The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
00919248678078
The document discusses various skeletal maturity indicators used to assess skeletal maturity, including hand-wrist radiographs, cervical vertebrae, and dental indicators. It provides details on the anatomy of the hand and wrist bones and stages of ossification visible in hand-wrist radiographs according to different methods. It also describes the six stages of cervical vertebral maturation as seen on lateral cephalograms according to Lamparski. Comparing the stages of ossification seen in the middle phalanx of the third finger (MP3) to the cervical vertebral maturation stages shows similarities between the MP3-F stage and initiation stage, MP3-FG stage and acceleration stage, and MP3-G stage and transition stage.
This document discusses several orthodontic appliances including the Nance appliance, transpalatal arch, quad helix, lip bumper, and tongue crib. It provides details on the design, indications, mechanisms of action, advantages and disadvantages of each appliance. The document is intended as an educational guide for orthodontic residents, as it is presented by several orthodontists and covers the key aspects of these common fixed functional appliances.
Relationship between orofacial muscles function and malocclusionRuhi Kashmiri
This document discusses the relationship between muscle function and malocclusion. It states that malocclusion results from an imbalance or disequilibrium between genetic, developmental, functional and environmental factors. Certain muscle functions like tongue thrust swallowing, mouth breathing, thumb sucking, lip biting and neurological conditions can directly cause malocclusions or the muscles change in a compensatory way. Different malocclusions like class II div 1 and 2, and class III have characteristic muscle pathologies. Treatment involves addressing the underlying muscle imbalances through myofunctional therapy or orthodontics to restore the dental equilibrium.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document provides an overview of rapid maxillary expansion (RME) in orthodontics. It discusses the history of RME dating back to 1860. It also covers anatomy related to RME, including the midpalatal suture. Key topics covered include indications and contraindications for RME, types of expansion screws used, jackscrew turn schedules, and different types of RME appliances such as the Haas expander and Hyrax expander. The document is an educational resource on the clinical use and mechanics of RME.
Modification of twin block functional applianceMaher Fouda
This document discusses the Twin Block appliance, which was originally developed by Clarke. It remains a widely used functional appliance for treating Class II malocclusions. The Twin Block consists of separate upper and lower acrylic appliances connected by occlusal blocks. It works by forcing the mandible into a protrusive position during jaw closure. The document describes the standard Twin Block design and various modifications that have been made, including the addition of expansion screws, torquing springs, and bite jumping screws to allow for gradual advancement. Advantages include comfort, aesthetics, and improved patient compliance compared to fixed appliances. The Twin Block is effective at correcting Class II malocclusions in a rapid manner.
This document discusses the role of genetics in orthodontics. It begins with an introduction to genetics and molecular biology concepts like DNA, genes, and chromosomes. It then discusses several important figures in the history of genetics research. The document outlines several dentofacial disturbances that have a genetic influence, like cleft lip and palate. It also discusses Butler's field theory and methods used to study the role of genes, such as twin studies and polymerase chain reaction. The conclusion reflects on how genetics research has enhanced understanding of the dentofacial complex and hopes that future innovations can help answer remaining questions.
This slide gives you ideas about functional matrix theory revisited by Melvin moss in a series of four articles which he tells the limitations of his first study and how he corrected it . this slide includes Functional matrix theory
Constrains of FMH,Functional matrix theory revisited
Articles,Reference
The document discusses various skeletal maturity indicators used to assess skeletal maturity, including hand-wrist radiographs, cervical vertebrae, and dental indicators. It provides details on the anatomy of the hand and wrist bones and stages of ossification visible in hand-wrist radiographs according to different methods. It also describes the six stages of cervical vertebral maturation as seen on lateral cephalograms according to Lamparski. Comparing the stages of ossification seen in the middle phalanx of the third finger (MP3) to the cervical vertebral maturation stages shows similarities between the MP3-F stage and initiation stage, MP3-FG stage and acceleration stage, and MP3-G stage and transition stage.
This document discusses several orthodontic appliances including the Nance appliance, transpalatal arch, quad helix, lip bumper, and tongue crib. It provides details on the design, indications, mechanisms of action, advantages and disadvantages of each appliance. The document is intended as an educational guide for orthodontic residents, as it is presented by several orthodontists and covers the key aspects of these common fixed functional appliances.
Relationship between orofacial muscles function and malocclusionRuhi Kashmiri
This document discusses the relationship between muscle function and malocclusion. It states that malocclusion results from an imbalance or disequilibrium between genetic, developmental, functional and environmental factors. Certain muscle functions like tongue thrust swallowing, mouth breathing, thumb sucking, lip biting and neurological conditions can directly cause malocclusions or the muscles change in a compensatory way. Different malocclusions like class II div 1 and 2, and class III have characteristic muscle pathologies. Treatment involves addressing the underlying muscle imbalances through myofunctional therapy or orthodontics to restore the dental equilibrium.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document provides an overview of rapid maxillary expansion (RME) in orthodontics. It discusses the history of RME dating back to 1860. It also covers anatomy related to RME, including the midpalatal suture. Key topics covered include indications and contraindications for RME, types of expansion screws used, jackscrew turn schedules, and different types of RME appliances such as the Haas expander and Hyrax expander. The document is an educational resource on the clinical use and mechanics of RME.
Modification of twin block functional applianceMaher Fouda
This document discusses the Twin Block appliance, which was originally developed by Clarke. It remains a widely used functional appliance for treating Class II malocclusions. The Twin Block consists of separate upper and lower acrylic appliances connected by occlusal blocks. It works by forcing the mandible into a protrusive position during jaw closure. The document describes the standard Twin Block design and various modifications that have been made, including the addition of expansion screws, torquing springs, and bite jumping screws to allow for gradual advancement. Advantages include comfort, aesthetics, and improved patient compliance compared to fixed appliances. The Twin Block is effective at correcting Class II malocclusions in a rapid manner.
This document discusses the role of genetics in orthodontics. It begins with an introduction to genetics and molecular biology concepts like DNA, genes, and chromosomes. It then discusses several important figures in the history of genetics research. The document outlines several dentofacial disturbances that have a genetic influence, like cleft lip and palate. It also discusses Butler's field theory and methods used to study the role of genes, such as twin studies and polymerase chain reaction. The conclusion reflects on how genetics research has enhanced understanding of the dentofacial complex and hopes that future innovations can help answer remaining questions.
This slide gives you ideas about functional matrix theory revisited by Melvin moss in a series of four articles which he tells the limitations of his first study and how he corrected it . this slide includes Functional matrix theory
Constrains of FMH,Functional matrix theory revisited
Articles,Reference
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The document provides a history and overview of rapid maxillary expansion (RME). It discusses:
- The early history of RME dating back to the 1800s and its reintroduction by Haas in the 1960s.
- Classification of RME based on factors like rate of expansion, direction, and type of appliance.
- Indications for RME including dental issues like posterior crossbites and medical issues like poor nasal breathing.
- Contraindications such as single tooth crossbites or severe anteroposterior skeletal discrepancies.
- Examples of RME appliances including the Hyrax expander and bonded expanders, discussing their advantages.
This document provides information on headgear, including its components, principles of use, types, and applications in orthodontic treatment. Headgear delivers extraoral force from a cranial support to intraoral appliances. It consists of a facebow, force element, and head cap. Forces from headgear can distalize teeth and maxilla through different anchorage points. Types include cervical, occipital, and high pull headgear. Headgear is useful for orthopedic effects, anchorage reinforcement, molar distalization, and space maintenance.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document discusses growth spurts and their significance in orthodontics. It begins by defining growth and development, and describing the major developmental growth periods. It then discusses methods for studying growth, including longitudinal, cross-sectional, and semi-longitudinal studies. Key factors that influence growth and maturation are genetic, hormonal, nutritional, environmental and socioeconomic factors. The document explores concepts of growth including normality, growth rhythms, differential growth, and growth spurts. It concludes by noting the significance of growth spurts is important for orthodontic treatment planning.
1. There are several methods to assess skeletal maturity including hand-wrist radiographs, cervical vertebrae shape assessment, and tooth development stages.
2. Hand-wrist radiographs can be assessed using the Greulich-Pyle atlas method or the Bjork, Grave, and Brown method which divides skeletal development into 9 stages.
3. Cervical vertebrae shape changes through 6 stages of maturation and can indicate how much growth remains.
4. Tooth development through 8 stages of calcification as shown in the Demirjian Index also corresponds to skeletal maturity.
Dr. James McNamara developed a cephalometric analysis method in 1984 to evaluate orthodontic and orthognathic surgery patients. The analysis divides the craniofacial skeleton into five sections - maxilla to cranial base, maxilla to mandible, mandible to cranial base, dentition, and airway. Linear measurements of landmarks and planes are compared to normative standards to assess relationships. Advantages include using primarily linear measurements, being more sensitive to vertical changes, and providing growth guidelines that are easily explained.
The document discusses several theories of craniofacial growth including remodeling theory, genetic theory, sutural theory, nasal septum theory, and the functional matrix hypothesis. It provides details on the key concepts and inconsistencies of each theory. The remodeling theory proposed that growth occurs through bone deposition and resorption at surfaces. The sutural theory emphasized the role of sutures and cartilage in driving growth. The nasal septum theory proposed the nasal septum cartilage pushes the midface forward during growth. The functional matrix hypothesis views the skull as comprising functional units that drive skeletal growth.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document provides an overview of mandibular growth and development from prenatal to postnatal periods. It discusses the anatomy of the mandible and theories around its evolution. The prenatal growth section describes the key stages from fertilization to embryo and fetal development. Mandibular growth mechanisms are explored through a brief history of theories proposed by researchers from the 18th century onwards. Growth progression, sites, and age-related changes in the mandible are examined.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document discusses the management of open bite malocclusions. It begins by defining open bite and classifying it as either skeletal or dental in nature. Skeletal open bite is caused by excessive vertical growth of the jaws while dental open bite is due to reduced incisor height. Common etiologies of open bite include thumb sucking habits, tongue thrusting, and abnormal skeletal growth patterns. The document outlines various treatment approaches for different open bite classifications and etiologies.
This document summarizes Dr. Pratik Yadav's journal club presentation on Downs WB Analysis of the dento-facial profile. It discusses the 10 parameters in Downs analysis, which includes 5 skeletal and 5 dental measurements. The parameters are measured based on landmarks and reference planes on lateral cephalograms. Downs analysis is one of the most commonly used cephalometric analyses originally developed based on Caucasian patients with excellent occlusion.
This document discusses the correction of Class 3 skeletal problems using reverse pull headgear or facemasks. It begins by describing Class 3 malocclusions that are due to maxillary deficiency or mandibular excess. It then discusses the types and etiology of Class 3 malocclusions. Reasons for treating Class 3 issues are provided. The document focuses on describing reverse pull headgear and facemasks, including their definition, indications, components, types, force parameters, biomechanics, treatment completion indications, advantages, and effects.
The document discusses different types of headgears used in orthodontic treatment including cervical headgear, high-pull headgear, combination headgear, and headgear attached to the lower jaw. It explains how the position of the outer bow relative to the center of resistance and line of force determines the direction of tooth movement and effects on the occlusal plane. Intrusive, extrusive, clockwise, and counterclockwise moments can be created by adjusting the outer bow position. The timing and indications for different headgear types are also covered.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Chin cup for treatment of growing class III patientbilal falahi
Chin cups are a traditional orthopedic appliance used to treat Class III malocclusions. While some studies have found chin cups can temporarily retard mandibular growth and correct the malocclusion through backward rotation, the effects are not consistently maintained long-term. Meta-analyses found chin cups significantly reduced SNB angle and increased ANB and Wits appraisal in the short-term, but heterogeneity between studies was high. Chin cups also increased SN-ML angle and decreased gonial angle, indicating a tendency for increased vertical growth and posterior mandibular rotation. However, long-term stability and the effects of vertical chin cups require more research due to limited data.
The document provides information on Twin Block appliances. It begins with describing the history, design, and mechanism of Twin Block appliances. Twin Blocks consist of separate upper and lower bite blocks with inclined planes. They were developed in 1977 to treat a class II malocclusion. The inclined planes guide the mandible forward into a class I occlusion. The document further describes the skeletal and dental changes caused by Twin Block therapy, as well as the standard construction and stages of treatment. It covers indications, contraindications and modifications of Twin Block appliances.
Growth & development /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental ...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
00919248678078
Methods of studying growth /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian den...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The document provides a history and overview of rapid maxillary expansion (RME). It discusses:
- The early history of RME dating back to the 1800s and its reintroduction by Haas in the 1960s.
- Classification of RME based on factors like rate of expansion, direction, and type of appliance.
- Indications for RME including dental issues like posterior crossbites and medical issues like poor nasal breathing.
- Contraindications such as single tooth crossbites or severe anteroposterior skeletal discrepancies.
- Examples of RME appliances including the Hyrax expander and bonded expanders, discussing their advantages.
This document provides information on headgear, including its components, principles of use, types, and applications in orthodontic treatment. Headgear delivers extraoral force from a cranial support to intraoral appliances. It consists of a facebow, force element, and head cap. Forces from headgear can distalize teeth and maxilla through different anchorage points. Types include cervical, occipital, and high pull headgear. Headgear is useful for orthopedic effects, anchorage reinforcement, molar distalization, and space maintenance.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document discusses growth spurts and their significance in orthodontics. It begins by defining growth and development, and describing the major developmental growth periods. It then discusses methods for studying growth, including longitudinal, cross-sectional, and semi-longitudinal studies. Key factors that influence growth and maturation are genetic, hormonal, nutritional, environmental and socioeconomic factors. The document explores concepts of growth including normality, growth rhythms, differential growth, and growth spurts. It concludes by noting the significance of growth spurts is important for orthodontic treatment planning.
1. There are several methods to assess skeletal maturity including hand-wrist radiographs, cervical vertebrae shape assessment, and tooth development stages.
2. Hand-wrist radiographs can be assessed using the Greulich-Pyle atlas method or the Bjork, Grave, and Brown method which divides skeletal development into 9 stages.
3. Cervical vertebrae shape changes through 6 stages of maturation and can indicate how much growth remains.
4. Tooth development through 8 stages of calcification as shown in the Demirjian Index also corresponds to skeletal maturity.
Dr. James McNamara developed a cephalometric analysis method in 1984 to evaluate orthodontic and orthognathic surgery patients. The analysis divides the craniofacial skeleton into five sections - maxilla to cranial base, maxilla to mandible, mandible to cranial base, dentition, and airway. Linear measurements of landmarks and planes are compared to normative standards to assess relationships. Advantages include using primarily linear measurements, being more sensitive to vertical changes, and providing growth guidelines that are easily explained.
The document discusses several theories of craniofacial growth including remodeling theory, genetic theory, sutural theory, nasal septum theory, and the functional matrix hypothesis. It provides details on the key concepts and inconsistencies of each theory. The remodeling theory proposed that growth occurs through bone deposition and resorption at surfaces. The sutural theory emphasized the role of sutures and cartilage in driving growth. The nasal septum theory proposed the nasal septum cartilage pushes the midface forward during growth. The functional matrix hypothesis views the skull as comprising functional units that drive skeletal growth.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document provides an overview of mandibular growth and development from prenatal to postnatal periods. It discusses the anatomy of the mandible and theories around its evolution. The prenatal growth section describes the key stages from fertilization to embryo and fetal development. Mandibular growth mechanisms are explored through a brief history of theories proposed by researchers from the 18th century onwards. Growth progression, sites, and age-related changes in the mandible are examined.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document discusses the management of open bite malocclusions. It begins by defining open bite and classifying it as either skeletal or dental in nature. Skeletal open bite is caused by excessive vertical growth of the jaws while dental open bite is due to reduced incisor height. Common etiologies of open bite include thumb sucking habits, tongue thrusting, and abnormal skeletal growth patterns. The document outlines various treatment approaches for different open bite classifications and etiologies.
This document summarizes Dr. Pratik Yadav's journal club presentation on Downs WB Analysis of the dento-facial profile. It discusses the 10 parameters in Downs analysis, which includes 5 skeletal and 5 dental measurements. The parameters are measured based on landmarks and reference planes on lateral cephalograms. Downs analysis is one of the most commonly used cephalometric analyses originally developed based on Caucasian patients with excellent occlusion.
This document discusses the correction of Class 3 skeletal problems using reverse pull headgear or facemasks. It begins by describing Class 3 malocclusions that are due to maxillary deficiency or mandibular excess. It then discusses the types and etiology of Class 3 malocclusions. Reasons for treating Class 3 issues are provided. The document focuses on describing reverse pull headgear and facemasks, including their definition, indications, components, types, force parameters, biomechanics, treatment completion indications, advantages, and effects.
The document discusses different types of headgears used in orthodontic treatment including cervical headgear, high-pull headgear, combination headgear, and headgear attached to the lower jaw. It explains how the position of the outer bow relative to the center of resistance and line of force determines the direction of tooth movement and effects on the occlusal plane. Intrusive, extrusive, clockwise, and counterclockwise moments can be created by adjusting the outer bow position. The timing and indications for different headgear types are also covered.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Chin cup for treatment of growing class III patientbilal falahi
Chin cups are a traditional orthopedic appliance used to treat Class III malocclusions. While some studies have found chin cups can temporarily retard mandibular growth and correct the malocclusion through backward rotation, the effects are not consistently maintained long-term. Meta-analyses found chin cups significantly reduced SNB angle and increased ANB and Wits appraisal in the short-term, but heterogeneity between studies was high. Chin cups also increased SN-ML angle and decreased gonial angle, indicating a tendency for increased vertical growth and posterior mandibular rotation. However, long-term stability and the effects of vertical chin cups require more research due to limited data.
The document provides information on Twin Block appliances. It begins with describing the history, design, and mechanism of Twin Block appliances. Twin Blocks consist of separate upper and lower bite blocks with inclined planes. They were developed in 1977 to treat a class II malocclusion. The inclined planes guide the mandible forward into a class I occlusion. The document further describes the skeletal and dental changes caused by Twin Block therapy, as well as the standard construction and stages of treatment. It covers indications, contraindications and modifications of Twin Block appliances.
Growth & development /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental ...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
00919248678078
Methods of studying growth /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian den...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Functional matrix theory /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dent...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
00919248678078
Growth prediction (2) /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental a...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Growth & development /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental a...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
00919248678078
Theories of cranio facial growth /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Ind...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Growth assessment /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental acad...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
00919248678078
Theories of craniofacial growth in the postgenomic era123 /certified fixed or...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Growth predictions /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental acad...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Growth of maxilla and cranium /certified fixed orthodontic courses by India...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
00919248678078
skeletal maturity indicators /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian d...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
00919248678078
Asessment of growth and development in orthodontics /certified fixed orthodon...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Growth and development basic concepts /certified fixed orthodontic courses ...Indian dental academy
This document discusses concepts related to growth and development. It defines growth, development, and differentiation according to various scholars. It also describes the fields that study growth and development, including molecular biology, developmental biology, developmental oral biology, physical growth, and behavioral development. The document further discusses growth patterns, variability, timing, and factors that influence physical growth such as heredity, nutrition, illness, race, climate, socioeconomic status, and psychological disturbance. Methods for gathering and evaluating growth data are also outlined.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Growth theories /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
00919248678078
Growth prediction and age estimation /certified fixed orthodontic courses by...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
00919248678078
Seminar - Growth and Development and theories of growthMMCDSR , Haryana
Growth and development are complex processes involving both quantitative and qualitative changes over time. Growth refers mainly to increases in size, while development involves increasing organization and complexity of structures and functions. Several theories attempt to explain the patterns and mechanisms of growth, including concepts of growth fields, drift, and remodeling. Understanding the genetic influences and multiple factors that can affect growth timing and rates is important for orthodontic treatment planning.
Copy of growth and development of the mandible1/certified fixed orthodontic c...Indian dental academy
Description :
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Description :
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Growth and development of maxilla and mandible/endodontic coursesIndian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Description :
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Clinical implications of growth and development /certified fixed orthodontic ...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document discusses human growth and development. It begins with a brief history of the study of growth, then defines key terminology like growth, development, differentiation and maturation. It describes the typical cephalocaudal growth pattern from head to feet as well as concepts of variability in growth and developmental age versus chronological age. The document outlines several methods for studying physical growth, from craniometry and anthropometry to radiography and 3D imaging. It discusses factors that can affect growth and growth spurts during development.
Clinical implications and indicators of growth1 /certified fixed orthodontic ...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Growth and development /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental ...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Growth and development /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental ...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document provides an overview of growth and development, including key concepts and factors that influence physical growth. It discusses how growth occurs through differential rates in various parts of the body from embryology through adulthood. Growth spurts and the cephalo-caudal gradient of growth are described. Methods for studying and measuring growth longitudinally, cross-sectionally, and through craniometry, anthropometry, and cephalometric radiology are summarized.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The dynamics of the growth of the craniofacial skeleton is a fascinating,complex mechanism.
An understanding of growth events is of primary importance in the practice of clinical orthodontics.
Maturational status can have considerable influence on diagnosis, treatment goals, treatment planning, and the eventual outcome orthodontic treatment.
Various methods have been implemented to measure growth which include measurement on living individual and dry skull and indirect measurement taken by means of virtual reproduction of the craniofacial skeleton.
Essentially,the various study used to assess growth try to find out answers of the following-
pattern of growth
site of growth
amount and rate of growth
direction and factors influencing growth.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats
Opportunity for Dentists (BDS/MDS )to relocate to United kingdom -Register as a DENTAL HYGIENIST/ DENTAL THERAPIST without Board exams and after approval you can register in GDC as a DH/DT and start working as a DH/DT Immediately and get paid.
You can complete the whole process in 3-4 months.Salary range for DH/DT is around 2500-3500 Pounds per month.
Eligibility / requirements-
1. An International English Language Testing System (IELTS) certificate
at the appropriate level.(Within 2 yrs of application date )
2: A recent primary dental qualification that has been taught and examined in English..(Within 2 yrs of application date )
3: A recent pass in a language test for registration with a regulatory authority in a country where the first language is English.
If you are interested Please contact us for more details.
1ST, 2ND AND 3RD ORDER BENDS IN STANDARD EDGEWISE APPLIANCE SYSTEM /Fixed ort...Indian dental academy
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals
who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry,
Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
I –Aligners are made with FDA approved transparent thermoplastic materials using 3D scanning, 3D Printing and finally Trays with Pressure vacuum formers.
Dear Doctor,
Indian Dental Academy Now offers comprehensive online Orthodontics course.
Course includes:
1.whiteboard lecture presentations
2.Case Discussions
3.with hundreds of pictures.
4.Demo on Models
5.Demo on Patients
6. subtitles in your own language
12 months unlimited access and support @350 USD only.
For Demo please visit :www.idalectures.com/preview/
For more details visit: www.idalectures.com
Please contact us for any clarifications:
idalectures@gmail.com
indiandentalacademy@gmail.com
Thanks & Regards
Indian Dental Academy
--
Indian Dental Academy
Leader in continuing dental education
www.indiandentalacademy.com
skype:indiandentalacademy
+919248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Cytotoxicity of silicone materials used in maxillofacial prosthesis / dental ...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Diagnosis and treatment planning in completely endntulous arches/dental coursesIndian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Properties of Denture base materials /rotary endodontic coursesIndian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Use of modified tooth forms in complete denture occlusion / dental implant...Indian dental academy
This document discusses dental occlusion concepts and philosophies for complete dentures. It introduces key terms like physiologic occlusion and defines different occlusion schemes like balanced articulation and monoplane articulation. The document discusses advantages and disadvantages of using anatomic versus non-anatomic teeth for complete dentures. It also outlines requirements for maintaining denture stability, such as balanced occlusal contacts and control of horizontal forces. The goal of occlusion for complete dentures is to re-establish the homeostasis of the masticatory system disrupted by edentulism.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document discusses dental casting investment materials. It describes the three main types of investments - gypsum bonded, phosphate bonded, and ethyl silicate bonded investments. For gypsum bonded investments specifically, it details their classification, composition including the roles of gypsum, silica, and modifiers, setting time, normal and hygroscopic setting expansion, and thermal expansion. It provides information on how the properties of gypsum bonded investments are affected by their composition. The document serves as a comprehensive overview of dental casting investment materials.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Find out more about ISO training and certification services
Training: ISO/IEC 27001 Information Security Management System - EN | PECB
ISO/IEC 42001 Artificial Intelligence Management System - EN | PECB
General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) - Training Courses - EN | PECB
Webinars: https://pecb.com/webinars
Article: https://pecb.com/article
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
For more information about PECB:
Website: https://pecb.com/
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/pecb/
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/PECBInternational/
Slideshare: http://www.slideshare.net/PECBCERTIFICATION
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
2. INDIAN DENTAL ACADEMY
Leader in continuing dental education
www.indiandentalacademy.com
www.indiandentalacademy.
com
3. HISTORICAL REMARKS
The first important publications about
growth of the face appeared in England
in the second half of the 18th century.
The greatest contribution came from
‘John Hunter’, who gathered his
information primarily from human
skeletal material . Hunter suggested,
among other things, that the corpus of
the mandible became longer by
resoption of the bone on the anterior
surface of the ramus and bone
apposition on the posterior border.
www.indiandentalacademy.
com
4. In addition, he sought to support his concepts with
animal experiments. He made use of the phenomenon
noticed by ‘Belchier’ that, in living animals, ‘Alizarin’
stains the areas where new bone is formed. ‘Humphry’
studied the growth of the mandible by inserting metal
wires in the mandibles of young pigs.
This approach previously had been used by ‘Duhamel’ in
long bones. Both vital staining and insertion of metal
implants are techniques which are still used in the study
of the growth of the facial skeleton.
A special method for the study of bone growth has been
developed by ‘Enlow’. He indicated the possibility of
distinguishing the areas of bone where either endosteal
or periosteal apposition has occurred
www.indiandentalacademy.
com
5. ..
In this manner, Enlow and his co workers could give a
detailed account of the remodeling processes in the
mandible, the maxilla, and other bones. By working back
to establish the succession in which histological changes
had occurred, they were able to come to conclusions
similar to those reached by other researchers such as
‘Hunter and later Brash’ from the results of experiments
with vital staining in animals.
The combination of radiographic
cephalometry with the use of metal implants such as
‘Bjork’ introduced using human material, has augmented
still further the possibilities for interpretation of
longitudinal growth www.indiandentalacademy.
research.
com
6. INTRODUCTION
Facial balance is of great concern to health
specialists not only because many vital organs are
concentrated in that circumscribed area, but also
because of social value of the face.
Artists , Dentists , Physicians
and Anthropologists have studied the face from
different angles.Probably no discipline in
medicine and certainly none in dentistry devotes
so much time to growth research than
‘Orthodontics’. www.indiandentalacademy.
com
7. Orthodontists in increasing numbers believe that a
recognition of facial variation forms a part of modern
orthodontic treatment planning. They have investigated
the relationship between dental occlusion and skeletal
balance of the face.
In recent years clinical experience and
research by Ricketts, Sassouni, Bjork etc all have
brought to light the close interdependence of facial
proportions in three dimensions of space and vertical
proportion is one of them.
Vertical malocclusion results from
www.indiandentalacademy.
com
8. the interplay of many different etiological factors
during the growth period. These factors include growth
of maxilla and mandible, function of lips and tongue,
and dentoalveolar development with eruption of teeth.
The key to success of any
orthodontic treatment is ‘correct diagnosis and
treatment planning’.
Finally, our treatment must be
aimed at restoration of normal jaw function or
improved function, optimal facial esthetics, and long
term dental and skeletal stability.
www.indiandentalacademy.
com
10. Growth is the physiochemical process by which an
organism becomes longer. Growth may result in increase
or decrease in size, change in form or proportion,
•
complexity and texture.
Development is the sequence of the changes from
fertilization to maturity consisting of histologic,
morphologic, functional and maturative changes.
According to Moyers, development refers to all the
natural occurring un directional changes in the life of an
individual from its existence as a single cell to its
elaboration as a multifunctional unit terminating in
death.
www.indiandentalacademy.
com
11. DEFINITIONS
According to Meridith : Growth is the entire series of
sequential anatomic and physiological changes taking
place from the beginning of prenatal life to the close of
senility
According to Huxley : Growth is the self multiplication of
living substances.
Krogman : It’s the increase in size, change in proportion
and progressive complexity.
Todd : Growth is an increase in size.
Scott’s definition : Growth is a three fold process in
which all multiplication, differentiation and organization
takes place
www.indiandentalacademy.
com
12. According to Salzmann : Growth is the
physiochemical process found in living organisms
which manifesto itself in structure, composition,
size and shape of the organism.
According to Moss : Growth is the increase or
decrease of the size of living organisms.
According to Moyers : Quantitative aspect of
biologic development per unit time.
www.indiandentalacademy.
com
13. DIFFERENT KINDS OF GROWTH
1. Size change : Changes in size during growth are easily
recognized and measured.
2. Positional change : Tissues and organs may migrate from
one area to another during growth.
3. Proportional change : Parts of the body change in
relationship with one another during growth.
4. Functional change : The goal of growth is mature
function in each tissue and organ. Tissues and organs undergo
changes in functional capabilities during growth process.
5. Maturational change : Growth of the body as a whole is
directed towards the achievement of the period of stability and
adulthood.
www.indiandentalacademy.
com
14. 6. Compositional change: Growth involves
changes in composition of parts of the body
7. Timing and Sequential change :
a. Prenatal growth
b. Postnatal growth
c. Maturity
d. Old age.
www.indiandentalacademy.
com
16. GENETIC FACTORS
ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
NUTRITION
EXTRA CRANIAL AND INTRA CRANIAL
PRESSURE.
ILLNESS
RACE
CLIMATE AND SEASONAL AFFECTS
ADULT PHYSIQUE
SOCIO ECONOMIC FACTORS
EXERCISE
SECULAR TRENDS
FAMILY SIZE AND BIRTH ORDER
PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS
www.indiandentalacademy.
com
MATERNAL FACTORS.
17. GENETIC FACTORS:
Genetic control influences the size of the
organism to a great extent and the rate of the onset of growth
event. Not all genes are active at birth.
It is believed that size at birth relates to about
18% to the genome of the fetus, 20% to the maternal genome, 32%
maternal environmental factors, and the remaining 20% to
unknown factors.
After birth infants growth rate is no longer dependent on
maternal factors but increasingly related to his own genetic
makeup.
In 1-2 yrs, post natal shift has a significant
relationship to the genetic background of the child, reflective of
mid parental height.
During adolescence, growth correlates with the prenatal
size more strongly. Hence the size of the parents can be
considered as a best indicator of the eventual predicted size of a
www.indiandentalacademy.
newborn baby.
com
18. ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
Environmental factors influence the growth process to an
important extent. During excessively unfavourable circumstances,
such as serious chronic illness, prolonged starvation, and
situations of great stress, the growth rate is reduced and even can
come to a stand still. An eloquent example of this is the
displacement of the adolescent growth spurt to a later age when
living conditions are extremely poor. This phenomenon has been
documented in certain German towns during world war II.
When a period of extra ordinarily bad conditions is
followed by a favorable one, the growth is resumed and the
unattained growth is achieved through acceleration.
When circumstances are continually very bad
as in Netherlands in the middle of previous century, the
adolescent growth spurt is then displaced so far that there is no
possibility of catching up sufficiently before growth ceases.
www.indiandentalacademy.
com
19. The retardation of body growth through
starvation is clearly demonstrated by animal
experiments too. ‘McCance’ was able to restrain
the growth of a pig to such a degree that after
one year, it weighed only 5kgs.
www.indiandentalacademy.
com
20. NUTRITION :
Malnutrition may affect all aspects of growth
including size of parts, body proportion, quality and texture of tissues and onset
of growth events.
It may delay growth and the adolescent growth spurts. For eg, iodine deficient
diet affects the cranio facial growth in relation to all the dimensions.
Malnutrition involves deficiency in calories and required
food elements. When adequate calories are added to the diet, they began to
grow again.
A sufficient diet includes an adequate
supply of protein. Ca, Ph, Mg, and Fl are essential for proper bone and tooth
growth.
Iron is needed for Hemoglobin production.
Vitamin A controls activities of both osteoblasts and osteoclasts.
Vitamin C is necessary for proper bone and connective tissue growth.
Vitamin D is required for normal bone growth.
www.indiandentalacademy.
com
21. HORMONES
Probably all endocrine glands influence growth.
Growth hormone can be detected at the end of second
fetal month, soon after the pituitary has formed.
Production of growth hormone is thought to be
controlled by hypothalamus. Excess of growth
hormone produces Gigantism and deficiency causes
dwarfism.
Insulin is important in protein synthesis, and
growth hormone is incapable of causing the
formation of normal amounts of ribonucleic acid
without the help of insulin.
www.indiandentalacademy.
com
22. The anterior lobe of the pituitary
also secretes thyrotrophic hormone, which
affects the growth by stimulating the thyroid
gland.
The changes seen at adolescence are
caused by the secretion of Androgens and
Gonadal hormones.
The Gonadotrophic hormone of the pituitary
gland stimulates the production of testosterone
in males and progesterone is females.
www.indiandentalacademy.
com
23. • Hormones responsible for growth are•
Group -1
•
Growth hormone
•
Insulin
•
Thyrotropic hormone
• Group- 2
•
Parathormone
•
Group-3
•
Androgens
•
Progestrone and Oestrogen
•
Group-4
www.indiandentalacademy.
•
Prolactin hormone
com
24. EXTRA CRANIAL AND INTRA CRANIAL PRESSURE:
Any factor affecting the physical growth is
expected to be associated with a profound and
wide spread effect on the size and shape of the
cranial vault.
Artificially induced reshaping of the
cranial vault has been practiced in many
cultures. The baby’s skull is molded by
wrapping it in a bondage by using a cradle
board. Extra cranial mechanical forces exerted
during the period of growth can effect on the
www.indiandentalacademy.
size and shape of the part.
com
25. ILLNESS : Usual childhood illness ordinarily cannot be shown to have
much effect on growth. Prolonged and debilitating illness, how ever can have
marked effect on all aspects of growth.
RACE : Although the differences in growth among different races can be
attributed to other nutritional and environmental factors, there is some
evidence that race does play a role in growth process.
‘Gene pool differences’ accounts for the fact that the North
American Blacks are ahead of Whites in skeletal maturity at birth and for at
least 2yrs of life. They also calcify and erupt their teeth about 1yr earlier than
whites.
The black American children who were analyzed have
significantly larger arch dimensions than their white counterparts.
Studies were also conducted among the Mexican-Americans to
white and blacks. Skeletally Mexican-American men had longer maxillary and
mandibular lengths than black or white men. Mexican-American were slightly
more maxillary protrusive than white women.
Dentally both Mexican-Americans sexes had more protrusive and proclined
lower incisors than their white counterparts.
www.indiandentalacademy.
com
26. CLIMATE AND SEASONAL EFFECTS:
There is a general tendency for those living in
cold climates to have a greater proportion of adipose tissue. There are
seasonal variations in the growth rates of children and weight of new
born children. Boys and girls grow ore in the spring and summer than
in autumn and winter. But climatic changes seems to have no direct
effect on rate of growth.
SOCIO ECONOMIC FACTORS :
Children brought up in affluent and favorable
socio-economic conditions show earlier onset of growth events. They
also tend to grow larger in size than children living in unfavorable
socio-economic conditions.
EXERCISE :
Although exercise may be essential for healthy body,
www.indiandentalacademy.
strenuous and regular exercises have not
com
27. been associated with more favorable growth. Certain aspects of growth such as
development of some motor skills and increase in muscle mass is found to be
influenced by exercise.
FAMILY SIZE AND BIRTH ORDER :
There are differences in the size of individuals, in their
maturational levels of achievement and in their intelligence that can be correlated
with the size of the family which they came from.
Studies have shown that first born babies tend to weigh less at birth and have
small stature but higher I.Q. The smaller the family size, the better would be
nutrition and other favorable conditions.
SECULAR TRENDS :
This refers to the phenomenon that people have grown larger
over the last century. This has principally came into light from ‘Swedish data but
also has definitely been established in the Netherlands. It is assumed that better
nutrition and the elimination of most infantile diseases are the most important
causes of the appearance of a secular displacement of the course of growth.
www.indiandentalacademy.
com
28. It seems likely that during a critical
period – the last part of the prenatal period and the first 2
or 3 yrs after birth – environmental factors can influence
the rate of growth, and the development of the nervous
system. When children from the middle of the 20th century
had ceased growing, they displayed larger facial
measurements than their parents.
www.indiandentalacademy.
com
29. ADULT PHYSIQUE:
Certain correlation between adult physique
and earlier developmental events present, eg- tall women tend to
mature later. Variations in the rate of growth are associated with
differing somatotypes.
PSYCHOLOGICAL DISTURBANCE:
Can lead to inhibition of growth by various methods. Children
experiencing stressful conditions display an inhibition of growth
hormone. These may also happen under less extreme conditions and
thus amount for lesser variations in individual growth.
www.indiandentalacademy.
com
30. MATERNAL FACTORS:
Size of a full term infant is
related to the size of the mother. With adipose tissue
development at 7 months, there is an increase weight gain
and the fetus fills the uterine cavity where the uterine size
constraint is a factor for the fetal growth. The placenta
grows by cell numbering till 35 weeks.
www.indiandentalacademy.
com
31. GROWTH PATTERN AND
VARIABILITY
GROWTH PATTERN :
Growth pattern represents proportionality which
refers not just to a set of proportional relationships at a point in
time, but to the change in these proportional relationships over time.
In another words, the physical arrangement of the body at any one
time is a pattern of spatially proportioned parts.
www.indiandentalacademy.
com
33. SCAMMON’S GROWTH CURVE:
Body tissues can be classified into 4
types .Lymphoid tissue, Neural tissue, General
tissue, General tissue and Genital tissue.
LYMPHOID TISSUE: Proliferates rapidly in late
childhood and reaches almost 200% of adult size.
This is an adaptation to protect children from
infection as they are more prone to it.
www.indiandentalacademy.
com
34. NEURAL TISSUE:
Grows very rapidly and almost adult size by 6-7 yrs of age.
GENERAL TISSUE:
Consists of muscles, bones and other organs. These tissues
exhibit an ‘S’ shaped curve with a rapid growth upto 2-3 yrs of age
followed by a slow phase of growth between 3-10 yrs. After the
10th yr, a rapid phase of growth occurs terminating by 18th-20th
yr.
GENITAL TISSUE:
Consists of reproductive organs. They show negligible
growth until puberty. However they grow rapidly at puberty
reaching adult size after which growth ceases
www.indiandentalacademy.
com
35.
Cephalo Caudal
Gradient of Growth:
Means that
there is an axis of increased growth
extending from head towards the
feet. The concept is as follows.
At about 3rd
month of intrauterine development,
the head takes 50% of the total body
length. In contrast, the limbs are
rudimentary and the neck under
developed.
www.indiandentalacademy.
com
36. By the time of birth, the trunk and limbs has grown faster
than the head and face ; so the proportion of entire body devoted to
head has decreased to about 30%, with a progressive reduction of the
relative size to about 12% further.
All of these changes, which are a part of the
normal growth pattern, reflects the ‘Cephalo Caudal Gradient of
Growth’.
All tissues do not grow at same rate :
The muscular and skeletal elements grow
faster than the brain, C.N.S etc. Reason for the gradients of growth
is that different tissues grow at different rates and are concentrated
in various parts of the body. For eg, Scammon’s curves for growth of
four tissue systems of the body.
www.indiandentalacademy.
com
37. Predictability :
The proportional relationships within a pattern can be
specified mathematically and the only difference between a growth
pattern and a geometric one is the addition of time dimension.
Therefore, a change in the growth
pattern would indicate an alteration in the expected and predictable
sequence of changes in proportions expected for that individual.
Growth Variability :
Every one is not alike in the way they grow. Rather
than categorizing people as normal or abnormal, it is more useful to
think in terms of deviations from the usual pattern and to express
variability quantitatively. One way to do this is to evaluate a given
child on a standard growth chart. The normal variability is derived
from large scale studies of groups of children, which is shown by the
www.indiandentalacademy.
com
solid lines on the graph.
38. TIMING
The timing of developmental events is largely
under genetic control .
There are sex – related differences
in the timing of many growth phenomena.
Usually girls precede boys, for eg – in pubescence, dental
calcification, and ossification of carpal bones.
Timing is more critical in the fusion of facial
parts in early prenatal growth. Cleft lip and/ or Cleft
palate is a well known example of a gross craniofacial
deformity resulting from a failure of facial parts to fuse at
a critical time. www.indiandentalacademy.
com
39. GROWTH SPURTS
Growth does not take place in a
steady manner. There are certain
periods where there is sudden increase
in growth which is called ‘GROWTH
SPRUTS’ which are sex linked.
PRENATAL
POSTNATAL
PRENATAL:
Growth spurts just before
birth.
POSTNATAL :
1.First Peak- Greatest increment of
growth during 3yr age level.
2.Second Peak – Pre-pubertal which is
6-7 yrs in females and 7-9yrs in males.
www.indiandentalacademy.
3.Third Peak - Pubertal whichcom
is
40. 1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
CLINICAL IMPLICATION OF GROWTH
SPURTS
These are obvious for orthopedic correction of maxillo mandibular
relationships. Very few girls seems to show the mixed dentition
growth spurts; all show the pubertal growth spurt.
Pubertal increments still offer the best time for a large number of
cases, as far as predictability, growth direction, patient
management and total treatment time are concerned.
Malocclusion requiring surgical correction can be undertaken after
the growth spurt is completed.
Malocclusion of dental arches can be treated taking advantage of
growth spurts during the active growth period.
Arch expansion and Rapid expansions can be undertaken during
periods of maximum growth.
www.indiandentalacademy.
com
41. ( CHARLES TWEED)
GROWTH TRENDS
Tweed employed 4 angles namely
FMA, IMPA, FMIA, and ANB.
Type A :
Tracing made from pre-orthodontic lateral
cephalograms taken 18 months apart are superimposed on SN
with ‘S’.
It will be observed that the middle and lower face are
growing forward and downward in union, with no change in
size of the ANB angle. If the case is class-1 in nature with an
ANB angle that does not exceed 4-5°, no treatment is
indicated until the full eruption of all four permanent cuspid
teeth.
Type A Subdivision:
The ANB angle difference is greater than
www.indiandentalacademy.
com
4.5°. So greater tooth movement is required during correction.
42. Type B :
ANB readings ranges from 6-12°, and only 15% of the
patients are with this type of growth trend. If the pre-orthodontic
tracings reveal that growth is downward and forward with the
middle face growing forward more rapidly than the lower as
designated by an increase in size of ANB.
If ANB is less than 4°, prognosis is fair.
If ANB ranges from 7°- 12°, prognosis is poor.
Type –B subdivision :
The ANB is large and seriel examination is found to be
increasing during the observation period. Treatment may be long and
difficult and extraction is required as a rule.
www.indiandentalacademy.
com
43. Type C :
Mandible grows rather downward and
forward at a faster rate than middle third of face. This
shows lessening or decrease on the ANB angles. These
constitutes 60% of patients.
Type C subdivisions :
The mandible is found to be growing
forward more than maxilla but only slightly downwards.
www.indiandentalacademy.
com
45. METHODS OF GATHERING GROWTH DATA
1. Longitudinal studies :
Measurement of a particular person or group
of persons made at a regular interval through the passage of time is
considered as longitudinal method of gathering data.
Advantages
1. Specific pattern of an individual as he develops can be
studied , permitting serial comparison with himself.
2. While studying a group, variability in development
among individual within the group is thrown into perspective.
3. Any mistakes in measuring at a given time are seen more
easily and corrections made more properly.
www.indiandentalacademy.
com
47. 2. Cross Sectional Studies
A different individual or a different sample is
studied at different periods at a particular time to derive at a data.
Advantages
1. Data required for the study can be collected immediately.
2. Less expensive
3. Sample size
4. Allows repeating of studies more easily.
Disadvantages
1. It must be assumed that groups being measured and
compared are similar.
2. Tends to obscure individual variations.
www.indiandentalacademy.
com
48. 3 Semi longitudinal Data
Two methods are combined to seek advantages of
each. For eg, each sub sample including children studied for
same number of years, but started at different ages.
eg. Sub sample A may go from 3-6 yrs
Sub sample B may go from 4-7 yrs
Sub sample C may go from 5-8 yrs
www.indiandentalacademy.
com
50. CRANIOMETRY
Study based on measurement of skull
found among human skeletal remains.
Originally used to study the
Neanderthal and Cro-Magnon peoples.
From such skeletal
materials, it has been possible to piece
together a great deal of knowledge
about extinct populations and to get
some idea of their pattern of growth by
comparing one skull with another.
www.indiandentalacademy.
com
51. Craniometry has the advantage that rather
precise measurements can be made on dry skulls.
But has the disadvantage for growth
studies that, by necessity, all these growth data
must be cross-sectional.
Means that, although different ages are
represented in the population, the same
individual can be measured at only one point in
time.
www.indiandentalacademy.
com
53. anthropos ~ human
logia ~ study
it is the study of humankind, from its
beginnings millions of years ago to
the present
www.indiandentalacademy.
com
54. ANTHROPOMETRY
Is defined as the systemized
art of measuring and taking observations on
man, his skeleton, his brain or other organs, by
the most reliable means and methods & for
scientific purposes
www.indiandentalacademy.
com
56. ~The fundamental rule in anthropometry. is
to measure only those parts which
are needed to throw light upon the
problem being investigated
www.indiandentalacademy.
com
65. In this method, various landmarks established in
studies of dry skulls are measured in living individuals
simply by using soft tissue points overlying these bony
landmarks.
Although soft tissue introduces variation,
anthropometry does make it possible to follow the growth
of an individual directly , making the same measurements
repeatedly at different times.
In recent years , ‘Farkas’
anthropometric studies have provided valuable new data
for human facial proportions and their changes over time.
www.indiandentalacademy.
com
66. CEPHALOMETRIC RADIOLOGY
Has considerable importance not only in the study of growth,
but also in the clinical evaluation of orthodontic patients.
The technique depends on precisely orienting the head before
making a radiograph with equally precise control of
magnification.
This approach can combine the advantages
of both Craniometry and Anthropometry.
www.indiandentalacademy.
com
67. Given by ‘Boardbent’ in 1931.
1. Lateral cephalogram
2. Frontal cephalogram
. Helps in orthodontic diagnosis by enabling the study of
skeletal, dental and soft tissue structures of cranio-facial
region.
. Helps in classification of skeletal and dental abnormalities
and also helps in establishing facial type.
. Helps in planning treatment for an individual.
. Helps in evaluation of the treatment results by quantifying
the changes brought about by the treatment.
. Helps in predicting the growth related changes and changes
associated with surgical treatment.
. As a valuable aid in the research work involving the craniodento- facial region.
www.indiandentalacademy.
com
69. EQUIPMENT
Cephalometric radiographs are taken using an
apparatus that consists of an X- ray source and a head
holding device called the Cephalostat.
Cephalostat consists of two ear rods, that prevent the
movement of the head in the horizontal plane. Vertical
stabilization of the head is brought about by an Orbital
pointer that contacts the lower border of the left orbit.
The upper part of the face is supported by
the forehead clamp positioned above the region of the nasal
bridge. The distance between the X- ray source and the midsagital plane of the patient is fixed at 5 feet.
www.indiandentalacademy.
com
80. ADVANTAGES
. This Approach can combine the advantages of
Craniometry and Anthropometry.
. It allows a direct measurement of bony
skeletal dimensions, since bone is seen through the soft
tissue covering in the radiograph and it also allows the same
individual to be followed over time.
DISADVANTAGS
.It produces a two dimensional representation
of a three dimensional structure, so even with precise head
positioning, not all measurements are possible.
But this can be overcome by making more than one
radiograph at different orientation and using different
www.indiandentalacademy.
angulations to calculate oblique distances.
com
81. CEPHALOMETRIC TEMPLATES
Proportionate templates have been shown
to be useful in orthodontic diagnosis for comparing
cephalometric tracings to established norms.
In 1952, ‘Baum’ devised a set of four templates
to be overlaid directly on the x-ray films, using the Downs
Analysis.
‘Popovich and Grainger’, studied a population in
Burlington, Ontario, devised templates for ages 3-6 and 1012 that could be used to assess anteroposterior, vertical and
lateral facial development.
‘Johnston’ introduced a simplified method
of long term growth forecasting in which the tracing is
www.indiandentalacademy.
superimposed on a printed grid.
com
82. The templates are drawn on millimeter graph
paper, so that the vertical lines of the paper will correspond to the
vertical – to – ground reference plane. Ranges of one standard
deviation from the norm are indicated for the SN, Palatal, and
Mandibular planes and for points N, Pg, A, and B.
The choice of patients template should be based
on the patient’s age, and more specifically, on the length of the
anterior cranial base (SN).
Next step is to superimpose the patient’s tracing on the ideal
template. Its recommended that superimposing at nasion, which is
more prominent point on the anterior cranial base, from which the
maxillary and mandibular protrution or retrution can be measured.
www.indiandentalacademy.
com
83. . It provides an immediate picture of the patient’s
dentoskeletal structures without any measurements or
calculations.
. It makes it easier to judge the outlines of the hard
and soft tissue components than by merely using points and
planes.
. It allows comparison of the patient’s tracing with an
age- appropriate ideal templates.
. It allows any anomalies of the common intra cranial
reference planes, thus reducing diagnostic errors.
www.indiandentalacademy.
com
84. VITAL STAINING
Dyes that stain mineralizing tissues are injected to
an animal. These dyes remain in the bones and teeth and can
be detected later after sacrifice of the animal. This method
was originated by ‘John Hunter’ in the 18th century. He
observed that the bones of pigs that occasionally were fed
textile waste were often stained in an interesting way. He
discovered that the active agent was a dye called
‘ALIZARIN’, which is still used for vital staining studies.
Alizarin reacts strongly with ‘Calcium’ at sites where bone
calcification is occurring . Since these sites are active
skeletal growth, the dye marks the locations at which active
growth was occurring when it was injected.
www.indiandentalacademy.
com
86. Tetracycline is an excellent vital stain that binds to calcium at growth sites in
the same way as ‘Alizarin’.
But disadvantage is that it causes discoloration of teeth.
Lines formed by vital dyes become colored as a subsequent bone growth occurs.
Vital dyes stains only that bone which is actively being laid down during the
period in which the dye is in the blood stream.
Thus the thin colored line on the bone is seen and subsequently formed bones are
not colored.
Advantages
.Revels the manner in which bone is laid down, the sites of growth, the
direction of growth and relative duration at different sites and timings of
growth.
Disadvantage
It does not provide direct evidence of bone resoption.
www.indiandentalacademy.
com
87. RADIOISOTOPES
Radioisotopes of certain elements or compounds often
are used as markers for studying bone growth.
Such labeled material is injected and then after a time,
located within the growing bone by means of ‘Greger
counters’, by the use of ‘Auto radiographic’ techniques.
In auto radiographic techniques, the bones or sections of
bones are placed against photographic emulsions that are
exposed by emission of radioactive substance.
www.indiandentalacademy.
com
88. The gamma- emitting isotope 99m Tc, can be
used to detect areas of rapid bone growth in humans.
Radioactive isotopes used are
Calcium 45
Phosphorus 32
Technitium 33
www.indiandentalacademy.
com
89. IMPLANTS
Metal pins are placed in bones anywhere in the
skeleton including face and jaws.
These metal pins are well tolerated by the skeleton and
become permanently incorporated into the bone without
causing any problems.
Developed by ‘BJORK’ and coworkers at the Royal Dental
College in Copenhagen has provided important new
information about the growth pattern of the jaws.
www.indiandentalacademy.
com
91. Superimposing cephalometric radiographs on the
implanted pins allows precise observation of both changes in
the position of one bone relative to another and changes in
the external counters of individual bones.
www.indiandentalacademy.
com
92. NATURAL MARKERS
Certain persistent developmental features of
bone are used as natural markers. By means of Serial
Radiography, trabculae, nutrient canals and lines or
arrested growths are used for reference to study bone
deposition, resoption and remodelling changes.
COMPARATIVE ANATOMY
Growth of human beings is compared with growth
of other species. It is carried out for experiments of growth
and development, which cannot be done using human
subjects.
www.indiandentalacademy.
com
93. HAND-WRIST RADIOGRAPHS
It is specially indicated for children in
whom discrepancy between chronologic and maturational
age exists and it is not clear where child should be placed on
developmental scale.
Hand-wrist radiograph examination can give accurate
bone age picture.
The Carpals and distal end of Radius and Ulna are used in
assessing skeletal or bone age.
www.indiandentalacademy.
com
95. Interpretation of Hand-wrist radiograph gives
a general idea of amount of growth but not the direction of
growth.
Bjork used the Ulna Sesamoid centre as an
indicator of growth completion.
It is also a valuable aid in research aimed at studying role
of heridity, nutrition etc on the skeletal maturity pattern.
www.indiandentalacademy.
com