Growth and development are complex processes involving both quantitative and qualitative changes over time. Growth refers mainly to increases in size, while development involves increasing organization and complexity of structures and functions. Several theories attempt to explain the patterns and mechanisms of growth, including concepts of growth fields, drift, and remodeling. Understanding the genetic influences and multiple factors that can affect growth timing and rates is important for orthodontic treatment planning.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The document discusses several theories of craniofacial growth including remodeling theory, genetic theory, sutural theory, nasal septum theory, and the functional matrix hypothesis. It provides details on the key concepts and inconsistencies of each theory. The remodeling theory proposed that growth occurs through bone deposition and resorption at surfaces. The sutural theory emphasized the role of sutures and cartilage in driving growth. The nasal septum theory proposed the nasal septum cartilage pushes the midface forward during growth. The functional matrix hypothesis views the skull as comprising functional units that drive skeletal growth.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Influence of Drugs on Orthodontic Tooth MovementMahmoud Shaheen
This document summarizes the effects of various medications on orthodontic tooth movement. It discusses how analgesics like NSAIDs inhibit prostaglandin synthesis and can slow tooth movement. Corticosteroids increase bone resorption and can accelerate movement. Bisphosphonates, fluorides, estrogens, and androgens inhibit osteoclast activity and bone resorption, potentially delaying movement. Thyroid hormones and vitamin D may increase tooth movement by stimulating osteoclasts. Anti-convulsants can induce gingival issues complicating treatment. The conclusion emphasizes the importance for orthodontists to be aware of how medications can influence treatment outcomes and discuss potential complications with patients.
The document discusses the growth and development of the maxilla from prenatal development through postnatal changes. It covers key topics like the theories of growth, growth spurts, and the development of structures like the palate. Prenatally, the maxilla develops from the first pharyngeal arch and forms through intramembranous ossification. The maxilla and premaxilla have distinct centers of ossification that spread during development.
The document discusses various principles and theories of craniofacial growth and development. It defines key terms like growth, development, differentiation, etc. It describes basic principles such as ossification, growth fields, centers and sites, bone remodeling, drift, displacement, etc. It discusses major regions and principles of craniofacial growth like the cephalocaudal gradient and Scammon's curve. It also covers controlling factors and changing paradigms in understanding growth. Various theories of growth are explained, such as the bone remodeling theory, genetic theory, sutural hypothesis, cartilaginous theory, functional matrix theory, and others.
1. The document discusses several theories of craniofacial growth including the bone remodeling theory, genetic theory, sutural dominance theory, cartilaginous theory, and functional matrix hypothesis.
2. The functional matrix hypothesis proposed by Melvin Moss claims that craniofacial growth is mediated by functional demands and neurotrophic control, rather than by structures like periosteum or cartilage. It involves microskeletal and macroskeletal growth units associated with functional matrices.
3. The document also discusses theories related to specific structures, such as nasal septal cartilage theory proposed by James Scott, which claims the nasal septum is the primary driver of maxillary growth. However, many theories of craniofacial growth
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The document discusses several theories of craniofacial growth including remodeling theory, genetic theory, sutural theory, nasal septum theory, and the functional matrix hypothesis. It provides details on the key concepts and inconsistencies of each theory. The remodeling theory proposed that growth occurs through bone deposition and resorption at surfaces. The sutural theory emphasized the role of sutures and cartilage in driving growth. The nasal septum theory proposed the nasal septum cartilage pushes the midface forward during growth. The functional matrix hypothesis views the skull as comprising functional units that drive skeletal growth.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Influence of Drugs on Orthodontic Tooth MovementMahmoud Shaheen
This document summarizes the effects of various medications on orthodontic tooth movement. It discusses how analgesics like NSAIDs inhibit prostaglandin synthesis and can slow tooth movement. Corticosteroids increase bone resorption and can accelerate movement. Bisphosphonates, fluorides, estrogens, and androgens inhibit osteoclast activity and bone resorption, potentially delaying movement. Thyroid hormones and vitamin D may increase tooth movement by stimulating osteoclasts. Anti-convulsants can induce gingival issues complicating treatment. The conclusion emphasizes the importance for orthodontists to be aware of how medications can influence treatment outcomes and discuss potential complications with patients.
The document discusses the growth and development of the maxilla from prenatal development through postnatal changes. It covers key topics like the theories of growth, growth spurts, and the development of structures like the palate. Prenatally, the maxilla develops from the first pharyngeal arch and forms through intramembranous ossification. The maxilla and premaxilla have distinct centers of ossification that spread during development.
The document discusses various principles and theories of craniofacial growth and development. It defines key terms like growth, development, differentiation, etc. It describes basic principles such as ossification, growth fields, centers and sites, bone remodeling, drift, displacement, etc. It discusses major regions and principles of craniofacial growth like the cephalocaudal gradient and Scammon's curve. It also covers controlling factors and changing paradigms in understanding growth. Various theories of growth are explained, such as the bone remodeling theory, genetic theory, sutural hypothesis, cartilaginous theory, functional matrix theory, and others.
1. The document discusses several theories of craniofacial growth including the bone remodeling theory, genetic theory, sutural dominance theory, cartilaginous theory, and functional matrix hypothesis.
2. The functional matrix hypothesis proposed by Melvin Moss claims that craniofacial growth is mediated by functional demands and neurotrophic control, rather than by structures like periosteum or cartilage. It involves microskeletal and macroskeletal growth units associated with functional matrices.
3. The document also discusses theories related to specific structures, such as nasal septal cartilage theory proposed by James Scott, which claims the nasal septum is the primary driver of maxillary growth. However, many theories of craniofacial growth
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document discusses methods for assessing human growth, including direct measurements like anthropometry and vital staining, as well as indirect measurements like dental casts, photographs, and radiographs. It also covers assessing a patient's age based on chronological, somatotypic, morphologic, dental, sexual, facial, and skeletal age. Key methods discussed include hand-wrist radiographs, cervical vertebrae maturation, midpalatal suture closure, and frontal sinus development. The timing of growth spurts and their clinical importance in orthodontic treatment planning is also summarized.
The document discusses the evolution of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) in vertebrates from early jaw joints to the modern mammalian TMJ. It traces how the jaw joint evolved from a simple hinge to allow for specialized functions like tearing, grinding, and cutting foods. The development of the dentary bone forming a joint with the skull created the mammalian TMJ. Variations in the TMJ adapted it for different feeding mechanisms in herbivores, carnivores, and rodents. Prenatal and postnatal growth of the condyle and temporal tubercle shape the modern human TMJ.
Basic mechanism of craniofacial growth /certified fixed orthodontic courses b...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The document discusses the Cervical Vertebral Maturation (CVM) method for assessing optimal treatment timing in dentofacial orthopedics. CVM uses the shape of cervical vertebrae on lateral cephalograms to determine skeletal maturity. There are 6 stages from pre-pubertal to post-pubertal. Treatment effects are greater if timed around pubertal growth spurts - class II treatment works best in CS3-CS4, class III works best before puberty, and vertical issues work best at CS3. Maxillary effects are greater before puberty while mandibular effects are greater during puberty.
Growth and development of maxilla and mandible/endodontic coursesIndian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document summarizes research on jaw rotation during growth, maturation, and aging. It discusses how internal and external jaw rotation influence tooth eruption pathways and malocclusion development. Internal rotation moves the jaw forward and upward, while external rotation compensates by moving it backward and downward. A short face type has more anterior rotation leading to a deep bite, while a high face type has excessive backward rotation causing an open bite. Maturation and aging bring changes to soft tissues, teeth, alignment and occlusion. Growth continues in adults, with males showing net forward rotation and females backward rotation.
1. There are several methods to assess skeletal maturity including hand-wrist radiographs, cervical vertebrae shape assessment, and tooth development stages.
2. Hand-wrist radiographs can be assessed using the Greulich-Pyle atlas method or the Bjork, Grave, and Brown method which divides skeletal development into 9 stages.
3. Cervical vertebrae shape changes through 6 stages of maturation and can indicate how much growth remains.
4. Tooth development through 8 stages of calcification as shown in the Demirjian Index also corresponds to skeletal maturity.
This document provides an overview of several theories of craniofacial growth and development:
- The bone remodeling theory proposed growth occurs through bone remodeling at surfaces. It did not explain roles of sutures or cartilages.
- The genetic theory stated genes determine overall growth patterns but did not prove this assumption.
- The sutural dominance theory proposed sutures are the primary growth determinants through expansion forces. However, growth still occurs without sutures.
- The cartilaginous theory claimed cartilage, not bone, is responsible for growth through replacement. However, cartilage can be removed without deformity.
- The functional matrix theory viewed skeletal growth as a response to functional soft tissues and spaces
This document provides an overview of mandibular growth and development from prenatal to postnatal periods. It discusses the anatomy of the mandible and theories around its evolution. The prenatal growth section describes the key stages from fertilization to embryo and fetal development. Mandibular growth mechanisms are explored through a brief history of theories proposed by researchers from the 18th century onwards. Growth progression, sites, and age-related changes in the mandible are examined.
This document provides an overview of postnatal growth of the mandible. It discusses:
1. The shape of the neonatal mandible and how it undergoes considerable transformation during growth and development.
2. How the ramus becomes more prominent in height and width as muscles of mastication develop postnatally.
3. The five overlapping functional units of the mandible - the condyle, gonial region, coronoid process, alveolar process, and body.
4. Principles of mandibular growth including drift, displacement, remodeling, and rotations that alter its shape and position as it grows.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document provides an overview of growth and development, including definitions, factors that affect growth, concepts of growth, and methods of studying growth. Some key points include:
- Growth refers to an increase in size over time, while development is progress towards maturity. Differentiation is the change from a generalized to more specialized cell or tissue.
- Factors that affect physical growth include heredity, nutrition, illness, race, socioeconomics, and psychology. Growth occurs in spurts and at different rates for different parts of the body.
- Methods of gathering growth data include longitudinal studies, which track the same individuals over time, and cross-sectional studies, which observe different samples at different times. Growth
Skeletal maturity /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
This document discusses several orthodontic appliances including the Nance appliance, transpalatal arch, quad helix, lip bumper, and tongue crib. It provides details on the design, indications, mechanisms of action, advantages and disadvantages of each appliance. The document is intended as an educational guide for orthodontic residents, as it is presented by several orthodontists and covers the key aspects of these common fixed functional appliances.
This document discusses various methods for predicting facial growth, including cephalometric methods like Moorrees mesh, Johnston's transformation grid, and Rickett's arcial growth prediction of the mandible. Non-cephalometric methods discussed include logarithmic spiral, Hirschfield and Moyers, and Todd's equation. The need for growth prediction in orthodontic treatment planning and challenges with accuracy are also addressed. The conclusion is that while various methods have been proposed, growth prediction is most reasonable for "average growers" but not "abnormal growers," and an orthodontist's experience is an important additional factor.
This document provides an overview of growth and development, including key concepts and factors that influence physical growth. It discusses how growth occurs through differential rates in various parts of the body from embryology through adulthood. Growth spurts and the cephalo-caudal gradient of growth are described. Methods for studying and measuring growth longitudinally, cross-sectionally, and through craniometry, anthropometry, and cephalometric radiology are summarized.
The document discusses growth and development from an orthodontic perspective. It covers several key points:
1. Growth involves increases in size, changes in proportions, and increasing complexity over time from embryological development through childhood, adolescence and adulthood.
2. Factors like heredity, nutrition, illness, socioeconomics, and environment can influence growth.
3. Growth occurs in rhythmic patterns with growth spurts, including one in early childhood and another during adolescence.
4. Understanding normal growth patterns, variability, and timing is important for orthodontic treatment planning and assessment.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document discusses methods for assessing human growth, including direct measurements like anthropometry and vital staining, as well as indirect measurements like dental casts, photographs, and radiographs. It also covers assessing a patient's age based on chronological, somatotypic, morphologic, dental, sexual, facial, and skeletal age. Key methods discussed include hand-wrist radiographs, cervical vertebrae maturation, midpalatal suture closure, and frontal sinus development. The timing of growth spurts and their clinical importance in orthodontic treatment planning is also summarized.
The document discusses the evolution of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) in vertebrates from early jaw joints to the modern mammalian TMJ. It traces how the jaw joint evolved from a simple hinge to allow for specialized functions like tearing, grinding, and cutting foods. The development of the dentary bone forming a joint with the skull created the mammalian TMJ. Variations in the TMJ adapted it for different feeding mechanisms in herbivores, carnivores, and rodents. Prenatal and postnatal growth of the condyle and temporal tubercle shape the modern human TMJ.
Basic mechanism of craniofacial growth /certified fixed orthodontic courses b...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The document discusses the Cervical Vertebral Maturation (CVM) method for assessing optimal treatment timing in dentofacial orthopedics. CVM uses the shape of cervical vertebrae on lateral cephalograms to determine skeletal maturity. There are 6 stages from pre-pubertal to post-pubertal. Treatment effects are greater if timed around pubertal growth spurts - class II treatment works best in CS3-CS4, class III works best before puberty, and vertical issues work best at CS3. Maxillary effects are greater before puberty while mandibular effects are greater during puberty.
Growth and development of maxilla and mandible/endodontic coursesIndian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document summarizes research on jaw rotation during growth, maturation, and aging. It discusses how internal and external jaw rotation influence tooth eruption pathways and malocclusion development. Internal rotation moves the jaw forward and upward, while external rotation compensates by moving it backward and downward. A short face type has more anterior rotation leading to a deep bite, while a high face type has excessive backward rotation causing an open bite. Maturation and aging bring changes to soft tissues, teeth, alignment and occlusion. Growth continues in adults, with males showing net forward rotation and females backward rotation.
1. There are several methods to assess skeletal maturity including hand-wrist radiographs, cervical vertebrae shape assessment, and tooth development stages.
2. Hand-wrist radiographs can be assessed using the Greulich-Pyle atlas method or the Bjork, Grave, and Brown method which divides skeletal development into 9 stages.
3. Cervical vertebrae shape changes through 6 stages of maturation and can indicate how much growth remains.
4. Tooth development through 8 stages of calcification as shown in the Demirjian Index also corresponds to skeletal maturity.
This document provides an overview of several theories of craniofacial growth and development:
- The bone remodeling theory proposed growth occurs through bone remodeling at surfaces. It did not explain roles of sutures or cartilages.
- The genetic theory stated genes determine overall growth patterns but did not prove this assumption.
- The sutural dominance theory proposed sutures are the primary growth determinants through expansion forces. However, growth still occurs without sutures.
- The cartilaginous theory claimed cartilage, not bone, is responsible for growth through replacement. However, cartilage can be removed without deformity.
- The functional matrix theory viewed skeletal growth as a response to functional soft tissues and spaces
This document provides an overview of mandibular growth and development from prenatal to postnatal periods. It discusses the anatomy of the mandible and theories around its evolution. The prenatal growth section describes the key stages from fertilization to embryo and fetal development. Mandibular growth mechanisms are explored through a brief history of theories proposed by researchers from the 18th century onwards. Growth progression, sites, and age-related changes in the mandible are examined.
This document provides an overview of postnatal growth of the mandible. It discusses:
1. The shape of the neonatal mandible and how it undergoes considerable transformation during growth and development.
2. How the ramus becomes more prominent in height and width as muscles of mastication develop postnatally.
3. The five overlapping functional units of the mandible - the condyle, gonial region, coronoid process, alveolar process, and body.
4. Principles of mandibular growth including drift, displacement, remodeling, and rotations that alter its shape and position as it grows.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document provides an overview of growth and development, including definitions, factors that affect growth, concepts of growth, and methods of studying growth. Some key points include:
- Growth refers to an increase in size over time, while development is progress towards maturity. Differentiation is the change from a generalized to more specialized cell or tissue.
- Factors that affect physical growth include heredity, nutrition, illness, race, socioeconomics, and psychology. Growth occurs in spurts and at different rates for different parts of the body.
- Methods of gathering growth data include longitudinal studies, which track the same individuals over time, and cross-sectional studies, which observe different samples at different times. Growth
Skeletal maturity /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
This document discusses several orthodontic appliances including the Nance appliance, transpalatal arch, quad helix, lip bumper, and tongue crib. It provides details on the design, indications, mechanisms of action, advantages and disadvantages of each appliance. The document is intended as an educational guide for orthodontic residents, as it is presented by several orthodontists and covers the key aspects of these common fixed functional appliances.
This document discusses various methods for predicting facial growth, including cephalometric methods like Moorrees mesh, Johnston's transformation grid, and Rickett's arcial growth prediction of the mandible. Non-cephalometric methods discussed include logarithmic spiral, Hirschfield and Moyers, and Todd's equation. The need for growth prediction in orthodontic treatment planning and challenges with accuracy are also addressed. The conclusion is that while various methods have been proposed, growth prediction is most reasonable for "average growers" but not "abnormal growers," and an orthodontist's experience is an important additional factor.
This document provides an overview of growth and development, including key concepts and factors that influence physical growth. It discusses how growth occurs through differential rates in various parts of the body from embryology through adulthood. Growth spurts and the cephalo-caudal gradient of growth are described. Methods for studying and measuring growth longitudinally, cross-sectionally, and through craniometry, anthropometry, and cephalometric radiology are summarized.
The document discusses growth and development from an orthodontic perspective. It covers several key points:
1. Growth involves increases in size, changes in proportions, and increasing complexity over time from embryological development through childhood, adolescence and adulthood.
2. Factors like heredity, nutrition, illness, socioeconomics, and environment can influence growth.
3. Growth occurs in rhythmic patterns with growth spurts, including one in early childhood and another during adolescence.
4. Understanding normal growth patterns, variability, and timing is important for orthodontic treatment planning and assessment.
Clinical and radiographic guidelines for prediction of growthDrAditiAcharya
INTRODUCTION
DEFINITION
CONCEPTS OF STUDYING GROWTH
METHODS OF STUDYING GROWTH
TYPES OF GROWTH DATA
METHODS OF GATHERING GROWTH DATA
METHODS OF STUDYING BONE GROWTH
VARIABLE AFFECTING PHYSICAL GROWTH
GROWTH ASSESSMENT PARAMETERS
VISUAL TREATMENT OBJECTIVES
COMPUTERIZED GROWTH FORECASTING
CONCLUSION
Clinical implications and indicators of growth1 /certified fixed orthodontic ...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Theories & factors affecting growth and developmentAruna Naudasari
Kohlberg's and Fowler's theories of growth and development are discussed. Key points include:
- Growth refers to physical changes in size while development is the progressive increase in skills and abilities.
- Development follows cephalocaudal and proximodistal patterns from head to tail and center to periphery.
- Factors like heredity, environment, nutrition, and hormones influence growth and development.
- Physical growth involves changes in height, weight, head circumference, and chest size at different stages.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
00919248678078
Growth and development continues after birth through distinct stages. Postnatal development includes the neonatal, infancy, childhood, puberty, and young adult periods. Doctors assess growth through physical exams, dental development, skeletal maturity, and milestone achievement. Growth charts graphically track weight and help identify growth issues. Nutrition provides materials for growth, with carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, minerals, and water all playing roles. The nervous system remains developing after birth through myelination and fontanelle closure.
Growth and development continues after birth through distinct stages. Assessment of growth includes prenatal exams of the mother and fetus, as well as postnatal exams of physical, dental, and skeletal development. Key milestones are also used to assess development. Growth charts graphically track weight and compare it to normal growth curves to monitor nutritional status and development. Multiple nutrients are necessary for proper growth, and deficiencies can cause growth curves to flatten or decline.
1. Postnatal development can be divided into neonatal (birth to 1 month), infancy (1-2 years), childhood (2 years to puberty), puberty (12-mid teens), and young adulthood (late teens to early 20s).
2. Growth is assessed through physical exams, dental development, skeletal maturity determined radiologically, and achievement of motor milestones.
3. The road to health growth chart is used to monitor weight and ensure normal growth through regular recording of measurements. Abnormal growth could signal malnutrition.
Growth and development continues after birth through distinct stages. Assessment of growth includes prenatal exams of the mother and fetus, as well as postnatal exams of physical, dental, and skeletal development. Key milestones are tracked, such as weight gain and loss of primitive reflexes. Nutrition is essential to proper growth, requiring carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, minerals, and water. Growth charts graphically track weight and assess nutritional status.
Sports Psycholgy
growth and Development through Physical Activity
Growth Meaning
Development:Meaning
Various Stages of Life
Prenatal
Postnatal
Infancy
Childhood
Adolescence
Adulthood
Old age
Importance of Physical Activity for Childern
Children and Physical Activity
The document discusses several factors that influence human growth and development, including heredity, nutrition, sex, hormones, pollution, socioeconomic status, environment, race, and culture. It provides details on how each of these can impact physical characteristics and growth patterns from childhood through adulthood. Nutrition, hormones, pollution, and socioeconomic status are highlighted as especially important determinants of physical development.
This document provides information on pediatric growth and development, including:
- Factors that affect growth, such as genetics and environment
- Phases of human growth from fetal to pubertal stages
- Sex differences in growth patterns
- Endocrine regulation of growth by hormones like growth hormone and IGF-1
- Parameters used to assess growth, such as weight, length, BMI, head circumference
- Use of growth charts and z-scores to evaluate a child's growth over time
- Causes of abnormal growth including malnutrition, infections, genetic disorders
Growth is monitored through regular anthropometric measurements and plotting on growth charts. Factors affecting growth include genetics, nutrition, infections and socioeconomic status. The WHO growth charts provide standardized growth references based on optimal growth of children from diverse backgrounds. Regular monitoring allows early identification of growth faltering due to disorders or malnutrition.
Clinical implications of growth & developmentSaibel Farishta
This document discusses the clinical implications of growth and development. It notes that growth occurs in spurts, with the largest increases seen at ages 3, 6-7, and 11-12 in females and 7-9 and 14-15 in males. The timing of orthodontic treatment should consider a patient's growth stage. Arch expansion works best during growth spurts. Growth direction can change or be changed by appliances, and rotation affects overbite development and treatment timing. Understanding growth patterns informs orthodontic treatment planning.
Concepts of growth and development / orthodontic courses /certified fixed or...Indian dental academy
Welcome to Indian Dental Academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
This document discusses human growth and development. It begins with a brief history of the study of growth, then defines key terminology like growth, development, differentiation and maturation. It describes the typical cephalocaudal growth pattern from head to feet as well as concepts of variability in growth and developmental age versus chronological age. The document outlines several methods for studying physical growth, from craniometry and anthropometry to radiography and 3D imaging. It discusses factors that can affect growth and growth spurts during development.
Child Development in the Broader Context of Developmental Science.docxbissacr
Child Development in the Broader Context of Developmental Science
Child development is one aspect of the broader, interdisciplinary field of developmental science, which includes the entire lifespan. Researchers in the area of child development typically divide these initial years into five age periods encompassing conception through adolescence.
PRENATAL PERIOD
INFANCY AND TODDLERHOOD
EARLY CHILDHOOD PERIOD
MIDDLE CHILDHOOD PERIOD
ADOLESCENT PERIOD
Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory
Does society or culture have an impact on child development? Of course! Each individual has a different religious, ethnic, and economic background. Since all of those factors influence our development, there has been a rise in research studies that address the cultural context of children’s lives. Researchers are examining the effect of culturally specific beliefs and practices on development.
Sociocultural theory, developed by Lev Vygotsky, focuses on how culture is transmitted to the next generation. Vygotsky believed that social interaction with more knowledgeable members of society is necessary for children to develop the ways of thinking and behaving that comprise a community’s culture. He saw cognitive development as a socially mediated process in which children depend on assistance from peers and adults as they take on new challenges. One additional discovery of cross-cultural research is that each individual culture may emphasize different tasks for childr
Ecological Systems Theory
Urie Bronfenbrenner (1917–2005) posited that our environment, consisting of our home, school, neighborhood, and beyond, is a series of structures that form a system. Each layer of that system interacts with the others and has a powerful impact on development. According to Bronfenbrenner’s ecological systems theory, children develop within this complex system of relationships and are affected by multiple levels of the surrounding environment.
MICROSYSTEM
MESOSYSTEM
EXOSYSTEM
MACROSYSTEM
CHRONOSYSTEM
An Illustration of Ecological Systems Theory: The Transition to Siblinghood
The early weeks after a new baby enters the family are full of profound changes. While the arrival of a newborn sibling is a normative life event for many children, the transition to siblinghood can result in a mixture of positive and negative emotions. Some children welcome the new arrival, while others experience a developmental setback in a specific area like toilet training. Volling (2005) provides a developmental ecological systems approach to examine changes in both child and family functioning that occur with the birth of a new baby.
‹ 1/5 ›
Significant changes occur within the immediate family (microsystem). Because the mother may spend most of the early weeks after the birth caring for the newborn, the quality of the father–child relationship may be particularly important for sibling adjustment.
Development as a Dynamic System
According to a theory known as dynamic systems perspective, a child.
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Christina Spears, breast cancer genetic counselor at the Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, joined us for the MBC Support Group for Black Women to discuss the importance of genetic testing in communities of color and answer pressing questions.
Can coffee help me lose weight? Yes, 25,422 users in the USA use it for that ...nirahealhty
The South Beach Coffee Java Diet is a variation of the popular South Beach Diet, which was developed by cardiologist Dr. Arthur Agatston. The original South Beach Diet focuses on consuming lean proteins, healthy fats, and low-glycemic index carbohydrates. The South Beach Coffee Java Diet adds the element of coffee, specifically caffeine, to enhance weight loss and improve energy levels.
At Apollo Hospital, Lucknow, U.P., we provide specialized care for children experiencing dehydration and other symptoms. We also offer NICU & PICU Ambulance Facility Services. Consult our expert today for the best pediatric emergency care.
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Map: https://cutt.ly/BwCeflYo
Name: Apollo Hospital
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Phone: 08429021957
Opening Hours: 24X7
Gemma Wean- Nutritional solution for Artemiasmuskaan0008
GEMMA Wean is a high end larval co-feeding and weaning diet aimed at Artemia optimisation and is fortified with a high level of proteins and phospholipids. GEMMA Wean provides the early weaned juveniles with dedicated fish nutrition and is an ideal follow on from GEMMA Micro or Artemia.
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Seminar - Growth and Development and theories of growth
1. Presented By:
Dr. Smaraki Mahapatra
PG 1st Year ( MMCDSR)
Dept. of Orthodontics
Guided By:
Dr. Geetanjali Gandhi
Growth and Development and
Theories of Growth
2. CONTENTS
Introduction
Definitions of growth and development
Difference between growth and development
Factors affecting physical growth and development
Growth spurts
Terminologies related to growth
Difference between growth site and growth center
Growth; pattern, variability and timing
Methods of studying physical growth
Genetic influences on growth
Concepts of growth
Theories of growth
Conclusion
2
3. INTRODUCTION
A sound knowledge of growth and development
is essential for successful orthodontic treatment.
Understanding the growth of the oro-facial
region is vitally important when planning such
treatment procedures.
4. GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
o Growth usually refers to increase in size but
tends to be linked more to change than
anything else.
o Development denotes an increasing degree of
organization, often with unfortunate
consequences for the natural environment.
Proffit ; 6th edition; Contemporary orthodontics
11. DEVELOPMENT
According to Moyers, development refers to all
naturally occurring unidirectional changes in the
life of an individual from its existence as a
single cell to its elaboration as a multifunctional
unit terminating in death.
13. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN GROWTH AND
DEVELOPMENT
GROWTH DEVELOPMENT
1. It is largely anatomic.
2. Increase in size and number
3. Quantitative
4. Occurs at cellular level
5. Part of development
6. Brings changes in size, shape
form, and structure of the body
7. Stops at the maturation
8. It is unidirectional
1. Physiologic and behavioral
2. Improvement in circumstances
3. Qualitative
4. Occurs at organizational level
5. Includes growth, morphogenesis
and differentiation.
6. Brings changes in functions .
7. Continues throughout the life.
8. It is multidirectional.
14. FACTORS AFFECTING PHYSICAL GROWTH
HEREDITY: - The genes play a major role in the
overall growth of a person.
NUTRITION: - The growth process accelerates
when proper nutrition is provided. This is called
catch-up growth.
ILLNESS: - Prolonged and debilitating illness can
have a marked effect on all aspects of growth.
RACE:- AMERICAN Blacks, calcification and
eruption of teeth occurs almost a year earlier
than their white counterparts.
Op kharbanda ;2ND EDITION
15. SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS;-Affluent and favorable
socio-economic conditions show earlier onset of growth.
FAMILY SIZE AND BIRTH ORDER -The smaller the family
size ,the better would be the nutrition and other
conditions. The first newborn babies tend to weigh less at
birth and have smaller stature but higher I.Q.
SECULAR TRENDS -Changes in size and maturation in a
large population can be shown to occur with time .e.g-
fifteen year old boys are approximately 5 inches taller
than the same age group 50 years back.
OP Kharbanda; 2nd edition
16. CLIMATIC AND SEASONAL EFFECT:- Climatic changes
seem to have little direct effect on rate of growth.
Seasonal variations affect adipose tissue content and
weight of newborn babies.
PSYCHOLOGICAL DISTURBANCES- Psychological
disturbances of prolonged duration can hence markedly
retard growth.
EXERCISE:- It is essential for a healthy body but,
strenuous and regular exercises have not associated
with more favorable growth.
Op kharbanda;2nd edition
18. GROWTH SPURTS
Growth does not take place uniformly at all times.
There seems to be periods when a sudden
acceleration of growth occurs. This sudden acceleration
of growth is termed as ‘growth spurts’.
The physiological alteration in hormonal secretion is
believed to be the cause for such accentuated growth.
The timing of the growth spurts differ in boys and
girls.
19. TIMINGS OF GROWTH SPURTS
Childhood/Infantile growth spurts
Up to 3yrs in both sexes.
Mixed dentition/juvenile growth spurts
BOYS - 8-11YRS
GIRLS - 7-9YRS
Pre-pubertal/Adoloscent growth spurts
BOYS -14-16YRS
GIRLS -11-13YRS
20. FACTORS AFFECTING GROWTH SPURTS
Growth modification by means of functional
and orthopedic appliances elicit better
response during growth spurts. e,g-chin cup
Surgical correction involving the maxilla and
mandible should be carried out only after
cessation of the growth spurts.e.g-
orthognathic surgery
22. GROWTH SITE
It is the location at where the actual growth
occurs.
BAUME defined the growth site.
Growth sites are dependent on growth
centers for growth.
• e.g.- Sutures of cranial vault, lateral cranial base, and sutures of
maxilla.
• Condyle of mandible.
24. GROWTH CENTERS
It is a location at which growth occurs
independently that is they are genetically
programmed sites of growth.
(proffit)
All growth centres are special growth site but the
reverse is not true.
e.g.- spheno-occipital synchondrosis.
25. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN GROWTH SITE
AND GROWTH CENTER
GROWTH SITE GROWTH CENTER
1. It has special significance in
growth of bone.
2. Growth occurs as a secondary
compensatory effect
3 Lacks direct genetic influence.
4 All growth sites are not
centres.
1. Special growth site which
control the overall growth of the
bone.
2. Growth is primary under the
control of heredity.
3. It has intrinsic growth potential
4. All growth centers are growth
sites
Contemporary orthodontics;Proffit;6th edition
26. Growth Site Growth Center
growth adjuster growth initiator
“pulled apart” “pushes apart”
no tissue separating
force
tissue separating
force
condyle, sutures spheno-occipital
synchondrosis,
nasal cartilage
28. PATTERN
Pattern of growth in human body is allometric.
There is a difference in the relative rates of
growth between one part of the body to another.
Contemporary orthodontics;Proffit ;6th edition
14
May
2021
28
29. DIFFERENTIAL GROWTH
The human body does not grow at the
same rate throughout life. Different organs
grow at different rates, to a different amount
at different times. This is termed differential
growth.
Two important aspects of growth help us to
understand the concepts of differential growth
more clearly.
1. SCAMMON’S GROWTH CURVE
2. CEPHALO-CAUDAL GRADIENT OF GROWTH
30. SCAMMON’S GROWTH CURVE
The body tissues can be broadly classified in
to 4 types. They are
1. LYMPHOID TISSUE
2. NEURAL TISSUE
3. GENERAL TISSUE
4. GENITAL TISSUE
31. LYMPHOID TISSUE
Lymphoid tissue proliferates rapidly in late
childhood and reaches almost 200% of adult
size.
This is an adaptation to protect children from
infection, as they are more prone to it.
By about 18 yrs of age, lymphoid tissue
undergoes involution to reach adult size .
32. NEURAL TISSUE
It grows very rapidly and almost reaches
the adult size by 6-7 yrs of age.
Very little growth of neural tissue occurs after
6-7 yrs.
33. GENERAL TISSUE
General tissue or visceral tissue consists of
the muscles, bones and the other organs.
These tissues exhibit an ‘s’ shaped curve
with rapid growth up to 2-3 yrs of age
followed by a slow phase of growth between
3-10 yrs.
After the tenth year, a rapid phase of growth
occurs terminating by the 18-20 yr.
34. GENITAL TISSUE
It consists of the reproductive organs .
They show negligible growth until puberty.
However they grow rapidly at puberty reaching
adult size after which growth ceases.
37. Cephalo-caudal gradient of growth simply means
that there is an axis of increased growth
extending from head towards the feet.
A comparison of the body proportion between
pre-natal and post-natal life reveals that post-
natal growth of regions of the body that are
away from the hypophysis is more.
CEPHALO-CAUDAL GRADIENT OF GROWTH
38. The growth concept can be illustrated as follows;
The head takes up about 50% of the total body
length around the 3rd month of intra-uterine life.
At the time of birth , the trunk and the limbs
have grown more than the head, thereby
reducing the head to about 30% of body length.
The overall pattern of growth continues with a
progressive reduction in the relative size of the
head to about 12% in the adult.
39. The lower limbs are rudimentary around the
2nd month of intra-uterine life.
They later grow and represent almost 50%
of the body length at adulthood.
The increased gradient of growth is evident
even with in the head and face.
At birth, the cranium is proportionally larger
than the face.
Post-natally, the face grows more than the
cranium.
40. VARIABILITY
It is the law of nature and human growth is no
exception.
Some children are average growers. Some are
genetically tall, while others are genetically short.
Cause of variability in growth include heredity,
sex, nutrition,racial differences, exercise, climate,
and socioeconomic and psychological factors.
Girls gain maximum length earlier than boys.
40
41. TIMING
The third and most important factor of growth
in terms of clinical applications is the timing of
growth.
One important factor in timing of growth is
sex of individual. Girls mature earlier than boys .
Some girls mature faster than others.
41
48. RADIOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUES - The most
commonly used techniques are CEPHALOMETRY and
HAND-WRIST RADIOGRAPHY.
CEPHALOMETRY;-It is standardized radiographic
technique of the craniofacial region. It makes it possible
to take serial radiographs of a patient’s skull in order to
study the growth changes taking place. It is also a
valuable aid in orthodontic diagnosis, treatment planning,
evaluation of treatment results and for growth prediction.
HAND-WRIST X-RAYS: - Radiographs of the hand-wrist
region are used to study the biological or skeletal age of
a person.
55. BIOMETRIC TEST
They are tests in which physical characteristics
are:
1. weight
2. height,
3. skeletal maturation
4. ossifications are measured and compared with
standards based upon the examinations of large
groups of healthy subjects. 55
58. RADIOISOTOPES
They are injected into the growing bone by auto
radiographic technique.
E.g;-Calcium-45
59. GENETIC INFLUENCES ON GROWTH
Homeobox , Msx gene and Dix genes are known
to be critically important in the establishment of body
plan, pattern formation, and morphogenesis are
expressed differentially not only in the development of
teeth but also in growth of mandible.
Dlx-1 and Dlx-2 are expressed in the dental
mesenchyme and in the epithelium of the maxillary and
mandibular arch mesenchyme and other homeobox gene
groups have been shown to play a role in dental and
facial development.
Msx-1 predominates in tooth formation and is
expressed in basal bone but not in alveolar process,
whereas Msx-2 is strongly expressed there.
61. CONCEPT 1
Facial growth and development is a morphogenic process
working toward a composite state of aggregate structural
and functional balance among all of the multiple , regional
growing and changing hard & soft tissue parts
62. The same underlyning process then continues to work in
order to sustain ongoing equilibrium throughout adulthood
and old age in response to changing internal and external
conditions
63. CONCEPT 2
Bone grows by adding new tissue on
one side of bony cortex (deposition+)
and taking it away from the other side
(resorption- )
Deposition + resorption drift
Drift produces a direct growth
movement of any given area of bone
64. CONCEPT 3
Bone surfaces are completely blanketed by a mosaic
like pattern of growth fields
If a given periosteal area has a resorptive type of
field , the opposite inside (endosteal) area has a
depository field.
65. CONCEPT-4
Bone is covered by both - a covering membrane
(periosteal bone) which constitutes about half of the
cortical bone ,
And by lining membrane (endosteal bone) which makes
up the other half
66. CONCEPT-5
Bone formation is actually carried out by osteogenic
membranes and other surrounding tissues rather than
hard part of bone
Growth is produced by soft tissue matrix , that encloses
each whole bone
67. CONCEPT 6
The resorptive and depository growth fields throughout
bone donot have the same rate of growth activity
Some grow more rapidly and some less than others
Fields that have some special significance in in growth
process are often called as GROWTH SITES
68. E.g Mandibular condyle
(endochondral bone
formation) – growth by
regional tension related
mechanism – specific
response to local
circumstance- no genetic
programming
69. CONCEPT 7- BONE REMODELLING
Remodelling involves deposition of bone on any
surface pointed towards the direction of enlargement
of a given area ; resorption usually occurs on the
opposite side of the particular bony cortex.
70. Relocation –
Is the sequential movement of component parts as the
bone enlarges
E.g – The whole ramus is relocated posteriorly, thus the
posterior part of lengthening corpus becomes relocated in
the area of ramus
And in maxilla – Palate is relocated inferiorly
71. CONCEPT-8 CORTICAL DRIFT
Most bones grow by interplay of bone deposition
and resorption resulting in a growth resulting in
growth movement towards the deposition surface
called ‘cortical drift’.
74. CONCEPT-9 DISPLACEMENT
It is a separate movement of the whole bone by
some physical force that carries it,away from its
contacts with other bones, which are growing and
increasing in overall size at the same time.
Displacement is two types;-
1.Primary displacement
2.Secondary displacement
76. PRIMARY DISPLACEMENT
As the bone enlarges , it is simultaneously carried away from
other bones in direct contact .- bone’s own enlargement
This creates a space within which the bony enlargement
takes place .
This is called as PRIMARY DISPLACEMENT OR
TRANSLATION
77. SECONDARY DISPLACEMENT-
Movement of the whole bone caused by separate
enlargement of other bones
One of the several basic factors involved in the
developmental basis of malocclusions and other types of
facial dysplasias
78. CONCEPT 10
Facial growth is a process that requires morphogenic
INTER RELATIONSHIPS among all its component
growing ,changing and functioning soft and hard tissue
parts.
No part is developmentally independent and self contained
79. CONCEPT-11 ROTATION
According to Enlow, growth rotation is due to
diagonally placed areas of deposition and
resorption.
Two types;-
1.Remodelling rotation
2.Displacement rotation
Ref Essentials of facial growth;Enlow and Hans
81. CONCEPT-12 ‘V’ PRINCIPLE
Deposition occurs on the innerside and
resorption occurs on the outerside of the bones
causing enlargement and displacement.
This displacement is towards wide end of ‘ V’.
Examples-
1.Neck of condyle
2.Palatal process of maxilla
84. THEORIES OF GROWTH
Bone remodelling theory
Genetic theory
Sutural theory
Cartilaginous theory
Funtional matrix theory
Van-limborgh’s theory
Enlow’s expanding ’v’ principle
Servosystem theory
Growth relativity theory
86. REMODELLING THEORY
It is given by Brash in 1930.
According to this theory craniofacial skeletal
growth takes place by bone remodelling.
Bone remodelling is selective deposition and
resorption of bone at its surface.
There are 3 fundamentals of the theory;-
1.Bone grows by apposition at the surface.
2.Growth of jaws takes place by deposition of bone at
the posterior surfaces of the maxilla and mandible.
This is called Hunterian growth.
3. Calvarium grows through bone deposition on the
ectocranial surface of the cranial vault and
resorption of bone on the endocranial surface.
87.
88. DISADVANTAGE
The theory created doubt about the role of unique
stuructures like sutures, cranial base
synchonrosis, and mandibular condylar cartilage.
The doubt was that if these sites are not essential
for normal craniofacial growth then why they are
present at all.?
90. GENETIC THEORY
All growth is controlled by genetic influence
and preplanned.
It is one of the earliest theories put forward.
By Brodie in 1941.
92. SUTURAL THEORY
Sicher believed that craniofacial growth occurs
at the sutures.
According to him paired parallel sutures that
attach facial areas to the skull and the cranial
base region push the naso-maxillary complex
forwards to pace its growth with that of the
mandible.
94. DISADVANTAGES
When an area of suture is transplanted to
another location ,the tissue does not continue to
grow. This clearly indicates a lack of innate
growth potential of the sutures.
Growth takes place in untreated cases of cleft
palate even in the absence of sutures.
Micro cephaly and hydrocephaly raised doubts
about the intrinsic genetic stimulus of sutures.
95. CONCLUSION OF THIS THEORY
Sutures are growth sites .
It has no tissue separating force .
So , they are not considered as growth centers.
97. CARTILAGINOUS THEORY
The theory was put forward by James Scott.
According to him intrinsic growth controlling factors are
present in cartilage and periosteum with sutures being
only secondary.
He viewed that cartilaginous sites throughout the skull
as primary centres of growth.
Example-Growth of maxilla is attributed to nasal septal
cartilage.
According to Scott , the nasal septal cartilage is the
pacemaker for the growth of the entire naso-maxillary
complex.
98. ADVANTAGES
In many bones, cartilage growth occurs , while bone
merely replaces it.
If a part of epiphyseal plate is transplanted to a
different location , it will continue grow in the new
location. This indicates the innate growth potential of
the cartilage.
Nasal septal cartilage also shows innate growth
potential on being transplanted to another site.
Experiments on rabbits involving removal of the nasal
septal cartilage demonstrated retarded mid-face
development.
99. TWO DIFFERENT TYPES OF STUDIES WERE
CARRIED OUT TO PROVE THIS THEORY:
Transplantation
Surgical removal
101. FUNCTIONAL MATRIX THEORY
In 1962 Melvin Moss introduced the functional matrix
hypothesis in to the orthodontic world.
It was developed complimentary to the original
concept of functional cranial component by Van der
klaau (1952).
According to this theory, bone growth within the
craniofacial skeleton is influenced primarily by function.
102. This hypothesis claims that the origin, form,
position, growth and maintenance of all skeletal
tissues and organs are always secondary,
compensatory and necessary responses to
chronologically and morphologically prior events
or processes that occur in specifically related
non-skeletal tissues, organs or functioning
spaces.
104. FUNCTIONS THAT ARE CARRIED OUT IN THE
CRANIO-FACIAL REGION OF THE HUMAN
BODY:
1. Respiration
2. Chewing
3. Olfaction
4. Vision
5. Hearing
6. Balance
7. Digestion
8. Swallowing
9. Speech
10. Neural integration
105. Skeletal unit Functional matrices
Macroskeletal
eg-skull
Microskele
tal
eg-maxilla and
mandible
Perioste
al
eg-teeth
and
muscles
Capsular
Matrix.
e.g.orofacial
capsule and
neurocranial
capsule
106. FUNCTIONAL CRANIAL COMPONENT
It is divided into:
1. Functional matrix
2. Skeletal unit
The functional matrix consists of muscles, glands,
nerves, vessels,fat, teeth and the functioning spaces. It
is divided in to following two:
1.Periosteal matrix
2.Capsular matrix
107. SKELETAL UNIT
Bony structures that support the functional matrix and
these are necessary or permissive for that function.
The skeletal unit does not refer to the individual bone
directly , but to the function it supports.
They are two types of skeletal units.
1. microskeletal
2. macroskeletal
Micro skeletal unit are parts of the bone whose growth is
modulated by the periosteal matrices.
Macroskeletal units are made up of the core of maxilla,
mandible and neurocranium.
111. CAPSULAR MATRICES
Example:- NEUROCRANIAL CAPSULE AND OROFACIAL
CAPSULE.
Neurocranial capsule is made up of skin ,connective
tissue, aponeurotic layer, loose connective tissue layer,
periosteum, base of the skull and two layers of dura
mater.
The oro-facial capsule surrounds and protects the
oro-naso-pharyngeal spaces that constitute the oro-
facial capsular matrix.
115. FUNCTIONAL MATRIX AND FRANKEL
APPLIANCE
Frankel appliance works based on the functional matrix
theory.
The functional regulator provides a larger functional
matrix than the teeth.
The buccinator mechanism will grow and adapt to
whichever functional matrix (soft tissue capsule) present
in the mouth.
The adaptation occurs primarily during growth.
117. FUNCTIONAL MATRIX HYPOTHESIS REVISITED
1997: 1.THE ROLE OF MECHANOTRANSDUCTION
The FMH postulates two types of functional matrices. This
new version deals only with the responses to periosteal
matrices. It now includes the molecular and cellular
processes underlying the triad of active skeletal growth
processes
1. DEPOSITION
2. RESORPTION
3. MAINTENANCE
118. FMH – revisit presents seamless description between
several level of bone structure and operation from genomic
to organ level.
It does so by the inclusion of two complementary concepts-
1) Mechanotransduction occurs in single bone cells.
2) Bone cells are computational elements that function
multicellularly as a connected cellular network.
119. MECHANOTRANSDUCTION
Mechanosensing process enable a cell to sense and to
response to extrinsic loading by using the process of
mechanoreception and mechanotransduction.
mechanoreception: transmits an extra cellular physical
stimulus into a receptor cell, the mechanotransduction
transforms the stimulus into an intra cellular signal.
120. Mechanotransduction: Transducing or transforming the
stimulus's energetic and/or informational content into an
intracellular signal. Mechanotransduction is one type of
cellular signal transduction.
There are 2 mechanotransductive process-
1) Ionic or electric
2) Mechanical - through physical continuity of the
transmembrane molecule integrin
123. OSSEOUS MECHANOTRANSDUCTION
Osseous mechanotransduction is unique in 4 ways:
1) Not cytologically specialized.
2) Evoke three adaptational responses
3) Osseous signal transmission is aneural.
4) Evoked bone adaptational response are confined with
in each ‘bone organ’ independently.
124. FUNCTIONAL MATRIX HYPOTHESIS REVISITED 1997: 2.
THE ROLE OF AN OSSEOUS CONNECTED CELLULAR NETWORK
Bone as an osseous connected cellular network
(CCN): All bone cells, except osteoclasts, are
extensively interconnected by GAP-junction that form an
osseous CCN.
Each osteocyte enclosed with in its mineralized lacunae
125. Gap-junction exhibit both electrical and
fluorescent dye transmission, in addition to
permitting the intercellular transmission of ions
and small molecules.
Mechanotransductively activated bone cells, e.g.
osteocyte, can initiate membrane action potentials
capable of transmission through interconnected
Gap-junction.
126. Loading of bone
stimulate initial cells
( loading exceeds
threshold value)
Intracellular signals generated
transmitted to intermediate or hidden
layer cells (osteocyte)
( when exceeds
threshold value)
transmission to final layer cells
(osteoblasts)
Adaptive response
127. A skeletal CCN displays the following attributes:
1) Developmentally: untrained
self-organized, self-adaptive and
epigenetically regulated system.
2) Operationally: stable, dynamic system that
exhibits oscillatory behavior permitting feed back.
3) Structurally, an osseous CCN is nonmodular.
129. FUNCTIONAL MATRIX HYPOTHESIS REVISITED1997:
3. THE GENOMIC THESIS
The initial version of the functional matrix hypothesis
claiming epigenetic control of morphogenesis was based on
macroscopic (gross) experimental, comparative and clinical
data.
Recently revised it now extends hierarchically from gross to
microscopic (cellular & molecular) levels and identifies
some epigenetic mechanisms capable of regulating genomic
expression.
130. The epigenetic /genomic problem is a dichotomy and
dialectics is one analytical method for its resolution. The
method consists of the presentation of two opposing
views-
• The genomic thesis
• An epigenetic antithesis and a
resolving synthesis.
The genomic thesis :
The genomic thesis holds that the genome from the
moment of fertilization, contains all the information
necessary to regulate (cause, control, direct)---
1) The intranuclear formation and transcription of mRNA.
2) All (phenotypic) feature are ultimately determined by
the DNA sequence of the genome.
131. Genomic thesis is denied because it is both
reductionist and molecular, that is description of the
causation (control, regulation) of all hierarchically
higher and structurally more complex
morphogenetic processes are reduced to
explanation of mechanisms at the molecular (DNA)
level.
132. THE FUNCTIONAL MATRIX HYPOTHESIS
REVISITED :4. THE EPIGENETIC ANTITHESIS
AND THE RESOLVING SYNTHESIS
The epigenetic antithesis :
Its Goal is to identify and describe comprehensively the
series of initiating biological process and their related
underlying (biochemical, biophysical) responsive
mechanisms that are effective at each hierarchical level of
increasing structural and operational complexity.
133. Craniofacial epigenetics:
Broadly speaking, epigenetics refers to the entire series of
interaction among cells and cell products which leads to
morphogenesis and differentiation. thus all cranial
development is epigenetic.
In terms of clinical orthodontics, all therapy is applied
epigenetics and all appliances acts as prosthetic functional
matrices.
Clinical therapeutics includes a number of epigenetic
processes, whose processes of tissue adaptation by both
skeletal unit and functional matrices.
134. A RESOLVING SYNTHESIS
Morphogenesis is regulated (controlled, caused) by the
activity of both genomic and epigenetic processes and
mechanisms.
Both are necessary, neither alone are sufficient cause and
only their integrated activities provides the necessary and
sufficient causes of growth and development.
Genomic factors are considered as intrinsic and prior
causes, epigenetic factors are considered as extrinsic and
proximate cause.
Epigenetic processes and events are the immediately
proximate causes of development and as such they are the
primary agencies.
136. VON –LIMBORGH’S THEORY
1. A multi-factorial theory was put forward by van-limborgh
in 1970.
2. This theory is conceptual, taking only the positive
aspects of Scotts cartilaginous theory, sutural
dominance theory by Sicherrand Moss functional matrix
theory.
3. He suggested 6 factors that controls growth.
4. Van Limborgh lists the essentials of all the 3 hypothesis.
137.
138. 6 FACTORS THAT CONTROLS THE GROWTH
Growth of synchondrosis and endochondrial growth
is exclusively under the control of intrinsic growth
factor.
The intrinsic factors controlling intramembranous
growth ,that is growth at sutures , periosteum
(desmocranium) growth to a larger extend are
general in nature.
Cartilaginous parts of the skull must be considered
as growth centres.
Sutural growth is controlled by both cartilaginous
growth and growth of adjacent structures in the
head.
139. Periosteal growth to a large extend depends on growth
of adjacent structures.
Intramembranous bone formation is additionally
influenced by local non genetic environmental factors
inclusive of muscle forces.
140. THE CONTROLLING FACTORS JUDGED BY VAN
LIMBORGH IN CRANIOFACIAL GROWTH
Intrinsic genetic factor-genetic factor inherent to the
skull tissues.
Local epigenetic factor -capsular functional matrix
General epigenetic factor -originating from distant
structure (sex hormone, growth hormone)
Local environmental factors -periosteal matrix (habits,
muscle force etc)
General environmental factors – originating from
external environment (nutrition, oxygen supply, etc)
142. ENLOW’S EXPANDING V PRINCIPLE
Many facial bones or parts of bone have v shaped
pattern of growth.
The growth movements and enlargement of these
bones occur towards the wide ends of the v as a
result of differentiatial deposition and selective resorption
of the bone.
Bone deposition occurs on the inner side of the wide end
of the v and bone resorption on the outer surface.
Deposition also takes place at the ends of the 2 arms of
the V resulting in growth movement towards the
ends.
143.
144. The V pattern of the growth occurs in a no of regions
such as the mandible, ends of long bones, mandibular
body, palate etc.
145. ENLOW’S COUNTERPART PRINCIPLE
It states that the growth of any given facial or cranial part
relates specifically to other structural and geometric
counterparts in the face and cranium.
146.
147. FEW COUNTERPARTS
Nasomaxillary complex relates to the ant. cranial fossa.
Horizontal dimension of the pharyngeal space relates to
the middle cranial fossa.
Middle cranial fossa and breadth of ramus are
counterparts.
Maxillary and mandibular arches are mutual counterparts.
Bony maxilla and corpus of mandible are mutual
counterparts.
Maxillary tuberosity and lingual tuberosity are
counterparts.
148. IMBALANCES ARE PRODUCED DUE TO VARIATION IN:
Magnitude of growth between the counterparts.
Timing of growth between the counterparts.
Direction of growth between the counterparts.
149. NEUROTROPHISM
(Neuro +Trophism = Nerve + Nourish
"Oro-facial growth is now capable of being conceived of
as a homeostatically controlled series of processes in
which the neural center regulates the peripheral tissues
and the periphery, in turn, regulates the center.'‘ Moss
150.
151. NEUROTROPIC PROCESS IN ORO-FACIAL
GROWTH
Neurotrophism is a non-impulse transmitting neural
function that involves axoplasmic transport and provides
for long term interaction between neurons and innervated
tissues that homeostatically regulates the morphological,
compositional and functional integrity of the tissues.
The different types of neurotropic mechanisms are;
1. Neuro-epithelial tropism
2. Neuro-visceral tropism
3. Neuro-muscular tropism
152. SERVOSYSTEM THEORY
A new system in understanding the process controlling
craniofacial growth.
Given by Petrovic and Stutzman in 1980.
Charlier and Petrovic in 1967 and Stutzman and Petrovic
in 1970 observed some basic dissimilarities between
growth of primary and secondary cartilages in their
investigations. Their observation leads to the servo
system theory.
It is based on cybernetic concept. It states that the
everything affects everything and living organisms never
operate in open loop mechanism.
In open loop mechanism , the input or stimulus leads to
a response and there is no feed back or regulation.
14 May 2021
153. Closed loop mechanism can be of two types:
1. Regulator system in which the the input is
constant
2. Servosystem / follow-up system in which the
main input varies rather than being constant.
14 May 2021 153
154. COMPONENTS OF SERVOSYSTEM THEORY
Command;-A signal established independently of the feedback system
under scrutiny. It affects the controlled system without being affected
by the consequences of this behaviour. E.g;-Somatotropic hormone,
GH, testosterone, estrogen.
Reference input elements ;-Establish relationship between the
command and reference input. It includes septal cartilage,
septomaxillary ligament and labionarinay muscles.
Reference input;-It is the signal established as a standard of
comparision sagittal position of maxilla.
Comparator;-The configuration between the position of the upper
and lower dental arch is the comparator of the servosystem .
Actuating signal;-Retrodiscal pad and lateral pterygoid
Controlled system;-It is between the actuator and controlled
variable,e.g;-growth of condylar cartilage through the retrodiscal pad
stimulation.
Controlled variable;-It is the output signal of the servosystem e.g. -
sagittal position of the mandible. 154
156. HOW SERVOSYSTEM THEORY EXPLAINS THE
GROWTH OF JAWS?
According to the theory, the influence of somatotropic
hormone on growth of primary cartilages, has a
cybernetic form of a command.
Growth related hormones have a direct influence on
growth of primary cartilages.
On the otherhand, these hormones have both direct
and indirect effects on the growth of secondary
cartilages.
The growth of seconary cartilages corresponds to local
epigenetic and environmental factors.
In the development of face and jaws, the upper arch
acts as a constantly changing reference input and the
lower arch is constant variable.
14 May 2021 156
157. Any disturbance between the respective positions of
the upper and lower arch acts as the peripheral
comparator and sends activating signals through the
stimulation of retrodiscal pad and lateral pterygoid
muscles.
This affects the output signal, i.e., the final sagittal
position of the mandible.
The inference is that, the final saggital position of the
mandible depends on the modification of condylar
growth by the activity of retrodiscal pad and lateral
pterygoid muscle stimulation.
14 May 2021 157
158. GROWTH RELATIVITY THEORY
By John Voudouris in 2000.
Growth relativity - growth that is relative to the
displaced condyle from actively relocating fossae.
3 Main foundations -1. displacement
2. viscoelasticity
3. referred force
159. It states that with orthopedically displaced condyle, the
bone architechture is influenced by the
neuromusculature, cartilages, non-muscular,
viscoelastic tissues anchored to the glenoid fossa and
the altered dynamics of the fluids enveloping bone.
Viscoelasticity is conventionally applied to elastic tissue
primarily the muscles.
14 May 2021 159
160. GROWTH RELATIVITY HYPOTHESIS
Mandibular advancement(displacement)
Stretch of non-muscular
viscoelastic tissues
Engorged blood
vessels
transduction
New bone formation
Influx of nutrients
synovial fluid dynamics
161. Glenoid fossa promotes condylar growth with the
use of mandibular advancement therapy.
Am J of Orthodontics and dento-facial orthopedics
;117,p-254
14 May 2021 161
162. CONCLUSION OF THE THEORY
Identifying the primary trigger mechanism for the
growth of maxilla and mandible will help the
orthodontist to either to stimulate or retard the
growth of maxilla and mandible.
This will prove to be the key to successful growth
modification treatment in skeletal malocclusion.
163. CONCLUSION
Growth and development and theories of growth
have very much implications in orthodontics.
It is very much necessary for orthodontists for the
successful orthodontic treatment.
164. BIBILOGRAPHY
CONTEMPORARY ORTHODONTICS; South Asia Edition;6th edition
Graber’s text book of orthodontics; 4th edition
Am J OF ORTHODONTICS;1983-Elsevier
OP Kharbanda.;2nd edition.
Orthodontic principles and practice; Basavaraj Subhashchandra Phulari.
Enlow handbook of facial growth.
J anat.(1986),144,p-(99-111)
Proceedings of royal society of medicine ;The growth of human face ;
James H .Scott. 47,p-(91-100)
Am J Orthodontics, growth site n growth center facts or fallacy.
Textbook of Craniofacial Growth ; Sridhar Premkumar
Am J of orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics;functional matrix
hypothesis revisited1,2,3,4.