This is the fifth presentation for the University of New England Graduate School of Business course GSB711 Managerial Finance, offered by Dr Subba Reddy Yarram. This presentation examines risk, return and the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM).
This is the fourth presentation for the University of New England Graduate School of Business unit, GSB711 - Managerial Finance. This presentation looks at returns on different types of investment.
by- g 6 envensebles
For downloading this contact- bikashkumar.bk100@gmail.com
Prepared by Students of University of Rajshahi
Dip Murmu & Md. Abadullah Miah
Neamur Rabbi & Md. Azad Khan
Anik Costa & Tanvir Hasan Plabon
Tarikul Islam Tarif
Md. Jakir Hossain Khan & Dilruba Jahan
Shanjida Afrin & Md. Rajib
I have covered the following topics and which Financial instruments should be applied in what situations:
1. Present Value Approach
2. Dividend Discounting model
3. P/E - Profit to Equity Ratio
I hope it should be helpful to all students,professionals who work in capital markets
STOCKS, SHARES, EQUITY SHARES, PREFERENCE SHARES, BONDS, DEBENTURES, STOCK VALUATION, FEATURES OF COMMON STOCK, DETERMINING COMMON STOCK VALUES, EFFECTIVE MARKETS, etc.
This is the fourth presentation for the University of New England Graduate School of Business unit, GSB711 - Managerial Finance. This presentation looks at returns on different types of investment.
by- g 6 envensebles
For downloading this contact- bikashkumar.bk100@gmail.com
Prepared by Students of University of Rajshahi
Dip Murmu & Md. Abadullah Miah
Neamur Rabbi & Md. Azad Khan
Anik Costa & Tanvir Hasan Plabon
Tarikul Islam Tarif
Md. Jakir Hossain Khan & Dilruba Jahan
Shanjida Afrin & Md. Rajib
I have covered the following topics and which Financial instruments should be applied in what situations:
1. Present Value Approach
2. Dividend Discounting model
3. P/E - Profit to Equity Ratio
I hope it should be helpful to all students,professionals who work in capital markets
STOCKS, SHARES, EQUITY SHARES, PREFERENCE SHARES, BONDS, DEBENTURES, STOCK VALUATION, FEATURES OF COMMON STOCK, DETERMINING COMMON STOCK VALUES, EFFECTIVE MARKETS, etc.
The presentation slide is on stock valuation. We have tried to present the various techniques to stock valuation under which different methods are discussed with illustrations. Key concepts:
Zero Growth Model
Balance sheet Technique
Constant Growth Model
Two-stage growth Model
Feel Free to comment.
In financial markets, stock valuation is the method of calculating theoretical values of companies and their stocks. The main use of these methods is to predict future market prices, or more generally, potential market prices, and thus to profit from price movement – stocks that are judged undervalued (with respect to their theoretical value) are bought, while stocks that are judged overvalued are sold, in the expectation that undervalued stocks will, on the whole, rise in value, while overvalued stocks will, on the whole, fall.
Return is the amount of gain or loss of an Investment for a particular period of time.
The future is uncertain. When we are dealing with the future, we assign probabilities to future returns. The Expected rate of return on an investment represents the mean probability distribution of possible future returns.
Risk reflects the chance that the actual return on an investment may be different than the expected return.
One way to measure risk is to calculate the variance and standard deviation of the distribution of returns.
We will once again use a probability distribution in our calculations.
The presentation slide is on stock valuation. We have tried to present the various techniques to stock valuation under which different methods are discussed with illustrations. Key concepts:
Zero Growth Model
Balance sheet Technique
Constant Growth Model
Two-stage growth Model
Feel Free to comment.
In financial markets, stock valuation is the method of calculating theoretical values of companies and their stocks. The main use of these methods is to predict future market prices, or more generally, potential market prices, and thus to profit from price movement – stocks that are judged undervalued (with respect to their theoretical value) are bought, while stocks that are judged overvalued are sold, in the expectation that undervalued stocks will, on the whole, rise in value, while overvalued stocks will, on the whole, fall.
Return is the amount of gain or loss of an Investment for a particular period of time.
The future is uncertain. When we are dealing with the future, we assign probabilities to future returns. The Expected rate of return on an investment represents the mean probability distribution of possible future returns.
Risk reflects the chance that the actual return on an investment may be different than the expected return.
One way to measure risk is to calculate the variance and standard deviation of the distribution of returns.
We will once again use a probability distribution in our calculations.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
1. Risk, Return and Capital Asset Pricing Model Topic 05 GSB711 – Managerial Finance Readings: Chapter: Introduction to Risk, Return and the Opportunity Cost of Capital (Pages 220 – 246) Questions: 1, 3, 6, 7 and Problems: 9, 13, 16, 20, 21 and 23. Chapter: Risk, Return and Capital Budgeting (Pages 248 – 273) Questions: 1, 2, 4 and Problems: 6, 7, 9, 10, 13, 16, 17, 21, 25 and 29.
2. Topics Covered Rates of Return: A Review A Century of Capital Market History Measuring Risk Risk & Diversification Measuring Market Risk Beta Risk and Return CAPM Capital Budgeting and Project Risk
7. Dow Jones Industrial Average (The Dow) Value of a portfolio holding one share in each of 30 large industrial firms. Standard & Poor’s Composite Index (The S&P 500) Value of a portfolio holding shares in 500 firms. Holdings are proportional to the number of shares in the issues. Market Indexes
8. The Value of an Investment of $1 in 1900 $22,745 Index $192 $69 2008 Source: Ibbotson Associates Year Start
11. What is Risk? Risk, in traditional terms, is viewed as a ‘negative’. Webster’s dictionary, for instance, defines risk as “exposing to danger or hazard”. The Chinese symbols for risk, reproduced below, give a much better description of risk The first symbol is the symbol for “danger”, while the second is the symbol for “opportunity”, making risk a mix of danger and opportunity.
13. Measuring Risk Variance - Average value of squared deviations from mean. A measure of volatility. Standard Deviation - Average value of squared deviations from mean. A measure of volatility.
14. Expected Returns Expected returns are based on the probabilities of possible outcomes In this context, “expected” means average if the process is repeated many times The “expected” return does not even have to be a possible return
15. Example: Expected Returns Suppose you have predicted the following returns for stocks C and T in three possible states of nature. What are the expected returns? State Probability C T Boom 0.3 15 25 Normal 0.5 10 20 Recession ??? 2 1 RC = .3(15) + .5(10) + .2(2) = 9.99% RT = .3(25) + .5(20) + .2(1) = 17.7%
16. Variance and Standard Deviation Variance and standard deviation still measure the volatility of returns Using unequal probabilities for the entire range of possibilities Weighted average of squared deviations
17. Example: Variance and Standard Deviation Consider the previous example. What are the variance and standard deviation for each stock? Stock C 2 = .3(15-9.9)2 + .5(10-9.9)2 + .2(2-9.9)2 = 20.29 = 4.5 Stock T 2 = .3(25-17.7)2 + .5(20-17.7)2 + .2(1-17.7)2 = 74.41 = 8.63
18. Portfolios A portfolio is a collection of assets An asset’s risk and return are important in how they affect the risk and return of the portfolio The risk-return trade-off for a portfolio is measured by the portfolio expected return and standard deviation, just as with individual assets
23. Example: Expected Portfolio Returns Consider the portfolio weights computed previously. If the individual stocks have the following expected returns, what is the expected return for the portfolio? DCLK: 19.69% KO: 5.25% INTC: 16.65% KEI: 18.24% E(RP) = .133(19.69) + .2(5.25) + .167(16.65) + .4(18.24) = 13.75%
24. Portfolio Variance Compute the portfolio return for each state:RP = w1R1 + w2R2 + … + wmRm Compute the expected portfolio return using the same formula as for an individual asset Compute the portfolio variance and standard deviation using the same formulas as for an individual asset
27. Risk and Diversification Diversification - Strategy designed to reduce risk by spreading the portfolio across many investments. Unique Risk - Risk factors affecting only that firm. Also called “diversifiable risk.” Market Risk - Economy-wide sources of risk that affect the overall stock market. Also called “systematic risk.”
30. Diversification Portfolio diversification is the investment in several different asset classes or sectors Diversification is not just holding a lot of assets For example, if you own 50 internet stocks, you are not diversified However, if you own 50 stocks that span 20 different industries, then you are diversified
32. The Principle of Diversification Diversification can substantially reduce the variability of returns without an equivalent reduction in expected returns This reduction in risk arises because worse than expected returns from one asset are offset by better than expected returns from another However, there is a minimum level of risk that cannot be diversified away and that is the systematic portion
34. Diversifiable Risk The risk that can be eliminated by combining assets into a portfolio Often considered the same as unsystematic, unique or asset-specific risk If we hold only one asset, or assets in the same industry, then we are exposing ourselves to risk that we could diversify away
35. Total Risk Total risk = systematic risk + unsystematic risk The standard deviation of returns is a measure of total risk For well-diversified portfolios, unsystematic risk is very small Consequently, the total risk for a diversified portfolio is essentially equivalent to the systematic risk
36. Systematic Risk Principle There is a reward for bearing risk There is not a reward for bearing risk unnecessarily The expected return on a risky asset depends only on that asset’s systematic risk since unsystematic risk can be diversified away
37. Measuring Systematic Risk How do we measure systematic risk? We use the beta coefficient to measure systematic risk What does beta tell us? A beta of 1 implies the asset has the same systematic risk as the overall market A beta < 1 implies the asset has less systematic risk than the overall market A beta > 1 implies the asset has more systematic risk than the overall market
38. Total versus Systematic Risk Consider the following information: Standard Deviation Beta Security C 20% 1.25 Security K 30% 0.95 Which security has more total risk? Which security has more systematic risk? Which security should have the higher expected return?
39. Beta and the Risk Premium Remember that the risk premium = expected return – risk-free rate The higher the beta, the greater the risk premium should be Can we define the relationship between the risk premium and beta so that we can estimate the expected return? YES!
44. Measuring Market Risk Market Portfolio - Portfolio of all assets in the economy. In practice a broad stock market index is used to represent the market. Beta - Sensitivity of a stock’s return to the return on the market portfolio.
45. Measuring Market Risk Example - Turbo Charged Seafood has the following % returns on its stock, relative to the listed changes in the % return on the market portfolio. The beta of Turbo Charged Seafood can be derived from this information.
47. Measuring Market Risk Example - continued When the market was up 1%, Turbo average % change was +0.8% When the market was down 1%, Turbo average % change was -0.8% The average change of 1.6 % (-0.8 to 0.8) divided by the 2% (-1.0 to 1.0) change in the market produces a beta of 0.8.
49. Portfolio Betas Diversification decreases variability from unique risk, but not from market risk. The beta of your portfolio will be an average of the betas of the securities in the portfolio. If you owned all of the S&P Composite Index stocks, you would have an average beta of 1.0
51. Risk and Return Vanguard Explorer Fund return Vanguard Explorer Return (%) Market Return (%)
52. Risk and Return Vanguard Index 500 return Vanguard Return (%) Market Return (%)
53. Measuring Market Risk Market Portfolio Market Risk Premium - Risk premium of market portfolio. Difference between market return and return on risk-free Treasury bills.
54. CAPM - Theory of the relationship between risk and return which states that the expected risk premium on any security equals its beta times the market risk premium. Measuring Market Risk
55. Measuring Market Risk 1.0 Security Market Line - The graphic representation of the CAPM.
57. Testing the CAPM Beta vs. Average Risk Premium Avg Risk Premium 1931-2005 30 20 10 0 SML Investors Market Portfolio Portfolio Beta 1.0
58. Testing the CAPM Return vs. Book-to-Market Dollars (log scale) High-minus low book-to-market Small minus big 2007 http://mba.tuck.dartmouth.edu/pages/faculty/ken.french/data_library.html
60. Capital Budgeting & Project Risk We discuss more on capital budgeting in a later topic The project cost of capital depends on the use to which the capital is being put. Therefore, it depends on the risk of the project and not the risk of the company.
61. Capital Budgeting & Project Example - Based on the CAPM, ABC Company has a cost of capital of 17%. [4 + 1.3(10)]. A breakdown of the company’s investment projects is listed below. When evaluating a new dog food production investment, which cost of capital should be used? 1/3 Nuclear Parts Mfr. B=2.0 1/3 Computer Hard Drive Mfr. B=1.3 1/3 Dog Food Production B=0.6 AVG. B of assets = 1.3 Risk
62. Capital Budgeting & Project Risk Example - Based on the CAPM, ABC Company has a cost of capital of 17%. (4 + 1.3(10)). A breakdown of the company’s investment projects is listed below. When evaluating a new dog food production investment, which cost of capital should be used? R = 4 + 0.6 (14 - 4 ) = 10% 10% reflects the opportunity cost of capital on an investment given the unique risk of the project.
63. Alternative Models CAPM emphasizes market as the major determinant of expected return Major criticism from Fama and French in early 1990s Other models take into account other aspects Arbitrage pricing theory and Multi factor models Is beta dead? Long-live beta
