑥 + 3 − 2
𝑥 − 1
= lim
𝑥→1
1
√𝑥 + 3 + 2
=
lim
𝑥→1
1
lim
𝑥→1
√𝑥 + 3 + 2
=
1
4
lim
𝑥→1
√𝑥 + 3 − 2
𝑥 − 1
=
1
4
Ejemplo:
Calcular
lim
𝑥→0
𝑥
√𝑥 + 2 − 2
=
lim
𝑥→0
𝑥
lim
𝑥→0
√𝑥 + 2 − √2
=
0
0
Aplicando el proceso de racionalización que repasamos en Consideraciones Preliminares tenemos
el siguiente resultado:
Conjugada de la función racional √𝑥 + 2 + 2
𝑥
√𝑥 + 2 − 2
∗
√𝑥 + 2 + √2
√𝑥 + 2 + √2
=
𝑥(√𝑥 + 2 + √2)
(𝑥 + 2) − 2
=
𝑥(√𝑥 + 2 + √2)
𝑥
= √𝑥 + 2 + √2
lim
𝑥→0
𝑥
√𝑥 + 2 − √2
= lim
𝑥→0
√𝑥 + 2 + √2 = 2√2
Limites Laterales
Tal como se observó en la definición intuitiva de limites nos podemos aproximar a un número desde
dos direcciones, desde valores mayores a él, específicamente a la derecha o desde valores inferiores
√𝑥 + 3 + 2
(Límite de una división)
(Límite de una constante)
lim
𝑥→0
𝑥
√𝑥 + 2 − √2
¡Indeterminación!
13. a él, es decir desde la izquierda. En base a lo mencionado anteriormente podemos encontrar los
siguientes límites laterales
Límite Lateral Derecho: Sea f una función definida en un intervalo abierto de la forma (𝑎, 𝑏). Diremos
que el límite de 𝑓(𝑥) cuando x tiende al número a por la derecha es L tal como se muestra
lim
𝑥→𝑎+
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐿
Límite Lateral Izquierdo: Sea f una función definida en un intervalo abierto de la forma (𝑎, 𝑏).
Diremos que el límite de 𝑓(𝑥) cuando x tiende al número a por la izquierda es L tal como se muestra
lim
𝑥→𝑎−
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐿
Nota: El límite lateral izquierdo no implica que el número a sea negativo ni el límite lateral derecha
que el número a sea positivo, solo se relaciona con la ubicación del número en la recta real.
Ejemplo:
Si Hallar: lim
𝑥→0−
𝑥
|𝑥|
lim
𝑥→0+
𝑥
|𝑥|
Cuando x está a la izquierda de cero, es decir 𝑥 < 0 se cumple que
|𝑥| = −𝑥 y
Entonces; lim
𝑥→0−
𝑥
|𝑥|
= −1
Cuando x está a la derecha de cero, es decir 𝑥 > 0 se cumple que
|𝑥| = 𝑥 y
Entonces; lim
𝑥→0+
𝑥
|𝑥|
= 1
Existencia de Límite
El límite de una función existe si y solo sí sus límites laterales existen y son iguales.
Esta afirmación se resume en el límite que se presenta a continuación:
lim
𝑥→𝑎
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐿 ↔ lim
𝑥→𝑎+
𝑓(𝑥) = lim
𝑥→𝑎−
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐿
𝑓(𝑥) =
𝑥
|𝑥|
𝑓(𝑥) =
𝑥
|𝑥|
=
𝑥
−𝑥
= −1
𝑓(𝑥) =
𝑥
|𝑥|
=
𝑥
𝑥
= 1
Si tienes
dudas
sobre la
función
Valor
Absoluto
Recuerda
revisar
Consideracio
nes
Preliminares
14. Ejemplo:
Dada la función 𝑓(𝑥) = {
𝑥3
𝑠𝑖 𝑥 ≤ 2
𝑥2
+ 4 𝑠𝑖 𝑥 > 2
Hallar lim
𝑥→2
𝑓(𝑥)
Nota: La función del ejemplo es conocida como función a trozo ya que presenta una ecuación con
un comportamiento para valores mayores a 2 y otra ecuación con otro comportamiento para valores
menos a 2.
lim
𝑥→2+
𝑓(𝑥) = lim
𝑥→2+
𝑥2
+ 4 = 8
lim
𝑥→2−
𝑓(𝑥) = lim
𝑥→2−
𝑥3
= 8
lim
𝑥→2+
𝑓(𝑥) = lim
𝑥→2−
𝑓(𝑥) = 8 lim
𝑥→2
𝑓(𝑥) = 8
↔ Este
símbolo se lee
Si y solo si
Ejemplo:
Demuestra que el límite que se muestra a continuación
no existe lim
𝑥→0
𝑥
|𝑥|
Por las propiedades de valor absoluto se obtendrían los
siguientes resultados (Ver ejemplo anterior)
lim
𝑥→0−
𝑥
|𝑥|
= −1
lim
𝑥→0+
𝑥
|𝑥|
= 1
Los límites laterales
son diferentes por lo
tanto se demuestra
que el límite dado no
existe
Los límites laterales son
iguales por lo tanto el
límite existe