The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
This document provides a history of the evolution of bonding in orthodontics from the 1960s to present day. It discusses key developments such as the introduction of acid etching by Buonocore in the 1950s, the early use of epoxy and composite resins for bonding by Newman and Miura in the 1960s-1970s, the introduction of visible light curing systems in the 1980s, and the development of self-etching primers in the 2000s. Bonding has evolved from using fillings materials to specialized orthodontic bonding resins and primers, and techniques now allow bonding to both dry and wet enamel surfaces.
Recent advances in orthodontics include improvements to brackets, bonding materials, wires, software, and appliances. Brackets are now made from stronger materials with coatings to reduce friction and promote oral health. New bonding materials bond more effectively in fewer steps. Wires now come in various alloys and shapes to apply lighter continuous forces. Software includes apps for patients and artificial intelligence to assist with treatment planning. These technological advances have improved orthodontic treatment outcomes.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Methods of studying growth /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian den...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
This document provides a history of the evolution of bonding in orthodontics from the 1960s to present day. It discusses key developments such as the introduction of acid etching by Buonocore in the 1950s, the early use of epoxy and composite resins for bonding by Newman and Miura in the 1960s-1970s, the introduction of visible light curing systems in the 1980s, and the development of self-etching primers in the 2000s. Bonding has evolved from using fillings materials to specialized orthodontic bonding resins and primers, and techniques now allow bonding to both dry and wet enamel surfaces.
Recent advances in orthodontics include improvements to brackets, bonding materials, wires, software, and appliances. Brackets are now made from stronger materials with coatings to reduce friction and promote oral health. New bonding materials bond more effectively in fewer steps. Wires now come in various alloys and shapes to apply lighter continuous forces. Software includes apps for patients and artificial intelligence to assist with treatment planning. These technological advances have improved orthodontic treatment outcomes.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Methods of studying growth /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian den...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document discusses various methods for predicting facial growth, including cephalometric methods like Moorrees mesh, Johnston's transformation grid, and Rickett's arcial growth prediction of the mandible. Non-cephalometric methods discussed include logarithmic spiral, Hirschfield and Moyers, and Todd's equation. The need for growth prediction in orthodontic treatment planning and challenges with accuracy are also addressed. The conclusion is that while various methods have been proposed, growth prediction is most reasonable for "average growers" but not "abnormal growers," and an orthodontist's experience is an important additional factor.
This document discusses adult orthodontics, including biological concepts, history, comparisons between adolescents and adults, objectives, classifications, adjunctive orthodontics, and comprehensive orthodontics. It covers topics like the periodontal ligament, bone, teeth, classifications of adult orthodontic treatment, objectives of treatment for adults, and procedures for adjunctive orthodontics including uprighting teeth, forced eruption, and aligning anterior teeth.
The document discusses various skeletal maturity indicators used to assess skeletal maturity, including hand-wrist radiographs, cervical vertebrae, and dental indicators. It provides details on the anatomy of the hand and wrist bones and stages of ossification visible in hand-wrist radiographs according to different methods. It also describes the six stages of cervical vertebral maturation as seen on lateral cephalograms according to Lamparski. Comparing the stages of ossification seen in the middle phalanx of the third finger (MP3) to the cervical vertebral maturation stages shows similarities between the MP3-F stage and initiation stage, MP3-FG stage and acceleration stage, and MP3-G stage and transition stage.
The document provides an overview of the activator appliance and its modifications. Some key points:
- The activator was developed in the early 1900s as a way to induce functional growth modifications. It works by applying muscle forces to the jaws through light contact between the appliance and teeth.
- There are different types of activators (H-activator and V-activator) depending on the amount of vertical opening and anterior positioning in the construction bite.
- The appliance is indicated for Class II and III malocclusions, open bites, and other functional issues in growing individuals. Contraindications include non-growing patients and severe vertical growth patterns.
- The activator is thought to work
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This article reviews different methods of maxillary expansion including rapid maxillary expansion (RME), slow maxillary expansion (SME), and surgically-assisted maxillary expansion. RME uses appliances like Haas or Hyrax expanders to apply heavy forces and separate the midpalatal suture quickly in 2-3 weeks. SME uses appliances like quad helix or coils to apply lighter, continuous forces over months. Surgically-assisted expansion is used when expansion is needed in older patients after suture closure. Maxillary expansion treats transverse deficiencies, crossbites, and improves nasal breathing. Complications can include discomfort, relapse, and tooth tipping.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Functional malocclusion /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dent...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
00919248678078
The document discusses various concepts related to mandibular growth rotations proposed by different orthodontic researchers over time. It begins by introducing Arne Bjork who first described growth rotations in 1955. It then covers Enlow's concept of remodeling and displacement rotations. Bjork's 1969 classification of forward and backward mandibular rotations is described, including his identification of three types of forward and two types of backward rotations based on their center of rotation. The document also discusses concepts by Bjork and Skieller on total, matrix, and intramatrix rotations. Fred Schudy's concept relating rotation to the disharmony between vertical, anteroposterior and horizontal growth is summarized. Finally, Dibbets' re
This document discusses genetics in orthodontics. It begins by defining genetics and key figures in the field. It then explains how genetics influences growth, development, and malocclusions. The molecular basis of inheritance is described including DNA, genes, and genetic disorders. Different modes of genetic transmission are covered. Finally, specific malocclusions like Class II and Class III are discussed and twin/pedigree studies are summarized that show the genetic influences for different traits.
Skeletal maturity indicators /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian d...Indian dental academy
This document discusses skeletal maturity indicators and describes Fishman's skeletal maturity indicator (SMI) system. The SMI system uses 11 indicators seen on hand-wrist radiographs to assess skeletal maturity. The indicators include widening, capping, and fusion of epiphyses. A longitudinal study found average ages for each SMI. Other systems for assessing skeletal maturity using hand-wrist radiographs and cervical vertebrae on lateral cephalograms are also described. The cervical vertebrae system identifies 6 categories of skeletal maturity based on the shape of C3. Assessing skeletal maturity is important for evaluating growth potential and orthodontic treatment planning.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Tongue and its importance in orthodontic treatment /certified fixed orthodont...Indian dental academy
This document discusses the anatomy, development, functions and examination of the tongue. It notes that the tongue plays an important role in dental development and malocclusion through its pressures and posture. Abnormal tongue posture, like a forward resting posture, can exert pressures on teeth and affect their positions over time. The document examines tongue posture and functions like swallowing, and discusses conditions like tongue thrust and retained infantile swallowing that can influence malocclusion. Metric evaluation methods like cephalometry and palatography are presented for assessing tongue posture.
1. Late mandibular incisor crowding is common in modern populations as the mandible continues growing forward while maxillary growth stops, pushing the lower incisors lingually and reducing arch length.
2. Causes include late mandibular growth, increased muscle tone, gingival/occlusal forces, lack of attrition in modern diets, and reduction in intercanine width.
3. Management options for mild crowding include acceptance and monitoring, interproximal stripping for adults, or extracting a lower incisor with fixed appliances and lingual retainers for more severe crowding. Extraction of lower premolars may also be considered.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document provides an overview of child and adolescent development. It begins with defining key terms like human development, growth, and learning. It then outlines the major aspects of development including physical, intellectual, personality/social, moral, and spiritual. Several principles of growth and development are explained like normative sequence and optimal tendency. Factors that influence development such as genetics, environment, and nutrition are explored. The stages of the human lifespan from prenatal to old age are defined. Prenatal development is divided into the germinal, embryonic, and fetal periods. Risk factors to healthy prenatal growth are also noted.
A generalization is a broad statement about a group that identifies something they have in common. There are different types of generalizations, including scientific and empirical generalizations which are based on evidence of causal connections or experience, respectively. Generalizations can also be valid if supported by facts, or faulty if not supported. Additionally, generalizations may be universal and claim all members of a group share attributes, or statistical and claim a percentage do. Generalizations can also be inductive, basing broader inferences on examples, or deductive, proceeding from general rules to specific cases.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document discusses various methods for predicting facial growth, including cephalometric methods like Moorrees mesh, Johnston's transformation grid, and Rickett's arcial growth prediction of the mandible. Non-cephalometric methods discussed include logarithmic spiral, Hirschfield and Moyers, and Todd's equation. The need for growth prediction in orthodontic treatment planning and challenges with accuracy are also addressed. The conclusion is that while various methods have been proposed, growth prediction is most reasonable for "average growers" but not "abnormal growers," and an orthodontist's experience is an important additional factor.
This document discusses adult orthodontics, including biological concepts, history, comparisons between adolescents and adults, objectives, classifications, adjunctive orthodontics, and comprehensive orthodontics. It covers topics like the periodontal ligament, bone, teeth, classifications of adult orthodontic treatment, objectives of treatment for adults, and procedures for adjunctive orthodontics including uprighting teeth, forced eruption, and aligning anterior teeth.
The document discusses various skeletal maturity indicators used to assess skeletal maturity, including hand-wrist radiographs, cervical vertebrae, and dental indicators. It provides details on the anatomy of the hand and wrist bones and stages of ossification visible in hand-wrist radiographs according to different methods. It also describes the six stages of cervical vertebral maturation as seen on lateral cephalograms according to Lamparski. Comparing the stages of ossification seen in the middle phalanx of the third finger (MP3) to the cervical vertebral maturation stages shows similarities between the MP3-F stage and initiation stage, MP3-FG stage and acceleration stage, and MP3-G stage and transition stage.
The document provides an overview of the activator appliance and its modifications. Some key points:
- The activator was developed in the early 1900s as a way to induce functional growth modifications. It works by applying muscle forces to the jaws through light contact between the appliance and teeth.
- There are different types of activators (H-activator and V-activator) depending on the amount of vertical opening and anterior positioning in the construction bite.
- The appliance is indicated for Class II and III malocclusions, open bites, and other functional issues in growing individuals. Contraindications include non-growing patients and severe vertical growth patterns.
- The activator is thought to work
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This article reviews different methods of maxillary expansion including rapid maxillary expansion (RME), slow maxillary expansion (SME), and surgically-assisted maxillary expansion. RME uses appliances like Haas or Hyrax expanders to apply heavy forces and separate the midpalatal suture quickly in 2-3 weeks. SME uses appliances like quad helix or coils to apply lighter, continuous forces over months. Surgically-assisted expansion is used when expansion is needed in older patients after suture closure. Maxillary expansion treats transverse deficiencies, crossbites, and improves nasal breathing. Complications can include discomfort, relapse, and tooth tipping.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Functional malocclusion /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dent...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
00919248678078
The document discusses various concepts related to mandibular growth rotations proposed by different orthodontic researchers over time. It begins by introducing Arne Bjork who first described growth rotations in 1955. It then covers Enlow's concept of remodeling and displacement rotations. Bjork's 1969 classification of forward and backward mandibular rotations is described, including his identification of three types of forward and two types of backward rotations based on their center of rotation. The document also discusses concepts by Bjork and Skieller on total, matrix, and intramatrix rotations. Fred Schudy's concept relating rotation to the disharmony between vertical, anteroposterior and horizontal growth is summarized. Finally, Dibbets' re
This document discusses genetics in orthodontics. It begins by defining genetics and key figures in the field. It then explains how genetics influences growth, development, and malocclusions. The molecular basis of inheritance is described including DNA, genes, and genetic disorders. Different modes of genetic transmission are covered. Finally, specific malocclusions like Class II and Class III are discussed and twin/pedigree studies are summarized that show the genetic influences for different traits.
Skeletal maturity indicators /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian d...Indian dental academy
This document discusses skeletal maturity indicators and describes Fishman's skeletal maturity indicator (SMI) system. The SMI system uses 11 indicators seen on hand-wrist radiographs to assess skeletal maturity. The indicators include widening, capping, and fusion of epiphyses. A longitudinal study found average ages for each SMI. Other systems for assessing skeletal maturity using hand-wrist radiographs and cervical vertebrae on lateral cephalograms are also described. The cervical vertebrae system identifies 6 categories of skeletal maturity based on the shape of C3. Assessing skeletal maturity is important for evaluating growth potential and orthodontic treatment planning.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Tongue and its importance in orthodontic treatment /certified fixed orthodont...Indian dental academy
This document discusses the anatomy, development, functions and examination of the tongue. It notes that the tongue plays an important role in dental development and malocclusion through its pressures and posture. Abnormal tongue posture, like a forward resting posture, can exert pressures on teeth and affect their positions over time. The document examines tongue posture and functions like swallowing, and discusses conditions like tongue thrust and retained infantile swallowing that can influence malocclusion. Metric evaluation methods like cephalometry and palatography are presented for assessing tongue posture.
1. Late mandibular incisor crowding is common in modern populations as the mandible continues growing forward while maxillary growth stops, pushing the lower incisors lingually and reducing arch length.
2. Causes include late mandibular growth, increased muscle tone, gingival/occlusal forces, lack of attrition in modern diets, and reduction in intercanine width.
3. Management options for mild crowding include acceptance and monitoring, interproximal stripping for adults, or extracting a lower incisor with fixed appliances and lingual retainers for more severe crowding. Extraction of lower premolars may also be considered.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document provides an overview of child and adolescent development. It begins with defining key terms like human development, growth, and learning. It then outlines the major aspects of development including physical, intellectual, personality/social, moral, and spiritual. Several principles of growth and development are explained like normative sequence and optimal tendency. Factors that influence development such as genetics, environment, and nutrition are explored. The stages of the human lifespan from prenatal to old age are defined. Prenatal development is divided into the germinal, embryonic, and fetal periods. Risk factors to healthy prenatal growth are also noted.
A generalization is a broad statement about a group that identifies something they have in common. There are different types of generalizations, including scientific and empirical generalizations which are based on evidence of causal connections or experience, respectively. Generalizations can also be valid if supported by facts, or faulty if not supported. Additionally, generalizations may be universal and claim all members of a group share attributes, or statistical and claim a percentage do. Generalizations can also be inductive, basing broader inferences on examples, or deductive, proceeding from general rules to specific cases.
Principles of human growth and developmentAnil Gowda
The document discusses various principles of growth and development from conception to death. It explains that growth and development is a continuous process that follows sequential patterns from general to specific and from the head downward and center of the body outward. Development depends on maturation and learning, proceeding from simple to more complex. While growth rates differ between individuals, development typically shows common characteristics at particular stages, being gradual and orderly but uneven in pace.
Human Growth & Development: Developmental Psychology. By Theresa Lowry-Lehnen...Theresa Lowry-Lehnen
Developmental psychology examines human growth and change across the lifespan, from infancy through late adulthood, exploring topics like cognitive, social, and emotional development through a variety of theoretical perspectives including psychoanalytic, behaviorist, social learning, and cognitive theories. Major debates in the field include the relative influences of nature versus nurture and continuity versus discontinuity of development. The study of developmental psychology is important for understanding human potential and applying that knowledge across various disciplines like education, health care, and public policy.
1. Growth and development are influenced by both heredity and environment.
2. Development proceeds in an orderly sequence from head to trunk to limbs, and internally from central to peripheral.
3. Growth rates are not uniform and may be accelerated or delayed based on various genetic and environmental factors.
The document discusses growth and development from several perspectives. It defines growth as an increase in size due to cell multiplication, while development refers to functional and behavioral maturation. Several theories of development are summarized, including Freud's psychosexual stages, Erikson's psychosocial stages, and Piaget's cognitive stages. Key aspects of normal growth and development in infancy are outlined, such as gross and fine motor milestones, language development, and the establishment of social relationships.
The document discusses growth and development in children. It defines growth as a quantitative increase in body size through cell multiplication, while development is the qualitative functional and physiological maturation of an individual. The principles of growth include cephalocaudal development from head to tail, proximodistal development from center to extremities, and general to specific development from broad abilities to fine motor skills. Factors that influence development are genetic, prenatal such as maternal health, and postnatal including nutrition, environment and socioeconomic status. The document outlines assessments of physical growth parameters and developmental milestones.
This document defines and describes different types of longitudinal studies, including trend studies, cohort analysis, and panel studies. Trend studies examine different groups over time from the same population to track changes, cohort analysis follows specific groups who experienced the same event, and panel studies measure the same sample repeatedly. Longitudinal studies have advantages like more data over time but also disadvantages like high costs and risk of attrition. Examples are given of longitudinal studies tracking topics like presidential approval, consumer behavior, and television viewership.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Growth & development /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental ...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
00919248678078
The document discusses various growth spurts that occur during development, including:
1. The pre-pubertal growth spurt, which occurs in girls from ages 11-12 and boys from ages 14-15.
2. Other growth spurts include the infantile/childhood growth spurt around age 3, and the juvenile/mixed dentition growth spurt from ages 6-7 in girls and 7-9 in boys.
3. Growth occurs through cellular differentiation and multiplication, with growth rates increasing until birth and decreasing thereafter, resulting in growth appearing in "spurts" potentially linked to changes in hormonal secretion.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document provides definitions and terminology related to growth and development. It discusses how growth refers to an increase in size, number, or living substance, while development connotes a maturational process involving cellular and tissue differentiation. Development encompasses all naturally occurring progressive changes in an individual from a single cell to a multifunctional unit terminating in death. The document also outlines various methods for studying growth, including longitudinal studies, cross-sectional studies, cephalometry, anthropometry, radiography, histology techniques, and the use of markers like isotopes and fluorescent labels.
The document provides an introduction to the Institutional Review Board (IRB) at Bristol Community College. The IRB ensures that human subject research meets ethical standards by reviewing proposed studies. It describes the IRB's functions, past unethical studies that led to modern standards, the composition of IRB boards, types of research reviews, and the application process for obtaining IRB approval before beginning human subject research.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
This document discusses growth and development, providing definitions and key concepts. It defines growth as an increase in size, while development refers to maturation and differentiation at the cellular level. Growth is quantitative and anatomical, while development is qualitative and physiological. Theories of craniofacial growth are examined, including the sutural theory, cartilaginous theory, and functional matrix theory. Growth occurs at differing rates in different tissues through differential growth and growth spurts. Methods for studying growth include longitudinal studies, cross-sectional studies, cephalometry, vital staining, and implant radiography.
This document provides an overview of research design, conceptual frameworks, and their importance in research. It discusses different types of research designs including experimental, quasi-experimental, and observational designs. Key factors that influence the selection of a research design are the study purpose, required strength of evidence, available time and resources, and ethical considerations. The document also explains that a conceptual framework presents the main concepts of a study and their relationships in narrative or visual form. It provides the structure for the research and helps identify relevant variables and relationships between dependent and independent variables. Developing a conceptual framework is an iterative process that can be presented through diagrams, equations or descriptions.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document provides an introduction to biostatistics. It discusses how statistics are important for precision in science and medicine. Biostatistics involves applying statistical tools to biological data from fields like medicine. Some key applications of biostatistics include defining normal ranges, comparing treatment effectiveness, and identifying disease associations. The document also outlines common statistical terms, data sources and types, methods for presenting data, measures of central tendency and variability.
Growth and development (orthodontics) by dr venkat giri indugu , asst prof, sjdcVenkat Indugu
Growth and development are interrelated processes involving increases in size and maturation at the cellular and tissue levels. There are several types of growth including cellular hyperplasia/hypertrophy and tissue-level accretionary, appositional, interstitial, and compensatory growth. Growth occurs in phases from prenatal to postnatal to maturity. It is influenced by genetic, hormonal, nutritional, environmental, and other factors. Growth is studied using measurement approaches like craniometry and anthropometry or experimental approaches involving vital staining, radioisotopes, and implant radiography. Growth data is interpreted using distance/cumulative and velocity curves to understand patterns of differential growth along the cephalocaudal gradient and in Scammon's growth curves
Growth & Development - General Principles & ConceptsSaibel Farishta
Growth and development involve quantitative and qualitative changes over time. Several factors influence physical growth, including heredity, nutrition, illness, socioeconomic status, and psychological factors. Growth occurs in rhythmic patterns with spurts of accelerated growth. Different body tissues and regions grow at different rates and times based on concepts like Scammon's curve of growth and cephalocaudal gradient. Growth data is collected through longitudinal, cross-sectional, and semi-longitudinal studies using quantitative measurements, observations, ratings, and rankings.
This document discusses quantitative research designs, including experimental and non-experimental designs. Experimental designs can be true experimental, quasi-experimental, or pre-experimental based on whether they include randomization, manipulation of the independent variable, and a control group. Nonexperimental designs include cross-sectional, longitudinal, case-control, cohort, and correlational studies. Specific experimental designs discussed include post-test only, pre-test post-test, Solomon four group, randomized block, factorial, and crossover designs. Nonexperimental designs do not involve manipulation but can explore relationships over time or between groups.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document discusses types of questionnaires, questions, surveys, and methods for displaying epidemiological data. It describes four types of structured and non-structured questionnaires, as well as closed and open-ended question types. Two types of surveys - questionnaires and interviews - are outlined. Sources of epidemiological data and methods for displaying data like figures, charts, and graphs are also presented. Examples of epidemiological studies calculating incidence rates and odds ratios are provided.
This document provides an overview of descriptive research. Descriptive research involves collecting data to describe characteristics or behaviors of individuals, groups, or situations. It aims to present a factual account of the characteristics of whatever is being studied, rather than testing hypotheses. Common methods include surveys, interviews, and observation. The document then discusses the nature, aims, design, methods, errors, and classifications of descriptive research. It provides examples of descriptive research studies in the areas of norms, education, psychology, and social surveys. Descriptive research seeks to describe "what is" rather than establish causal relationships.
- Cohort studies follow groups of individuals over time to determine the incidence of an outcome. Prospective cohort studies enroll participants before the outcome occurs, while retrospective cohort studies enroll participants who already have the outcome.
- Case-control studies compare cases who have an outcome to controls who do not, and look back to examine risk factor exposure between the groups. This design is useful for rare outcomes or those with long latency periods.
- Both study designs can estimate relative risks but cohort studies directly measure incidence, while case-control studies estimate odds ratios to examine relationships between risk factors and outcomes. Selection bias, information bias, and incomplete control of variables are challenges for both.
Opportunity for Dentists (BDS/MDS )to relocate to United kingdom -Register as a DENTAL HYGIENIST/ DENTAL THERAPIST without Board exams and after approval you can register in GDC as a DH/DT and start working as a DH/DT Immediately and get paid.
You can complete the whole process in 3-4 months.Salary range for DH/DT is around 2500-3500 Pounds per month.
Eligibility / requirements-
1. An International English Language Testing System (IELTS) certificate
at the appropriate level.(Within 2 yrs of application date )
2: A recent primary dental qualification that has been taught and examined in English..(Within 2 yrs of application date )
3: A recent pass in a language test for registration with a regulatory authority in a country where the first language is English.
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1ST, 2ND AND 3RD ORDER BENDS IN STANDARD EDGEWISE APPLIANCE SYSTEM /Fixed ort...Indian dental academy
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals
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Dear Doctor,
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--
Indian Dental Academy
Leader in continuing dental education
www.indiandentalacademy.com
skype:indiandentalacademy
+919248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Cytotoxicity of silicone materials used in maxillofacial prosthesis / dental ...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Diagnosis and treatment planning in completely endntulous arches/dental coursesIndian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
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Properties of Denture base materials /rotary endodontic coursesIndian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
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Use of modified tooth forms in complete denture occlusion / dental implant...Indian dental academy
This document discusses dental occlusion concepts and philosophies for complete dentures. It introduces key terms like physiologic occlusion and defines different occlusion schemes like balanced articulation and monoplane articulation. The document discusses advantages and disadvantages of using anatomic versus non-anatomic teeth for complete dentures. It also outlines requirements for maintaining denture stability, such as balanced occlusal contacts and control of horizontal forces. The goal of occlusion for complete dentures is to re-establish the homeostasis of the masticatory system disrupted by edentulism.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
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The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document discusses dental casting investment materials. It describes the three main types of investments - gypsum bonded, phosphate bonded, and ethyl silicate bonded investments. For gypsum bonded investments specifically, it details their classification, composition including the roles of gypsum, silica, and modifiers, setting time, normal and hygroscopic setting expansion, and thermal expansion. It provides information on how the properties of gypsum bonded investments are affected by their composition. The document serves as a comprehensive overview of dental casting investment materials.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
A Visual Guide to 1 Samuel | A Tale of Two HeartsSteve Thomason
These slides walk through the story of 1 Samuel. Samuel is the last judge of Israel. The people reject God and want a king. Saul is anointed as the first king, but he is not a good king. David, the shepherd boy is anointed and Saul is envious of him. David shows honor while Saul continues to self destruct.
Andreas Schleicher presents PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Thinking - 18 Jun...EduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher, Director of Education and Skills at the OECD presents at the launch of PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Minds, Creative Schools on 18 June 2024.
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
How Barcodes Can Be Leveraged Within Odoo 17Celine George
In this presentation, we will explore how barcodes can be leveraged within Odoo 17 to streamline our manufacturing processes. We will cover the configuration steps, how to utilize barcodes in different manufacturing scenarios, and the overall benefits of implementing this technology.
Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.pptHenry Hollis
The History of NZ 1870-1900.
Making of a Nation.
From the NZ Wars to Liberals,
Richard Seddon, George Grey,
Social Laboratory, New Zealand,
Confiscations, Kotahitanga, Kingitanga, Parliament, Suffrage, Repudiation, Economic Change, Agriculture, Gold Mining, Timber, Flax, Sheep, Dairying,
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
This presentation was provided by Rebecca Benner, Ph.D., of the American Society of Anesthesiologists, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
2. • Types of growth data
• Methods of gathering growth data
• Longitudinal growth studies
• Methods of studying bone growth
www.indiandentalacademy.com
3. Types of growth data.
Opinion
Observations.
Ratings and rankings.
Quantitative measurements.
direct data.
indirect data.
derived data.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
4. Types of growth data.
• Opinion
It is a clever guess based on experience.
they are the crudest form of scientific
knowledge.
• Observations:
They are useful for studying all or none
phenomenon.they are used in a limited way
when more quantitative data is available.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
5. Types of growth data.
• Ratings and rankings:
certain data is difficult to quantify and thus
may be compared to conventional rating
scale .ratings make use of comparisons with
such scales.rankings array data in ordered
sequence according to value.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
6. Types of growth data.
• Quantitative measurements:
Includes expressing an idea or fact as a
meaningful quantity or numbers.
• Direct data: derived from measurements taken
on living persons or cadaver with a measuring
device.
• Indirect data:derived from measurements taken
from images or reproductions of the actual
person.
• Derived data:obtained by comparing at least
two other measurements.www.indiandentalacademy.com
8. Longitudinal studies.
• These are measurements made of the same
person or group at regular intervals through
time.
• Advantages:temporary temporal problems are
smoothed with time,
Variability in development within a group is put
in proper perspective,serial comparison makes
study of specific developmental pattern of
individual possible.
• Disadvantages:time consuming, expensive,
sample loss or attrition,averaging.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
9. Cross sectional studies.
• These are measurements made of different
samples or different individuals and studied at
different periods.
• Advantages: quicker,less expensive,statistical
treatment of data is easier.studies can be
readily repeated.method can be used in
archeological data.
• Disadvantages:it must be assumed that groups
being measured and compared are
similar.cross sectional group averages tend to
obscure individual variations.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
10. Semi longitudinal studies.
• Longitudinal and cross sectional studies can
be combined to to seek the advantages of
both.in this way one might compress 15
years of study into 3 years of gathering
growth data.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
12. Bolton Brush growth study.
• The brush enquiry was initiated in 1926 by Prof T
Wingate Todd with a aim of studying skeletal
development .
• The Bolton study was initiated concurrently by Dr
Holly Broadbent Sr in 1929,which focused on
normal development of facial skeleton and
dentition.
• Sample size:5000 normal healthy children.
• Records:series of x-rays,casts,dental and medical
examination and psychological tests.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
13. Bolton Brush growth study.
• The two collections merged officially in 1970.
• In 1975 the Bolton standards of dentofacial
developmental growth were published by Dr
Holly Broadbent jr.
• These standards are a series of averages that
represent optimum facial and developmental
growth and form a baseline for understanding and
assessing craniofacial growth.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
14. Burlington growth study
• The aim of the study was to learn more about
malocclusion,evaluate preventive and interceptive
orthodontic treatment, and obtain a set of growth
records as a database for future studies.
• Sample size:1632 subjects followed
longitudinally.
• Records :series of x-rays, casts,photographs,height
and weight records and medical examination.
• The original concept for the study was presented
by Robert Moyers& the records were gathered
under Frank Popovich.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
15. Burlington growth study
• More than 247 investigations &322 studies are
based on this growth study
• Longitudinal studies by Thompson & Popovich to
derive cephalometric norms of a representative
sample was based on 210 children followed for 15
years at the Burlington growth center.
• age sex and growth type specific craniofacial
templates were derived and static and dynamic
analysis were proposed on the basis of this study.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
16. The Michigan growth study
• Sample size: 99 males & 92 female subjects
with an age range from 5-18 years .
• Sample was of European origin.
• Records:series of x-rays,study casts, height
& weight records ,and medical records.
• The earliest records were gathered by
Byron O Hughes who was succeeded by
Robert Moyers
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17. The Michigan growth study
• Longitudinal studies done by Riolo et al
was based on a sample from the Michigan
growth center.
• Study done by Barry Grayson et al using
existing cephalostat based data to derive
analysis of 3-D form was based on the
Michigan growth study data base.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
18. The Denver child growth study.
• Sample size :as many as 100 subjects of each sex
at each age.the length of individual record sets
varied from 2 to 20 years.the subjects were of
European origin.
• Records: lateral and PA view and plaster casts of
dentition.
• No summary of record sets exists and records do
not appear available for general use.
• based on a sample from this study Ram Nanda et al
evaluated age changes in the morphology and
position of the nose.www.indiandentalacademy.com
19. The Iowa child welfare study.
• Sample size:it is a diminishing longitudinal
study which began with 20 males and 15
female 4 year old subjects. Followed till 17
years of age. Non -orthodontically treated
patients of entirely European origin were
used.
• Records:lateral and PA views and dental
casts.
• The study as done under Samir Bishara.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
20. The Iowa child welfare study
• Based on this study the changes in facial
dimensions & relationships as well as in
standing height were evaluated.
• The dentofacial relationships of 3 normal
facial types (long, average, short) from 5-
25 yrs of age was described & compared.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
21. The Forsyth twin study.
• Sample size:consisted of records for 3
samples of twins for whom complete records
are available from 6-10 years,10-16
years,and 6-16 years.
• Records;series of x-rays,casts,height and
weight records.
• The study was done under the direction of
C.F.A Moorrees.
AIM:the study observed the dental ,somatic and facial
development of 414 pairs of twins.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
22. The Meharry growth study
• Sample size:diminishing longitudinal records
of 160 American black subjects followed from
6-14 years.
• Records:series of x-ray films,casts, photos,
medical records taken every 6 months till
age14 and annually thereafter.
AIM:was to study the craniofacial growth
and form in the African Americans using
serial radiographic cephalometrics.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
23. The Montreal growth study.
• Sample size:6-15years with at least 50 subjects for each
sex at each age and
• 10-19 years with at least 30 males and 20 females at
each age.(all of European origin)
• Records:lateral,PA view,OPG, hand wrist films,casts
and height and weight records.
AIM:To make available a reference data necessary to
perform growth assessments/predictions
www.indiandentalacademy.com
24. The Krogman Philadelphia
growth study
• Sample size:consisted of mixed sub sample of 600
healthy white children, a serial sample of 150
black children followed from 12-18 years,410 sets
of twins;orthodontically treated patients and some
records of cleft palate subjects.
• Records:lateral, PA view and hand wrist x-rays.
• The records were originally gathered by Wilton M
Krogman and then on by Sol Katz and has been a
subject for a number of publications on physical
anthropology.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
25. The Fels growth study.
• Sample size:as almost exclusively European with
approximately 2% black subjects.the sample size
was more than 400 subjects and some of them had
history of orthodontic treatment.
• Records:Lateral jaw films,hand wrist x-rays.
• The subjects were first recorded at 3 months with
follow up records every 6 months for 5 years.After
6 years the records were obtained on an annual
basis.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
26. The Fels growth study.
• Lewis et al evaluated pubertal growth spurts in
cranial base and mandible and studied its variation
in individuals based on a sample from the Fels
study.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
27. IMPLANT STUDIES.
• Sample size:36 children of early mixed dentition
stage who presented themselves for orthodontic
consultation.
• Records:Lateral,frontal and 45o
x-ray films.
• The main attribute of the sample was that metallic
implants Bjork type were placed on all subjects
at the onset of observations.
• The subjects were of European origin.
THE MATHEWS IMPLANT COLLECTION.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
28. IMPLANT STUDIES.
• Sample size:consisted of 270 subjects who had
conventional orthodontic treatment at the Oregon
dental school during 1967-1971.
• Records:lateral head films and study casts.
• The subjects had maxillary and mandibular implants of
Bjork type placed before treatment.
• Based on this study Baumrind et al quantified the
differences in the perceived pattern of maxillary
remodeling that are observed when different methods
are used to superimpose maxillary images in
roentgenographic cephalometrics.
THE HIXON OREGON IMPLANT STUDY.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
29. CLEFT PALATE STUDIES.
• LANCASTER PA:includes 850 record sets obtained
annually from birth to 15 years.
• HOSPITAL FOR SICK CHILDREN(Toronto):over
4000 subjects ranging in age from 5-20 years
• .CENTER FOR CRANIOFACIAL
ANOMALIES(Chicago);annual records of 1000
subjects.
• Records include series of x-ray films, casts, medical
and orthodontic treatment records.
• All subjects had surgical repair and minor to extensive
orthodontic treatment.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
30. Teleradiology.
• Concept was introduced in 1982 at
international conference of PACS.
• Universal method of storing and
transporting digital images that can be read
between locations.
• Currently American college of radiology
have developed DICOM to allow the
transmisssion of images over the internet.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
31. Methods of studying bone
growth
c e p h a lo m e tr y .
a n th r o p o m e tr y .
c r a n io m e tr y .
m e a s u r e m e n t a p p r o a c h e s .
a u to r a d io g r a p h y .
n u c le a r v o lu m e m o r p h o m e tr y .
r a d io is o to p e s .
p o la r is e d lig h t.
flu o r e s c e n t la b e ls .
m ic r o r a d io g r a p h y .
m in e r a lis e d s e c tio n s .
a t m ic r o s c o p ic le v e l.
fin ite e le m e n t m o d e lin g .
im p la n t m a r k e r s
a t m a c r o s c o p ic le v e l.
n a tu r a l m a r k e r s .
c o m p a r a tiv e a n a to m y .
v ita l s ta in in g .
a t b o th le v e ls .
e x p e r im e n ta l a p p r o a c h e s .
www.indiandentalacademy.com
32. CRANIOMETRY.
Involves measurements of skull
found among human skeletal
remains.it was originally used to
study the Neanderthal and
Cro-magnon skull. It can give
information of extinct population
and pattern of growth .
Advantages: Precise measurements can be made.
Disadvantages:All growth data must be cross sectional.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
33. • ANTHROPOMETRY:includes measurements
using soft tissue points overlying bony landmarks
in living individuals.it can also be done on dried
skulls but variation in soft tissue thickness would
produce different results.
• Possible to follow the growth of an individual
directly by making the same measurements
repeatedly at different times thus producing
longitudinal data.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
34. • CEPHALOMETRIC RADIOGRAPHY: It allows
direct measurement of bony skeletal dimensions
and also allows the same individual to be followed
over time.
• Disadvantages:Depends upon precise orientation of
head before taking radiographs,requires precise control
of magnification,since it is a 2D representation of 3D
structure all measurements are not possible.www.indiandentalacademy.com
35. Mineralized sections.
• Fully mineralized sections are superior to
demineralized specimens as there is less processing
distortions and both organic and inorganic matrix can
be studied simultaneously.
• Cellular details and resolutions can be enhanced by
reducing the thickness of the sections.
• Specific stains can be used to enhance both cellular and
extra cellular details.
• Thin sections can however quench more rapidly
www.indiandentalacademy.com
36. Microradiography.
• This gives high resolution of images of bone
sections and show differential density between
primary and secondary bone.
• Strength of the bone is directly related to the
degree of mineralisation.thus secondary bone has
more strength than primary bone.
• Secondary mineralisation process takes about 8
months to form and hence the minimum retention
period after active orthodontic correction should
be 6-8 months.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
37. Fluorescent labels.
• Administered in vivo calcium binding labels are
anabolic time markers of bone formation.
• Mechanism of bone growth is determined by
analysis of label incidence and interlabel
distance.Sequential use of different colored labels
can be used to assess bone growth,healing and
functional adaptation.
• Tetracycline,calcein green,xylenol orange,alizarin
complexone,demeclocycline and oxytetracycline
are some commonly used labels.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
38. Radioisotopes.
• Radioisotopes of certain elements or compounds
are often used as in vivo markers for studying
bone growth.
• Such labeled material is injected and after some
time located within the growing bone by means
of autoradiographic techniques.
• Commonly used markers are :
1. Technetium 99
2. Calcium 45
3. Potassium 32
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39. Autoradiography.
• In this method radioactive precursors for structural
and metabolic materials are detected within tissue by
by coating histological sections with a nuclear track
emulsion.localization of radioactive disintegration
reveals the location of the precursors.
• Specific radioactive labels for protein carbohydrates
or nucleic acids are injected at known interval prior
to tissue sampling.
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40. Autoradiography.
• Quantitative and qualitative assessment of the label uptake
is a physiologic index of cell activity.
• Commonly used autoradiographic labels are:
• A. 3
H thymidine.
• B. 3
H proline.
• C. Bromodeoxyuridine.
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41. Polarized light.
• The lamellar fringe pattern of the bone revealed
with polarized light indicates the orientation of
collagen fibers within the bone matrix.
• Most lamellar bone consists of collagen fibers
oriented at right angles.
• However 2 other configurations can also be
noted:longitudinally aligned(L osteons).
www.indiandentalacademy.com
42. Polarized light.
• And mixed fiber pattern.(both L and A osteons).
• Loading condition at the time of bone formation
dictate the orientation of collagen fibers . Thus
bone formation can adapt to different loading
conditions by changing the internal lamellar
organization of bone tissue.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
43. Nuclear volume morphometry.
• It is a cytomorphometric procedure which
measures the nuclear size for assessing the stages
of differentiation of osteoblastic precursor cells.
• Pre osteoblasts have significantly larger nuclei
than their committed osteoprogenitor precursors
or their osteoblast progeny.
• The method is used in determining the relative
differentiation of PDL and other bone living cells.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
44. Vital staining
• First reported by Belchier in 1796 and also by
John Hunter.they attributed their finding to
alizarin dye.
• One injection of alizarin forms a thin colored line
on all active surfaces of bone growth during the
period in which the dye is in the
bloodstream,hence subsequent depositions are not
colored.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
45. Vital staining.
• The method reveals manner in which bone is laid
down,the sites of bone growth,the direction and
amount of growth,and the timing and relative
duration of growth at different sites.
• Alizarin, tetracycline and procion are dyes which
are used extensively in vital staining in bone
research.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
46. Comparative anatomy.
• Basic principles common to growth in all species
are first recognized and defined by studies in
comparative anatomy.
• Comparisons with such species can lend
significant contributions to our knowledge about
human facial growth.
• Information about phylogeny of the anatomic
components comprising the head has been derived
from comparative studies of fossils and present
day species.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
47. Natural markers.
• The persistence of certain developmental features
has led to their use as natural markers by means of
serial radiography.
• Eg: trabaculae,nutrient canals and lines of arrested
growth can be used for reference to study
deposition, resorption and remodeling.
• Certain natural markers are used as cephalometric
landmarks.
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48. Implant markers.
• Bjork devised a method of implanting tiny bits of
tantalum or biologically inert alloys into growing
bone which served as radiographic reference
markers for serial cephalometric study.
• The method allows precise orientation of serial
cephalograms and information on the amount and
sites of bone growth.
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49. Finite element modeling (FEM).
It is a analytical method for calculating stresses
and strain within mechanically loaded structures
by breaking the structure down into group of
small elements of known mechanical behavior so
that the response of the entire structure to loading
is estimated.
The method requires accurate and precise
measurements of known landmarks in the system.
It utility in analysis of growth and development
has not been tested except to compare its findings
with conventional methods.
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50. REFERENCES:
• Proffit:contemporary orthodontics.
• Moyers:handbook of orthodontics.
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51. References
• Bone biodynamics in
orthodontics:CFGS.27
• Atlas of craniofacial growth in Americans
of African descent CFGS.26
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8 yrs AJO 1988:94 Meng H ,R Nanda
• Longitudinal changes in 3 normal facial
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• S Bishara,J R Peterson, changes in the
facial dimensions & relationships between
the ages 5-25yrs.AJO 1984:85
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52. References
• Lewis A B, Roche AF pubertal spurts in
cranial base & mandible AJO 1985:55
• Popovich.Thompson. Craniofacial
templates for orthodontic case analysis.
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maxillary remodeling. AJO 1987:91
• Atlas of craniofacial growth CFGS
monograph 2.
• Moyers,Van Der Linden standards of
human occlusal development CFGS:5
• B Grayson 3D cephalogram
theory,technique and clinical application.
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